Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences最新文献

{"title":"Asymmetric dimerization and allosteric control in the epidermal growth factor receptor.","authors":"Yongjian Huang, Timothy J Eisen, Arathi Nair, Serena Muratcioglu, John Kuriyan","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER1) and its three close relatives, HER2, HER3 and HER4, are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that regulate critical cellular processes and are frequently dysregulated in cancer. In contrast to RTKs that are activated primarily by trans-autophosphorylation, HER family receptors switch on through a fundamentally different mechanism based on asymmetric interactions between two kinase domains within a dimer. This distinctive mode of allosteric activation arose early in evolution and remains unique to the HER family. This review describes how ligand binding promotes asymmetric dimerization of the EGFR kinase domains, whereby one kinase (the 'activator') allosterically stabilizes the active conformation of its partner (the 'receiver') without requiring activation loop phosphorylation. Structural elements that enable this process include a hydrophobic activator/receiver interface, a membrane-proximal juxtamembrane 'latch' that stabilizes the dimer and an autoinhibitory element in the C-terminal tail that favours the inactive state. We discuss how oncogenic alterations, including the L858R mutation, exon 19 deletions and kinase domain duplications, drive ligand-independent asymmetric dimerization and how the action of the endogenous inhibitor MIG-6 and new allosteric inhibitors can be understood in the context of activator/receiver asymmetric dimerization. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Epidermal growth factor receptor after 40 years'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1957","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-directed therapeutics and their role in changing the natural course of breast cancer.","authors":"Mark Sliwkowski","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ErbB/EGFR (erythroblastosis B/epidermal growth factor receptor) family members play a role in driving the growth of various solid tumours. Therapeutic agents directed against two receptor family members, EGFR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2), show meaningful clinical benefit in solid tumours, including breast, lung, colorectal, gastric, head and neck. Clinically approved agents can be divided into three general categories: small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and their conjugates. Multiple laboratory studies implicate HER3/ErbB3 and HER4/ErbB4 as potential targets for drug development. Recently, encouraging clinical data were reported for a HER3-directed antibody-drug conjugate, patritumab deruxtecan. Despite the success of the EGFR or HER2 therapies, a significant number of patients will recur with metastases outside the primary tumour site. Notably, several cancers, including breast, lung and melanoma, frequently metastasize to the brain. Unfortunately, conventional therapies may not traverse the blood-brain barrier. Novel approaches to deliver macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier are being developed and show early promising clinical data. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Epidermal growth factor receptor after 40 years'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1957","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piecing together the structure of epidermal growth factor receptor complexes: a journey from crystals to cells and its impact on cancer therapy.","authors":"Selene Roberts, Dave Clarke, Ioannis Galdadas, Marisa Martin-Fernandez","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was cloned and identified as an oncogene 40 years ago, and since then has become the poster child for receptor tyrosine kinases in physiological and pathophysiological settings. Cell surface EGFRs bind growth factors secreted by adjacent cells and undergo conformational changes that transduce normal or dysregulated growth and division signals across the plasma membrane. It took more than two decades for atomic resolution of partial structures to become available, including the growth factor-bound ectodomain dimer, the active kinase monomer, the autoinhibited ectodomain monomer, the active asymmetric kinase dimer, the inactive symmetric dimer, transmembrane dimers and the inner juxtamembrane domain. These crystallographic structures paved the way for investigations of the architecture of EGFR assemblies on cells, which in the past decade have revealed the existence of oligomers, whose structure has been examined using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy combined with large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. Understanding the structure of EGFR monomers and dimers has already transformed our mechanistic understanding of cancer treatment, in some cases extending overall survival from months to a handful of years. It is eminently possible that the subsequent exploitation of information on oligomer structure will complement these achievements and overcome some of the current hurdles. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Epidermal growth factor receptor after 40 years'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1957","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148835851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant diversity and composition of peatlands adjacent to the white- and blackwater rivers in the central Congo Basin.","authors":"Joseph Kanyama Tabu, Greta Dargie, Donna Hawthorne, Bart Crezee, Nicholas Girkin, Ovide Emba Botuli, Pierre Bola, Corneille E N Ewango, Simon L Lewis","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The central Congo Basin is home to the world's largest tropical peatland complex. This region, dominated by swamp forests, is poorly understood. In other flooded tropical forest systems, there is a well-documented influence of nutrient inputs from nearby black (lower nutrient) and white (higher nutrient) water rivers on plant species composition and community structure (e.g. Amazon igapó vs várzea forests). Here, we test whether swamp forest communities in the central Congo Basin, located close to either the whitewater Congo River (three communities) or the blackwater Ruki River (three communities), also differ (n = 52 vegetation plots in total, 41 peat-forming swamp forest, 10 swamp forest on mineral soil, 1 savannah). Overall, tree species richness (stems ≥10 cm diameter) of the peat-forming communities adjacent to black- versus whitewater rivers did not differ. However, the swamp forest on mineral soil adjacent to the blackwater river was found to have significantly lower richness than that adjacent to the whitewater river (consistent with Amazon patterns). Non-metric multidimensional scaling shows differing community composition in the peat-forming swamp forests adjacent to the white- and blackwater rivers. Overall, we find that the peat-forming communities have half the species richness (29 species/300 stems) of the African terra firme forest (65 species/300 stems), with composition modestly influenced by differing nearby water sources. A French translation of this abstract is available in the supplementary material. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'African tropical peatlands: function, value and vulnerability'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1956","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the representation of tropical peatland processes in the JULES land surface model using data from the central Congo Basin.","authors":"Peter A Cook, Richard Betts, Eleanor J Burke, Sarah Chadburn, Greta C Dargie, Bart Crezee, Donna Hawthorne, Yannick Garcin, Enno Schefuß, Suspense Ifo, Nicholas Girkin, Mackline Mbemba, Yeto Emmanuel Wenina Mampouya, Dafydd Egryn Crabtree, Dylan M Young, Paul J Morris, Ian T Lawson, Simon L Lewis","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropical peatlands are not currently represented in large-scale terrestrial ecosystem models. Recent work in the central Congo Basin (CCB) measuring peatland processes and reconstructing peatland evolution and past climate provides a unique opportunity to further develop such models. Here, we modify the peatland scheme in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), the land surface component of the UK Earth System Model, in particular changing the vegetation litter composition and the dependence of peat decay on soil moisture. The modifications are informed by field measurements and by comparing the simulated peat accumulation and loss over 20 000 years with peat core records, including the 'Ghost Interval' period when reduced precipitation starting approximately 5000 years before the present (BP) resulted in significant peat loss. We drive JULES with a reconstruction of precipitation from peat core proxy data and other meteorological data from a global palaeoclimate model. The original JULES peatland scheme was unable to accumulate the observed quantities of peat or simulate the losses of peat suggested by palaeo records. Our updated version of JULES simulates peat increases until 3000 BP, when reduced precipitation results in substantial loss until 1000 BP. Correct representation of vegetation cover over time is also crucial for realistic peatland evolution. A French translation of this abstract is available in the supplementary material. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'African tropical peatlands: function, value and vulnerability'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1956","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards better outcomes for epidermal growth factor receptor L858R+ lung cancer patients: mutant-selective allosteric inhibitors and the potential for double-drugging.","authors":"Michael J Eck, David A Scott","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0505","DOIUrl":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mutations in the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are a frequent cause of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Osimertinib, a third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that is selective for mutant EGFR, is standard of care for patients with the classical exon 19 deletion variants and the L858R point mutation. Although osimertinib and a recently developed therapy that combines TKI lazertinib with the antibody amivantamab improve outcomes for these patients, resistance limits the durability of response to these agents. Additionally, patients with the L858R mutation do not respond as well as those with exon 19 deletions, highlighting the need for more effective therapies for these patients and for those with brain metastases, a common complication of these cancers. In this review, we survey the development of next-generation EGFR inhibitors with a particular focus on allosteric inhibitors developed for L858R-mutant NSCLC. EAI-432 and other allosteric EGFR inhibitors can co-bind with osimertinib, offering the possibility of double-drugging the mutant receptor to achieve deeper and more durable responses for EGFR L858R+ patients. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Epidermal growth factor receptor after 40 years'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1957","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13523077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and seasonal taxonomic patterns in moth communities of the central Congo peatlands.","authors":"Charles Hackforth, Simon Lewis, Anthelme Tsoumou, Paul Fernand Loubaki, Jan C Axmacher","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropical insect communities are highly diverse but understudied, limiting understanding of tropical forest ecosystem functioning. This is especially true of the swamp forests of the central Congo peatlands, where peat occurs beneath two widespread forest types dominated by either hardwood trees or Raphia laurentii palms. Here, we describe taxonomic patterns in moth community composition, vertical stratification and seasonality in these two peat swamp forest types and the nearby terra firme forest. From 16 636 specimens, we identified 1110 species/morphospecies. Both swamp forest communities were distinctive and relatively species-poor: the palm swamp supported an estimated 637 species (46-52% of nearby terra firme forest), while the hardwood swamp supported an estimated 828 species (56-67%). Major taxonomic associations for each habitat suggest host plant availability shapes species distributions. Plant defences in the nutrient-limited swamps may further suppress moth abundance. Seasonal patterns of abundance and richness in the swamp forests diverge from the terra firme forest, decreasing rather than increasing in the wet season. This probably reflects different seasonal plant growth patterns in waterlogged ecosystems. Vertical stratification was most pronounced in the palm swamp, indicating particularly inhospitable understory conditions. Our results reveal that distinct ecological pressures shape swamp forest insect communities, highlighting general differences in insect herbivore-mediated ecosystem functioning. A French translation of this abstract is available in the supplementary material. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'African tropical peatlands: function, value and vulnerability'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1956","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from plants and peat soil in a Cyperus papyrus wetland in Uganda.","authors":"Jenny Farmer, Jo U Smith, Helen Burton, Yit Arn Teh","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2025.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2025.0048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropical wetlands contribute significantly to global carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions; however, gaps exist in understanding emissions sources and drivers, especially in African peatlands. We captured plant-mediated and diffusive CH4 and CO2 emissions from monthly chamber sampling from both plants and soils in an intact Cyperus papyrus wetland in Eastern Uganda. This wetland was a strong source of atmospheric CH4 in the rainy season, with monthly plant-mediated CH4 fluxes averaging 3.6 ± 0.8 nmol CH4 stem-1 s-1 (± s.e.  ), and monthly diffusive CH4 emissions averaging 918 ± 96 nmol CH4 m-2 s-1. Heterotrophic CO2 emissions sampled from trenched plots were highest during the dry season with a mean of 3410 ± 212 nmol CO2 m-2 s-1 over this period. Stem measurements varied seasonally in stem count and biomass, with higher C. papyrus biomass in the dry season, averaging 1888 ± 130 g dry biomass m-2. Linear models showed a significant effect of water levels on CH4 and CO2 emissions from soils and plants (p < 0.1 to p < 0.001). This study is the first to observe CH4 emissions directly from the C. papyrus plant and contributes to the limited datasets on carbon cycling in these systems. A French translation of this abstract is available in the supplementary material. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'African tropical peatlands: function, value and vulnerability'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1956","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"African peatlands: the untapped knowledge potential.","authors":"Angela Gallego-Sala, Jo Snöälv, Kemen Austin, Juliette Bernard, Ana Abrahamsen, Elise Dehaen, Gérard Imani, Charles Jjuuko, Carol Kagaba Kairumba, Frank Kansiime, Michel Mbasi, Joe R Melton, Fabiola Murguía-Flores, Scott Winton, Jade Skye, Antje Uhde, Yuwan Wang, David Were, Caroline Signori-Müller","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2024.0485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2024.0485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Africa hosts an enormous variety of peatland types spanning a wide range of climates. Despite their importance for biodiversity, carbon storage, water provisioning and livelihoods, African peatlands remain understudied. Here, we provide an overview of monitoring and research of African peatlands. We focus on a series of topics that reflect ongoing research efforts on peatlands worldwide, including peatland extent and depth mapping, which are still under-developed for the continent. We also highlight the scarce coverage of African peatlands in paleo-studies, including information on the timing of peatland inception, peatland carbon accumulation rates and fire paleo-records. We describe the importance of African peatlands in the Global Methane Budget, and we map greenhouse gas flux sites (chamber and eddy covariance) to understand where the data gaps in ground observations remain. We finally highlight the low level of protection given to these important ecosystems. In summary, our overview highlights large existing knowledge gaps in African peatland science, suggesting remaining questions and opportunities for research and urging funders to support the African scientific community to take up these remaining challenges that will help design best management practices for these vital ecosystems. A French translation of this abstract is available in the supplementary material. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'African tropical peatlands: function, value and vulnerability'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1956","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congo basin peatlands as coupled human-natural systems: a multidisciplinary data framework for vulnerability and resilience assessment.","authors":"Raphael M Tshimanga, Génie-Spirou K Lutonadio, Papy-Claude B Bolaluembe, Michel K Bisa, Gode B Bola, Benjamin Kitambo, Jean Jacques B Bambuta, Emmanuel-Tsadok N Mihaha, Landry N Nkaba, Nadia K Kapinga, Jean-Felly K Ngandu, Anaclet M Kombayi, Paluku M Pumus, Grégoire Baku, Manifeste K Wala, Augustin L Likenge, Lisette M Bonso, Jonathan Mayele, Omari Muchukiwa, Paulin Mungongo Mayama, Chançard Nzontovuidi Lufiaulusu, Giscard N Bha, Christian-Yan K Madimba, Eric K Kazadi","doi":"10.1098/rstb.2025.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2025.0049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peatlands in the Congo Basin are not only critical ecological assets for carbon storage, hydrological regulation and biodiversity conservation; they are also deeply embedded in social, cultural and governance systems. Their sustainability therefore depends on their recognition as complex social-ecological systems, shaped by long-standing interactions between communities, customary institutions and natural processes. Yet, despite growing scientific attention, the vulnerability and resilience dynamics of these systems remain insufficiently understood. This study applies a multidisciplinary, system-based framework across seven peatland sites, including one peatland mangrove site in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to analyse peatland dynamics through interacting dimensions of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Using mixed methods: household surveys (n = 350), floristic inventories, satellite-based hydrological analysis and human-animal-environment analysis, we integrate evidence across hydrological, ecological, socio-economic, governance and health domains. The results show strong spatial heterogeneity in peatland integrity (water supply, vegetation composition and socio-economic activities) and human dependence, indicating that management strategies cannot be uniform across scales. Species-rich peat swamp forests of the CuvetteCentrale reveal greater functional redundancy and resilience than low-diversity coastal mangrove peatlands. High livelihood dependence, low educational attainment, weak infrastructure and limited economic alternatives increase social vulnerability to environmental change. Peatlands also emerge as critical human-wildlife interfaces, where intensive hunting and bushmeat trade elevate zoonotic disease risks. Overall, the Congo Basin peatlands function as complex coupled human-natural systems characterized by non-linear feedback and threshold behaviours. Sustainable management therefore requires preventive, integrated interventions that protect hydrological integrity, conserve biodiversity, strengthen livelihoods, align customary and statutory governance, and address health risks under accelerating climate and land-use change. A French translation of this abstract is available in the supplementary material. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'African tropical peatlands: function, value and vulnerability'.</p>","PeriodicalId":520748,"journal":{"name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","volume":"381 1956","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148805477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}