Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"Phytochemicals Targeting Ferroptosis: Therapeutic Opportunities and Prospects for Treating Breast Cancer.","authors":"Xinyi Zhao,&nbsp;Xueni Wang,&nbsp;Yuzhou Pang","doi":"10.3390/ph15111360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis, a recently discovered iron-dependent regulated cell death, has been implicated in the therapeutic responses of various cancers including breast cancer, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage this malignancy. Phytochemicals are conventional sources for medication development. Some phytochemicals have been utilized therapeutically to treat cancers as pharmaceutic agents or dietary supplements. Intriguingly, a considerable number of antitumor drugs derived from phytochemicals have been proven to be targeting ferroptosis, thus producing anticancer effects. In this review, we provide a short overview of the interaction between core ferroptosis modulators and breast cancer, illustrating how ferroptosis affects the destiny of breast cancer cells. We also systematically summarize the regulatory effects of phytochemicals on ferroptosis and emphasize their clinical applications in breast cancer suppression, which may accelerate the development of their therapeutic use in breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9693149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40676337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into the Prospects for Tumor Therapy Based on Photodynamic Immunotherapy.","authors":"Xiaoxia Cheng,&nbsp;Yiqu Wei,&nbsp;Xiaomei Jiang,&nbsp;Chunli Wang,&nbsp;Mengyu Liu,&nbsp;Jiaxin Yan,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Yaqi Zhou","doi":"10.3390/ph15111359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malignancy is one of the common diseases with high mortality worldwide and the most important obstacle to improving the overall life expectancy of the population in the 21st century. Currently, single or combined treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, are still the mainstream regimens for tumor treatment, but they all present significant side effects on normal tissues and organs, such as organ hypofunction, energy metabolism disorders, and various concurrent diseases. Based on this, theranostic measures for the highly selective killing of tumor cells have always been a hot area in cancer-related fields, among which photodynamic therapy (PDT) is expected to be an ideal candidate for practical clinical application due to its precise targeting and excellent safety performance, so-called PDT refers to a therapeutic method mainly composed of photosensitizers (PSs), laser light, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photoimmunotherapy (PIT), a combination of PDT and immunotherapy, can induce systemic antitumor immune responses and inhibit continuing growth and distant metastasis of residual tumor cells, demonstrating a promising application prospect. This article reviews the types of immune responses that occur in the host after PDT treatment, including innate and adaptive immunity. To further help PIT-related drugs improve their pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability, we highlight the potential improvement of photodynamic immunotherapy from three aspects: immunostimulatory agents, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) as well as different immune cells. Finally, we focus on recent advances in various strategies and shed light on their corresponding mechanisms of immune activation and possible clinical applications such as cancer vaccines. Having discovered the inherent potential of PDT and the mechanisms that PDT triggers host immune responses, a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies have been investigated in parallel with approaches to improve PDT efficiency. However, it remains to be further elucidated under what conditions the immune effect induced by PDT can achieve tumor immunosuppression and to what extent PDT-induced antitumor immunity will lead to complete tumor rejection. Currently, PIT presents several outstanding intractable challenges, such as the aggregation ability of PSs locally in tumors, deep tissue penetration ability of laser light, immune escape, and biological toxicity, and it is hoped that these issues raised will help to point out the direction of preclinical research on PIT and accelerate its transition to clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9693017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40676336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Technology Roadmaps to Identify Potential Technology Opportunities for Hyperuricemia Drugs.","authors":"Lijie Feng,&nbsp;Weiyu Zhao,&nbsp;Jinfeng Wang,&nbsp;Kuo-Yi Lin,&nbsp;Yanan Guo,&nbsp;Luyao Zhang","doi":"10.3390/ph15111357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disease with an increasing incidence in recent years. It is critical to identify potential technology opportunities for hyperuricemia drugs to assist drug innovation. A technology roadmap (TRM) can efficiently integrate data analysis tools to track recent technology trends and identify potential technology opportunities. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic data-driven TRM approach to identify potential technology opportunities for hyperuricemia drugs. This data-driven TRM includes the following three aspects: layer mapping, content mapping and opportunity finding. First we deal with layer mapping.. The BERT model is used to map the collected literature, patents and commercial hyperuricemia drugs data into the technology layer and market layer in TRM. The SAO model is then used to analyze the semantics of technology and market layer for hyperuricemia drugs. We then deal with content mapping. The BTM model is used to identify the core SAO component topics of hyperuricemia in technology and market dimensions. Finally, we consider opportunity finding. The link prediction model is used to identify potential technological opportunities for hyperuricemia drugs. This data-driven TRM effectively identifies potential technology opportunities for hyperuricemia drugs and suggests pathways to realize these opportunities. The results indicate that resurrecting the pseudogene of human uric acid oxidase and reducing the toxicity of small molecule drugs will be potential opportunities for hyperuricemia drugs. Based on the identified potential opportunities, comparing the DNA sequences from different sources and discovering the critical amino acid site that affects enzyme activity will be helpful in realizing these opportunities. Therefore, this research provides an attractive option analysis technology opportunity for hyperuricemia drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Device-Controlled Microcondensation for Spatially Confined On-Tissue Digests in MALDI Imaging of <i>N</i>-Glycans.","authors":"Annabelle Fülöp,&nbsp;Christian Marsching,&nbsp;Frederik Barka,&nbsp;Yasemin Ucal,&nbsp;Pauline Pfänder,&nbsp;Christiane A Opitz,&nbsp;Günes Barka,&nbsp;Carsten Hopf","doi":"10.3390/ph15111356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On-tissue enzymatic digestion is a prerequisite for MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and spatialomic analysis of tissue proteins and their <i>N</i>-glycan conjugates. Despite the more widely accepted importance of <i>N</i>-glycans as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of many diseases and their potential as pharmacodynamic markers, the crucial sample preparation step, namely on-tissue digestion with enzymes like PNGaseF, is currently mainly carried out by specialized laboratories using home-built incubation arrangements, e.g., petri dishes placed in an incubator. Standardized spatially confined enzyme digests, however, require precise control and possible regulation of humidity and temperature, as high humidity increases the risk of analyte dislocation and low humidity compromises enzyme function. Here, a digestion device that controls humidity by cyclic ventilation and heating of the slide holder and the chamber lid was designed to enable controlled micro-condensation on the slide and to stabilize and monitor the digestion process. The device presented here may help with standardization in MSI. Using sagittal mouse brain sections and xenografted human U87 glioblastoma cells in CD1 nu/nu mouse brain, a device-controlled workflow for MALDI MSI of <i>N</i>-glycans was developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9698097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HA PEGylated Filler in Association with an Infrared Energy Device for the Treatment of Facial Skin Aging: 150 Day Follow-Up Data Report.","authors":"Paweł Kubik,&nbsp;Jerzy Jankau,&nbsp;Raffaele Rauso,&nbsp;Hassan Galadari,&nbsp;Marina Protasoni,&nbsp;Wojciech Gruszczyński,&nbsp;Dariusz Grzanka,&nbsp;Marta Smolińska,&nbsp;Paulina Antosik,&nbsp;Maria-Luiza Piesiaków,&nbsp;Lidia Kodłubańska,&nbsp;Anna Zagajewska,&nbsp;Bartłomiej Łukasik,&nbsp;Giorgio Stabile,&nbsp;Nicola Zerbinati","doi":"10.3390/ph15111355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The face is the area most exposed to the normal course of skin aging, both intrinsically and extrinsically. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cellular and clinical response of a therapeutic protocol aimed at countering facial skin aging.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty female patients with facial skin laxity and photodamage underwent combined therapy including mesotherapy using non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid with calcium hydroxyapatite and an infrared energy-based device treatment with subsequent implementation of PEG-cross-linked hyaluronic acid soft tissue fillers. To evaluate the benefits, patients underwent histological, immunological, and biomechanical evaluations before the treatment and at 21 and 150 days after the treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The histological results at 21 days and 150 days after the procedure showed an increase in the number of fibroblasts and angiogenesis. As for the immunological aspect, it was shown that the treatment has an immunomodulating action, avoiding the activation of CD4 and CD8 cells. Biomechanical data showed that, at 150 days after treatment, the average changes in skin elasticity increased by 72% and the skin hydration increased by 49%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A combination of an infrared energy-based device treatment with both non-cross-linked hyaluronic acid and novel PEG-cross-linked hyaluronic acid leads to numerous positive cutaneous changes after histological, immunological, and biomechanical evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9697715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solubilization and Controlled Release Strategy of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs.","authors":"M A Peña","doi":"10.3390/ph15111353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The processes of solubilization and controlled release of drugs that are poorly soluble in water are highly relevant in drug preformulation studies in pharmaceutical development [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9698858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using <i>Annona glabra</i> and <i>Annona squamosa</i> Extracts with Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Apoptosis Potentials, Assisted by In Silico Modeling, and Metabolic Profiling.","authors":"Fatma A Mokhtar,&nbsp;Nabil M Selim,&nbsp;Seham S Elhawary,&nbsp;Soha R Abd El Hadi,&nbsp;Mona H Hetta,&nbsp;Marzough A Albalawi,&nbsp;Ali A Shati,&nbsp;Mohammad Y Alfaifi,&nbsp;Serag Eldin I Elbehairi,&nbsp;Lamiaa I Fahmy,&nbsp;Rana M Ibrahim","doi":"10.3390/ph15111354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Annona glabra</i> L. (AngTE) and <i>Annona squamosa</i> L. (AnsTE) fruits have been widely used in cancer treatment. Accordingly, their extracts were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles via a biogenic route (Ang-AgNPs) and (Ans-AgNPs), respectively. Chemical profiling was established using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. All species were tested for anticancer activity against human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic (PC3), and ovary adenocarcinoma (SKOV3) using sulphorhodamine B assay. Apoptosis was determined using Annexin flow cytometry along with cell cycle analysis and supported by a molecular docking. The antibacterial and synergistic effect when combined with gentamicin were evaluated. A total of 114 compounds were tentatively identified, mainly acetogenins and <i>ent</i>-kaurane diterpenes. AnsTE and Ans-AgNPs had the most potent cytotoxicity on HeLa and SKOV3 cells, inducing a significant apoptotic effect against all tumor cells. The AnsTE and Ans-AgNPs significantly arrested PC3, SKOV3, and HeLa cells in the S phase. The nanoparticles demonstrated greater antibacterial and antifungal activities, as well as a synergistic effect with gentamicin against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>E. coli</i>. Finally, a molecular docking was attempted to investigate the binding mode of the identified compounds in Bcl-2 proteins' receptor, implying that the fruits and their nanoparticles are excellent candidates for treating skin infections in patients with ovarian or prostatic cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9692630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery through Tapered Stenosed Artery with Blood Based Non-Newtonian Fluid.","authors":"Muhammad Mubashir Bhatti,&nbsp;Sadiq M Sait,&nbsp;Rahmat Ellahi","doi":"10.3390/ph15111352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoparticles play an essential role in biomedical applications. A most promising area in nanomedicine is drug targeting which is done with the aid of magnetized nanoparticles. In this study, the hemodynamics of hybrid nanofluid flow with gold and copper nanoparticles suspended in it is investigated. This research primarily focuses on magnetic drug delivery which is propagated through a tapered stenosed artery under three situations, including converging, diverging, and non-tapering arteries. To explore the rheological characteristics of blood, a Sutterby fluid, which is a non-Newtonian fluid, is postulated. The energy equation also incorporates the effects of the magnetic field and joule heating, as well as the viscous dissipation function. Lubrication theory provides a mathematical framework for model formulation. The hypothesized modeling is simplified to a set of nonlinear differential equations that are then solved using a perturbation method up to the second order of approximation. Graphs are used to describe the outcomes of different evolving parameters. The Sutterby fluid parameter opposes the flow negligibly, whereas the Hartmann number and thermal Grashof number strengthen the flow field. Copper nanoparticles (in the absence of gold nanoparticles) are observed to deplete the thermal profile substantially more than gold nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the thermal profile is enhanced by the presence of both nanoparticles (hybrid nanofluids). For greater values of the Sutterby fluid parameter, the wall shear stress has been observed to rise considerably, whereas the inverse is true for the Hartmann number and the thermal Grashof number. The present results have been improved to give significant information for biomedical scientists who are striving to study blood flow in stenosis situations, as well as for those who will find the knowledge valuable in the treatment of different diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherent Bacteria and Parasiticidal Secretion Products of Human Cervicovaginal Microbiota-Associated <i>Lactobacillus gasseri</i> Confer Non-Identical Cell Protection against <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>-Induced Cell Detachment.","authors":"Bénédicte Pradines,&nbsp;Séverine Domenichini,&nbsp;Vanessa Lievin-Le Moal","doi":"10.3390/ph15111350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, a protozoan parasite specific to the human genital tract, is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens. Its pathogenicity is strongly associated with its expression of a broad array of proteases triggering cytotoxic effects in host epithelial cells. Vaginal microbiota-associated <i>Lactobacillus</i>, including those of <i>L. gasseri</i> in particular, can counteract <i>T. vaginalis</i> pathogenesis, but the mechanisms involved have yet to be clarified. <i>T. vaginalis</i> strain G3 (<i>Tv</i> G3) cytotoxicity was assessed by examining cell morphology, cell detachment, and fluorescent labeling of the F-actin cytoskeleton and immunolabeling of vinculin-position focal adhesions (FAs) by confocal laser scanning electron microscopy on confluent cervicovaginal epithelial HeLa cell monolayers. The inhibitory effects of bacterial cells and secreted products of <i>L. gasseri</i> ATCC 9857 and KS 120.1 on the <i>Tv</i> G3 viability and parasite deleterious effects on HeLa cells were investigated. Pre-adhering <i>L. gasseri</i> cells delayed but did not inhibit <i>Tv</i> G3-induced cell detachment, F-actin cytoskeleton disorganization and the disappearance of vinculin-positive focal FAs. <i>L. gasseri</i> KS 120.1 secretion products had a rapid parasiticide activity by killing time- and concentration-dependent <i>Tv</i> G3 parasites after direct contact. By killing <i>Tv</i> G3 parasites already associated with the epithelial cells, secretion products have abolished parasite-induced cell detachment. Our findings suggest that vagina microbiota-associated <i>L. gasseri</i> creates a physical barrier and exerts pharmacological-type mechanisms to counteract the deleterious cytotoxic effects of <i>T. vaginalis.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9696988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Biological Activities of Dehydrodiisoeugenol: A Review.","authors":"Beatriz Godínez-Chaparro,&nbsp;Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez,&nbsp;Julia Pérez-Ramos,&nbsp;Ivo Heyerdahl-Viau,&nbsp;Liliana Hernández-Vázquez","doi":"10.3390/ph15111351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dehydrodiisoeugenol (DHIE) is a neolignan found in more than 17 plant species, including herbs, fruit, and root. DHIE was, for the first time, isolated from <i>Myristica fragrans</i> bark in 1973. Since then, many methodologies have been used for the obtention of DHIE, including classical chemistry synthesis using metal catalysts and biocatalytic synthesis; employing horseradish peroxidase; peroxidase from <i>Cocos nucifera</i>; laccase; culture cells of plants; and microorganisms. Increasing evidence has indicated that DHIE has a wide range of biological activities: anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancerogenic, and anti-microbial properties. However, evidence in vivo and in human beings is still lacking to support the usefulness potential of DHIE as a therapeutic agent. This study's review was created by searching for relevant DHIE material on websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scholar, Science Direct, and others. This reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the different synthetical routes and biological applications of DHIE.</p>","PeriodicalId":520747,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40675925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}