International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR最新文献

{"title":"ISTRY 2013 Special Issue.","authors":"Gilles J Guillemin","doi":"10.4137/IJTR.S12327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJTR.S12327","url":null,"abstract":"The 13th international conference of the International Society for Tryptophan Research (ISTRY) has been held in Sydney, 7th to 9th of November 2012. It was a really successful meeting with high quality speakers and presentations. ISTRY 2013 has attracted attendees from 14 different countries—Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sultanate of Oman, Scotland, Singapore, Sweden and USA. A satellite meeting organized by the Japanese Society for Tryptophan Research (JSTRY) has been held in Brisbane on the 5th of November. This JSTRY meeting was very successful with more than 40 Japanese scientists present. \u0000 \u0000The scientific program selected was deliberately as broad as possible, to highlight the growing interest in tryptophan metabolism in different research fields. Methodology, nutrition, sleep, development, immunity, inflammation, psychiatric disorders and therapeutic strategies have been presented and discussed at this conference. Tryptophan research is progressively gaining recognition, even if probably still not fast enough, and is becoming of significant interest in many scientific disciplines. Several of the ISTRY and JSTRY presenters have submitted manuscripts related to their respective presentations to this special issue of the International Journal of Tryptophan Research. Dr. Murakami has demonstrated that the activity of the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway is different between species, tissue and cell types in physiological conditions, highlighting once more the importance of choosing animal models and cell types carefully to evaluate changes in the kynurenine pathway in human physiologic and pathologic conditions. Dr. Fukushima has compared the levels of tryptophan in the serum of male and female subjects. He found significantly higher levels in males, but no significant differences in the kynurenine levels or the ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan. Prof Takikawa has reviewed the latest evidence of the involvement of the kynurenine pathway in cancer, focusing on the role of kynurenine, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the mechanisms associated with tumor growth and immunosuppression. Dr. Fukuwatari reported that the liver plays an essential role in nicotinamide supply and demonstrated that 67 mg of tryptophan intake leads to the formation of 1 mg of nicotinamide. He also showed that the conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide is enhanced from mid to late pregnancy. Dr. Ito has studied the psychological factors influencing the concentration of melatonin in the saliva and sleep quality. He reported that during the night, levels of salivary melatonin are higher in subjects with a depressive tendency, high-level anxiety or a neurotic personality. Dr. Blankfield has discussed how the activation of the kynurenine pathway by physical illnesses can cause neuropathic and immunological disorders associated with secondary neuropsychiatric symptoms. Dr. Poulain has described the presence of low-grade an","PeriodicalId":520654,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2013-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJTR.S12327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39973559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species and cell types difference in tryptophan metabolism.","authors":"Yuki Murakami,&nbsp;Kuniaki Saito","doi":"10.4137/IJTR.S11558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJTR.S11558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>L-Tryptophan (L-TRP) is a nutritionally essential amino acid and the kynurenine (KYN) pathway is the major route of L-TRP catabolism. Besides being synthesized for proteins, L-TRP and its metabolites have critical roles for the functions of nervous and immune systems. Many researches show that optimal amounts of L-TRP in diets depend on species, developmental stages, environmental factors and health status. We have shown that KYN pathway-related enzyme activities vary among species, tissue and cell types in physiological conditions. Furthermore, the response of these enzyme activities to systemic and/or central nervous system immune activation and inflammation depends on species and cell types. Thus, it is very important to choose appropriate animal species and cell types in which to evaluate the physiologic and pathologic effects of increased KYN pathway metabolism. We believe that understanding L-TRP metabolism among species and cell types provides a better idea for analysis of human pathological condition. </p>","PeriodicalId":520654,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR","volume":" ","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2013-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJTR.S11558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39973678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kynurenine Pathway Pathologies: do Nicotinamide and Other Pathway Co-Factors have a Therapeutic Role in Reduction of Symptom Severity, Including Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM).","authors":"Adele Blankfield","doi":"10.4137/IJTR.S11193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJTR.S11193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The definition of dual tryptophan pathways has increased the understanding of the mind-body, body-mind dichotomy. The serotonergic pathway highlights the primary (endogenous) psychiatric disorders. The up-regulation of the kynurenine pathway by physical illnesses can cause neuropathic and immunological disorders1 associated with secondary neuropsychiatric symptoms. Tryptophan and nicotinamide deficiencies fall within the protein energy malnutrition (PEM) spectrum. They can arise if the kynurenine pathway is stressed by primary or secondary inflammatory conditions and the consequent imbalance of available catabolic/anabolic substrates may adversely influence convalescent phase efficiency. The replacement of depleted or reduced NAD+ levels and other cofactors can perhaps improve the clinical management of these disorders. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) appear to meet the criteria of a tryptophan-kynurenine pathway disorder with potential neuroimmunological sequelae. Aspects of some of the putative precipitating factors have been previously outlined.2,3 An analysis of the areas of metabolic dysfunction will focus on future directions for research and management. </p>","PeriodicalId":520654,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR","volume":" ","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2013-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJTR.S11193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39972857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of l-tryptophan and l-kynurenine in Human Serum by using LC-MS after Derivatization with (R)-DBD-PyNCS.","authors":"Hayato Ohashi,&nbsp;Hideaki Iizuka,&nbsp;Shunsuke Yoshihara,&nbsp;Hayato Otani,&nbsp;Misato Kume,&nbsp;Kiyomi Sadamoto,&nbsp;Hideaki Ichiba,&nbsp;Takeshi Fukushima","doi":"10.4137/IJTR.S11459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJTR.S11459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Concentrations of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) and its metabolite, l-kynurenine (l-KYN), in sera of 19 normal subjects (age: 23.6 ± 3.5 y, male: 8, female: 11) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection, following their derivatization with (R)-(-)-4-(N, N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-(3-isothiocyanatopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-PyNCS). A significant positive correlation between l-Trp and l-KYN concentrations was observed (r = 0.532, P < 0.05). Serum l-Trp concentration in male subjects (95.65 ± 4.27 μM) was significantly higher than that in female subjects (79.20 ± 3.34 μM; P < 0.05), while no significant differences in l-KYN concentration or the l-KYN:l-Trp ratio were observed between male and female subjects. </p>","PeriodicalId":520654,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR","volume":" ","pages":"9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2013-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJTR.S11459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39973198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of NAD(+), Oxidative Stress, and Tryptophan Metabolism in Autism Spectrum Disorders.","authors":"Musthafa Mohamed Essa,&nbsp;Selvaraju Subash,&nbsp;Nady Braidy,&nbsp;Samir Al-Adawi,&nbsp;Chai K Lim,&nbsp;Tamilarasan Manivasagam,&nbsp;Gilles J Guillemin","doi":"10.4137/IJTR.S11355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJTR.S11355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neuro-developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, reduced/absent verbal and non-verbal communication, and repetitive behavior during early childhood. The etiology of this developmental disorder is poorly understood, and no biomarkers have been identified. Identification of novel biochemical markers related to autism would be advantageous for earlier clinical diagnosis and intervention. Studies suggest that oxidative stress-induced mechanisms and reduced antioxidant defense, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired energy metabolism (NAD(+), NADH, ATP, pyruvate, and lactate), are major causes of ASD. This review provides renewed insight regarding current autism research related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered tryptophan metabolism in ASD. </p>","PeriodicalId":520654,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR","volume":" ","pages":"15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2013-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJTR.S11355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39972770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kynurenic Acid Metabolism in Various Types of Brain Pathology in HIV-1 Infected Patients.","authors":"H Baran,&nbsp;J A Hainfellner,&nbsp;B Kepplinger","doi":"10.4137/IJTR.S10627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJTR.S10627","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kynurenic acid, an intermediate metabolite of L-kynurenine, is a competitive antagonist of inotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors as well as a non competitive antagonist of 7 alpha nicotine cholinergic receptors and its involvement in memory deficit and cognition impairment has been suggested. Alterations of kynurenic acid metabolism in the brain after HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type-1) infection have been demonstrated. The present study evaluates the biosynthetic machinery of kynurenic acid e.g. the content of L-kynurenine and kynurenic acid, as well as the activity of enzymes synthesizing kynurenic acid, kynurenine aminotransferase I (KAT I) and kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II) in the frontal cortex and cerebellum of HIV-1 infected patients in relation to different types of pathology classified as follows: HIV in brain (HIV); opportunistic infection (OPP); infarction of brain (INF); malignant lymphoma of brain (LY); and glial dystrophy (GD) and of control (CO) subjects. Of all investigated pathologies the most frequent was OPP (65%), followed by HIV (26%), LY, INF, and GD (each 22%, respectively). Further, 68% of HIV-1 patients had bronchopneumonia, the highest incidence of which, at 60%, was seen in the OPP and LY group. Kynurenic acid was increased significantly in the frontal cortex of LY (392% of CO, P &lt; 0.001), HIV (231% of CO, P &lt; 0.01) and GD (193% of CO, P &lt; 0.05), as well as in the cerebellum of GD (261% of CO, P &lt; 0.01). A significant increase of L-kynurenine was observed in the frontal cortex of LY (385% of CO, P &lt; 0.001) and INF (206% of CO, P &lt; 0.01), and in the cerebellum of GD, LY, OPP and HIV (between 177% and 147% of CO). The KAT I activity increased significantly in the frontal cortex of all pathological subgroups, ie OPP = 420% &gt; INF &gt; LY &gt; HIV &gt; GD = 192% of CO. In the cerebellum, too, all pathological subgroups showed marked increase of KAT I activity (OPP = 320% &gt; LY, HIV &gt; GD &gt; INF = 176% of CO). On contrary, the activity of KAT II was moderately, but significantly, higher in the frontal cortex of INF and OPP; in the cerebellum of HIV, OPP and LY it was comparable to the control, while mildly reduced in INF and GD. Interestingly, normal subjects with the diagnosis of bronchopneumonia were characterized by high kynurenic acid metabolism in the brain, too. Correlation analyses between kynurenine parameters revealed association between high ratio KAT I/KAT II and increased kynurenic acid level and lower L-kynurenine in the frontal cortex and cerebellum of HIV and LY subgroups. The present study revealed a different pattern of alteration of kynurenic acid metabolism in frontal cortex and cerebellum among investigated pathological subgroups of HIV-1 infected patients. Interestingly, a marked enhancement of kynurenic acid metabolism in the brain has been found with occurrence of bronchopneumonia. This finding indicates a notable association between impaired conditions of oxygen availability and en","PeriodicalId":520654,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR","volume":" ","pages":"49-64"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJTR.S10627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40221860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quinolinic Acid, an endogenous molecule combining excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and other toxic mechanisms.","authors":"Verónica Pérez-De La Cruz,&nbsp;Paul Carrillo-Mora,&nbsp;Abel Santamaría","doi":"10.4137/IJTR.S8158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4137/IJTR.S8158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, is involved in several neurological disorders, including Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, HIV associated dementia (HAD) etc. QUIN toxicity involves several mechanisms which trigger various metabolic pathways and transcription factors. The primary mechanism exerted by this excitotoxin in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely related with the overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, ATP exhaustion, free radical formation and oxidative damage. As a result, this toxic pattern is responsible for selective loss of middle size striatal spiny GABAergic neurons and motor alterations in lesioned animals. This toxin has recently gained attention in biomedical research as, in addition to its proven excitotoxic profile, a considerable amount of evidence suggests that oxidative stress and energetic disturbances are major constituents of its toxic pattern in the CNS. Hence, this profile has changed our perception of how QUIN-related disorders combine different toxic mechanisms resulting in brain damage. This review will focus on the description and integration of recent evidence supporting old and suggesting new mechanisms to explain QUIN toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":520654,"journal":{"name":"International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4137/IJTR.S8158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40156221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}