Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII最新文献

{"title":"Circulating regulatory T cells predict efficacy and atypical responses in lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.","authors":"Da Hyun Kang,&nbsp;Chaeuk Chung,&nbsp;Pureum Sun,&nbsp;Da Hye Lee,&nbsp;Song-I Lee,&nbsp;Dongil Park,&nbsp;Jeong Suk Koh,&nbsp;Yoonjoo Kim,&nbsp;Hyon-Seung Yi,&nbsp;Jeong Eun Lee","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-03018-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-03018-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become the standard of care for a variety of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we investigated the frequency of pseudoprogression and hyperprogression in lung cancer patients treated with ICIs in the real world and aimed to discover a novel candidate marker to distinguish pseudoprogression from hyperprogression soon after ICI treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 74 patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors at Chungnam National University Hospital (CNUH) between January 2018 and August 2020. Chest X-rays were examined on day 7 after the first ICI dose to identify changes in the primary mass, and the response was assessed by computed tomography (CT). We evaluated circulating regulatory T (Treg) cells using flow cytometry and correlated the findings with clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence of pseudoprogression was 13.5%, and that of hyperprogression was 8.1%. On day 7 after initiation of treatment, the frequency of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^loFoxP3⁺ Treg cells was significantly decreased compared with baseline (P = 0.038) in patients who experienced pseudoprogression and significantly increased compared with baseline (P = 0.024) in patients who experienced hyperprogression. In the responder group, the frequencies of CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^loFoxP3⁺ Treg cells and PD-1⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127^loFoxP3⁺ Treg cells were significantly decreased 7 days after commencement of treatment compared with baseline (P = 0.034 and P < 0.001, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Circulating Treg cells represent a promising potential dynamic biomarker to predict efficacy and differentiate atypical responses, including pseudoprogression and hyperprogression, after immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"579-588"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-03018-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39197538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiotherapy planning parameters correlate with changes in the peripheral immune status of patients undergoing curative radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer.","authors":"Elgin Hoffmann,&nbsp;Frank Paulsen,&nbsp;Philipp Schaedle,&nbsp;Daniel Zips,&nbsp;Cihan Gani,&nbsp;Hans-Georg Rammensee,&nbsp;Cécile Gouttefangeas,&nbsp;Franziska Eckert","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-03002-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-03002-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The influence of radiotherapy on patient immune cell subsets has been established by several groups. Following a previously published analysis of immune changes during and after curative radiotherapy for prostate cancer, this analysis focused on describing correlations of changes of immune cell subsets with radiation treatment parameters.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>For 13 patients treated in a prospective trial with radiotherapy to the prostate region (primary analysis) and five patients treated with radiotherapy to prostate and pelvic nodal regions (exploratory analysis), already published immune monitoring data were correlated with clinical data as well as radiation planning parameters such as clinical target volume (CTV) and volumes receiving 20 Gy (V20) for newly contoured volumes of pelvic blood vessels and bone marrow.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most significant changes among immune cell subsets were observed at the end of radiotherapy. In contrast, correlations of age and CD8⁺ subsets (effector and memory cells) were observed early during and 3 months after radiotherapy. Ratios of T cells and T cell proliferation compared to baseline correlated with CTV. Early changes in regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and CD8⁺ effector T cells correlated with V20 of blood vessels and bone volumes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patient age as well as radiotherapy planning parameters correlated with immune changes during radiotherapy. Larger irradiated volumes seem to correlate with early suppression of anti-cancer immunity. For immune cell analysis during normofractionated radiotherapy and correlations with treatment planning parameters, different time points should be looked at in future projects.</p><p><strong>Trial registration number: </strong>NCT01376674, 20.06.2011.</p>","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"541-552"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-03002-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39190898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of S100A9 in the interaction between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and stromal cells.","authors":"Pin-Jui Kung,&nbsp;Ting-Yu Lai,&nbsp;Jerry Cao,&nbsp;Li-Chung Hsu,&nbsp;Tsai-Chen Chiang,&nbsp;Pu Ou-Yang,&nbsp;Ching-Yi Tsai,&nbsp;Yi-Fen Tsai,&nbsp;Chih-Wen Lin,&nbsp;Chien-Chia Chen,&nbsp;Meng-Kun Tsai,&nbsp;Yu-Wen Tien,&nbsp;Chih-Yuan Lee","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-03026-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-03026-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A major feature of the microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the significant amount of extracellular matrix produced by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which have been reported to enhance the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells and negatively impact the prognosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the data from two publicly available microarray datasets deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus and found candidate genes that were differentially expressed in PDAC cells with metastatic potential and PDAC cells cocultured with PSCs. We studied the interaction between PDAC cells and PSCs in vitro and verified our finding with the survival data of patients with PDAC from the website of The Human Protein Atlas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that PSCs stimulated PDAC cells to secrete S100A9, which attracted circulatory monocytes into cancer tissue and enhanced the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on macrophages. When analyzing the correlation of S100A9 and PD-L1 expression with the clinical outcomes of patients with PDAC, we ascertained that high expression of S100A9 and PD-L1 was associated with poor survival in patients with PDAC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PSCs stimulated PDAC cells to secrete S100A9, which acts as a chemoattractant to attract circulatory monocytes into cancer microenvironment and induces expression of PD-L1 on macrophages. High expression of S100A9 and PD-L1 was associated with worse overall survival in a cohort of patients with PDAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"705-718"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-03026-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39306995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A secondary role for hypoxia and HIF1 in the regulation of (IFNγ-induced) PD-L1 expression in melanoma.","authors":"Anneloes van Duijn,&nbsp;Karin J Willemsen,&nbsp;Nathalie O P van Uden,&nbsp;Lieke Hoyng,&nbsp;Sterre Erades,&nbsp;Jan Koster,&nbsp;Rosalie M Luiten,&nbsp;Walbert J Bakker","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-03007-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-03007-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer cells are able to escape immune surveillance by upregulating programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). A key regulator of PD-L1 expression is transcriptional stimulation by the IFNγ/JAK/STAT pathway. Recent studies suggest that hypoxia can induce PD-L1 expression. As hypoxia presents a hallmark of solid tumor development, hypoxic control of PD-L1 expression may affect the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. This study aims to explore the hypoxic regulation of PD-L1 expression in human melanoma, and its interaction with IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression. Analysis of the cutaneous melanoma dataset from the cancer genome atlas revealed a significant correlation of the HIF1-signaling geneset signature with PD-L1 mRNA expression. However, this correlation is less pronounced than other key pathways known to control PD-L1 expression, including the IFNγ/JAK/STAT pathway. This secondary role of HIF1 in PD-L1 regulation was confirmed by analyzing single-cell RNA-sequencing data of 33 human melanoma tissues. Interestingly, PD-L1 expression in these melanoma tissues was primarily found in macrophages. However, also in these cells STAT1, and not HIF1, displayed the most pronounced correlation with PD-L1 expression. Moreover, we observed that hypoxia differentially affects PD-L1 expression in human melanoma cell lines. Knockdown of HIF1 expression indicated a minor role for HIF1 in regulating PD-L1 expression. A more pronounced influence of hypoxia was found on IFNγ-induced PD-L1 mRNA expression, which is controlled at a 952 bp PD-L1 promoter fragment. These findings, showing the influence of hypoxia on IFNγ-induced PD-L1 expression, are relevant for immunotherapy, as both IFNγ and hypoxia are frequently present in the tumor microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"529-540"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-03007-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39189886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: IL‑15 superagonist N‑803 improves IFNγ production and killing of leukemia and ovarian cancer cells by CD34+ progenitor‑derived NK cells.","authors":"J M R Van der Meer,&nbsp;R J A Maas,&nbsp;K Guldevall,&nbsp;K Klarenaar,&nbsp;P K J D De Jonge,&nbsp;J S Hoogstad-van Evert,&nbsp;A B van der Waart,&nbsp;J Cany,&nbsp;J T Safrit,&nbsp;J H Lee,&nbsp;E Wagena,&nbsp;P Friedl,&nbsp;B Önfelt,&nbsp;L F Massuger,&nbsp;N P M Schaap,&nbsp;J H Jansen,&nbsp;W Hobo,&nbsp;H Dolstra","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-03049-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-03049-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"3367"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8505330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39417935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CMTM6 expression in M2 macrophages is a potential predictor of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor response in colorectal cancer.","authors":"Xuehui Wu,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Lan,&nbsp;Wanming Hu,&nbsp;Wanning Zhang,&nbsp;Xiangmeng Lai,&nbsp;Shaowan Xu,&nbsp;Jiaoying Li,&nbsp;Weihao Qiu,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Jianbiao Xiao,&nbsp;Feifei Wang,&nbsp;Yanqing Ding,&nbsp;Li Liang","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-02931-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-02931-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>CMTM6 is a novel key regulator of PD-L1. High expression of both CMTM6 and PD-L1 may predict the benefit of PD-1 axis blockade in lung cancer. We aimed to investigate the expression pattern of CMTM6 between mismatch repair-defective (dMMR) and mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and assess its correlation with the response to PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to analyze CMTM6 and PD-L1 expression and immune cell density in dMMR/pMMR CRC. Quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) was performed to detect CMTM6, PD-L1, CD4, CD8, CD68 and CD163 expression in CRC patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>IHC analysis showed that CMTM6 and PD-L1 were both expressed in tumor cells (TCs) and invasion front immune cells (ICs). CMTM6 and PD-L1 expression and CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD68⁺ or CD163⁺ cell density were significantly higher in dMMR CRC patients than in pMMR CRC patients. CMTM6 expression was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression and CD163⁺ M2 macrophage density in dMMR CRC. IF analysis showed that the coexpression rate of CMTM6/PD-L1 and the expression rate of CMTM6 in CD8⁺ T cells and CD163⁺ M2 macrophages were significantly increased in the group that exhibited clinical benefit. CMTM6 expression in M2 macrophages was identified as the best biomarker for predicting the responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CMTM6 expression in M2 macrophages may predict the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor response rate in CRC patients more accurately than dMMR/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) status. It can also identify pMMR CRC patients who could benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"3235-3248"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-02931-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25561161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Interplay of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, normal colonic mucosa, cancer-associated fibroblasts, clinicopathological data and the immunoregulatory molecules of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer.","authors":"Łukasz Zadka,&nbsp;Mariusz Chabowski,&nbsp;Damian Grybowski,&nbsp;Aleksandra Piotrowska,&nbsp;Piotr Dzięgiel","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-03038-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-03038-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"3365"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3e/07/262_2021_Article_3038.PMC8505299.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39411323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activated B lymphocytes and tumor cell lysate as an effective cellular cancer vaccine.","authors":"Kyp L Oxley,&nbsp;Brett M Hanson,&nbsp;Ashley N Zani,&nbsp;Gail A Bishop","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-02914-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-02914-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer vaccines that utilize patient antigen-presenting cells to fight their own tumors have shown exciting promise in many preclinical studies, but have proven quite challenging to translate to clinical feasibility. Dendritic cells have typically been the cell of choice for such vaccine platforms, due to their ability to endocytose antigens nonspecifically, and their expression of multiple surface molecules that enhance antigen presentation. However, dendritic cells are present in low numbers in human peripheral blood and must be matured in culture before use in vaccines. Mature B lymphocytes, in contrast, are relatively abundant in peripheral blood, and can be quickly activated and expanded in overnight cultures. We devised an optimal stimulation cocktail that engages the B cell antigen receptor, CD40, TLR4 and TLR7, to activate B cells to present antigens from lysates of the recipient's tumor cells, precluding the need for known tumor antigens. This B cell vaccine (Bvac) improved overall survival from B16F1 melanoma challenge, as well as reduced tumor size and increased time to tumor appearance. Bvac upregulated B cell antigen presentation molecules, stimulated activation of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, and induced T cell migration. Bvac provides an alternative cellular vaccine strategy that has considerable practical advantages for translation to clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"3093-3103"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-02914-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25528358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Tumour draining lymph node-generated CD8 T cells play a role in controlling lung metastases after a primary tumour is removed but not when adjuvant immunotherapy is used.","authors":"Vanessa S Fear,&nbsp;Catherine A Forbes,&nbsp;Samuel A Neeve,&nbsp;Scott A Fisher,&nbsp;Jonathan Chee,&nbsp;Jason Waithman,&nbsp;Shao Kang Ma,&nbsp;Richard Lake,&nbsp;Anna K Nowak,&nbsp;Jenette Creaney,&nbsp;Matthew D Brown,&nbsp;Christobel Saunders,&nbsp;Bruce W S Robinson","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-02970-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-02970-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"3259"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-02970-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39063903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"E Suazo-Zepeda,&nbsp;M Bokern,&nbsp;P C Vinke,&nbsp;T J N Hiltermann,&nbsp;G H de Bock,&nbsp;G Sidorenkov","doi":"10.1007/s00262-021-02996-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-02996-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause serious immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This study aimed to identify risk factors for all types of irAEs induced by ICIs in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), by systematic review and meta-analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science by two independent reviewers. Studies were selected that included patients with NSCLC and evaluated characteristics of patients with and without irAEs induced by ICIs. Quality and risk of bias of the selected studies were assessed. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) for risk factors of developing all type of irAEs, and separately for pneumonitis, interstitial lung disease and severe irAEs. With the objective of exploring sources of heterogeneity, stratified analyses were performed by quality and region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>25 studies met the inclusion criteria. In total, the data of 6696 patients were pooled. 33 different risk factors for irAEs were reported. irAEs of interest were reported for 1653 (25%) of the patients. Risk factors related to the development of irAEs were: C-reactive protein, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), use of PD-1 inhibitor, high PD-L1 expression, an active or former smoking status, ground glass attenuation, and a better treatment response.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The identified risk factors for the development of these irAEs are mostly related to the alteration of the immune system, proinflammatory states and loss of immunological self-tolerance. Patients identified as having a higher risk for irAEs should be monitored more closely.</p>","PeriodicalId":520581,"journal":{"name":"Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII","volume":" ","pages":"3069-3080"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s00262-021-02996-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39126866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}