Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids最新文献

{"title":"Glycosylated RNAs in extracellular vesicles: a new layer of RNA sorting and intercellular communication.","authors":"Zhelin Wu, Zhijian Cai","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2026.32","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2026.32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"873-877"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of EV-associated miRNA in liquid biopsies for biomarker signature development.","authors":"Mia S C Yu, Christian Grätz, Dapi Menglin Chiang, Olivier Loudig, Yadong Zheng, Cole Hladik, Bethany Hannafon, Navneet Dogra, Benedikt Kirchner, Michael W Pfaffl","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2026.19","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2026.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising minimally invasive biomarkers, as EV encapsulation protects miRNAs from degradation while preserving disease- and cell- type-specific expression patterns across diverse human body fluids. This review summarizes the current understanding of miRNA and EV biogenesis, including the mechanisms governing EV cargo packaging. We further discuss the broad range of EV sources used in liquid biopsy and molecular diagnostics, including blood, urine, saliva, milk, respiratory fluids, and cerebrospinal fluid, highlighting both the diagnostic utility and key pre-analytical challenges associated with EV-miRNA analysis. State-of-the-art EV isolation approaches, including differential ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, affinity-based methods, microfluidic platforms, flow cytometry and nanoparticle-based analyses are not isolation methods and are therefore excluded from this comparison. In addition, workflows for EV-associated RNA extraction and quantification, including RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based methodologies, are critically evaluated. Emphasis is placed on challenges related to data quality assessment, normalization strategies, low-input sample analysis, and high sample heterogeneity. This review also summarizes current standardization initiatives, including MISEV, MIQE, EV-TRACK, and EV Task Force biofluid guidelines, emphasizing the importance of rigorous reporting standards, harmonized pre-analytical workflows, and multiparametric normalization strategies for reproducible detection and accurate quantification. Finally, we discuss emerging best practices and unresolved challenges in multivariate modeling, miRNA isoform-based analyses, and <i>in silico</i> validation of the target recognition elements and regulatory pathways. An integrated, guideline-based workflow from liquid biopsy collection to clinically actionable EV-miRNA signatures is proposed to facilitate translation of this approach into routine molecular diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"833-872"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stem cell extracellular vesicles for neuropsychiatric disorders and translation.","authors":"Hengxiang Fan, Shunqi Wang, Zhi Li, Tianze Yu, Chaolin Ma, Chong Sun","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2026.14","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2026.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuropsychiatric disorders represent a major global health challenge due to their high prevalence, chronic disability, and substantial socioeconomic burden. Although stem cell-based therapies offer regenerative potential, their clinical application is limited by poor post-transplantation survival, restricted targeted integration, and potential tumorigenicity. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged as a promising cell-free therapeutic approach. These vesicles can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exhibit high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. This review summarizes the cellular origins and biogenesis of SC-EVs and evaluates current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting their therapeutic potential. Particular attention is given to acute ischemic stroke and progressive neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying their neuroprotective and regenerative effects are discussed, with a focus on modulating neuroinflammation, promoting neurogenesis, and enhancing synaptic plasticity. Finally, key advances and major challenges in the clinical translation of SC-EVs are outlined. Integrating current evidence, this review provides a framework and practical perspective for the continued development of SC-EV-based therapies for complex neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"764-785"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological properties and potential pathogenic mechanisms of oral bacterial-derived extracellular vesicles in oral and systemic diseases.","authors":"Xumeng Du, Shiyin Xu, Xiaolei Zhou, Huanhuan Zhou, Biyu Jin, Zhao Peng, Andreas K Nüssler, Liegang Liu, Jiuling Chen, Wei Yang","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2026.13","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2026.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review summarizes the biological characteristics of oral bacterial extracellular vesicles (O-BEVs) and their proposed roles in disease pathogenesis. As nanosized lipid bilayer structures secreted by oral bacteria, O-BEVs encapsulate virulence factors, nucleic acids, and metabolites, enabling them to traverse biological barriers and modulate host cellular functions. Studies suggest that O-BEVs are involved in the progression of oral diseases, including periodontitis, dental caries, and oral cancer through mechanisms such as immune activation, tissue destruction, and cellular behavior modulation. Furthermore, O-BEVs can enter the systemic circulation. Through synergistic interactions among their protein, lipid, and nucleic acid components, O-BEVs activate inflammatory pathways and compromise barrier integrity, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of systemic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and osteoporosis. However, most current evidence derives from preclinical (<i>in vitro</i> and animal) studies, while direct clinical evidence linking O-BEVs to human diseases remains limited, and causal relationships have not been firmly established. Understanding the mechanisms of O-BEVs may enable targeted diagnostic approches, therapies, and prevention strategies along the \"oral-systemic axis\", with important clinical and public health implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"813-832"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular vesicles as indicators of environmental stress response in <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i>.","authors":"Agnieszka Razim, Astrid Laimer-Digruber, Anna M Schmid, Tanja V Edelbacher, Magdalena E Paschall, Tamara Weinmayer, Michael Thaler, Rim Kebreab, Magdalena E Skalska, Paweł Migdał, Mattia Morandi, Catherine Daniel, Dagmar Srutkova, Martin Schwarzer, Jiri Hrdy, Monika Ehling-Schulz, Sabina Górska, Aleksandra Inic-Kanada, Ursula Wiedermann, Irma Schabussova","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2026.26","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2026.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> To determine how exposure to bile influences the production, physicochemical properties, and molecular composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the probiotic <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> (<i>L. plantarum</i>) NCIMB 8826. <b>Methods:</b> <i>L. plantarum</i> cultures were incubated with and without a physiologically relevant cocnentartion of bile. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation followed by size-exclusion concentration (SEC) and characterized per Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles guidelines. Assessments included purity [protein and peptidoglycan (PGN) content], particle size distribution, zeta potential (ZP), lipid profiling, stability assays under varying pH, ionic strength (NaCl) and detergent challenge, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and proteomic analysis were performed. Comparisons were made between purified EVs and parent bacterial cells, and between EVs from bile-exposed and control conditions. <b>Results:</b> SEC markedly reduced copurifying proteins and PGNs, improving EV compositional purity. Purified <i>L. plantarum</i> EVs (LpEVs) displayed surface lipid profiles and ZP that were distinct from parent cells and maintained stability across a range of pH values, elevated NaCl, and low detergent concentrations. Bile exposure induced release of larger LpEVs enriched in proteins involved in bile metabolism. FTIR detected bile-induced molecular changes in LpEVs that differed from alterations observed in whole bacterial cells. <b>Conclusion:</b> <i>L. plantarum</i> modulates EV size and cargo in response to bile stress, producing stable, compositionally distinct vesicles enriched in bile salt hydrolase. These findings indicate that bacterial EVs act as dynamic responders to environmental stress and may mediate early host-microbe communication prior to detectable cellular changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"786-812"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered bacterial extracellular vesicles as next-generation precision postbiotics: strategies, challenges and prospects.","authors":"Jiali Chen, Qiyan Chen, Baoxian Li, Chunqiang Pan, Roberto Grau, Tao Liu, Shiyu Li, Qingchi Wang, Yanan Wang, Yi Yang, Jintao Cheng, Yuanxiang Jin, Guiling Yang","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2026.09","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2026.09","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postbiotics, defined as inactivated microorganisms and/or their components conferring a health benefit, represent a paradigm shift from traditional probiotics by offering superior safety, stability, and precise dosing. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs), natural nanoparticles secreted by bacteria, are key mediators of microbiota-host communication. BEVs have emerged as promising natural postbiotic agents due to their ability to transport bioactive cargo and modulate host physiology. However, the therapeutic application of natural BEVs (nBEVs) is constrained by limitations, including potential safety concerns, lack of target specificity, low yield, and compositional heterogeneity. To overcome these barriers, the concept of engineered BEVs (eBEVs) has been introduced. By employing genetic modification of parent bacteria, surface functionalization, and tailored cargo loading, eBEVs can be precisely designed. This engineering transforms nBEVs into advanced, targeted delivery platforms that significantly expand the scope and efficacy of postbiotics. This review explores the vast potential of eBEVs as next-generation precision postbiotics to treat multiple disorders. Despite the transformative potential, translating eBEVs into clinical practice faces challenges. These include scalable manufacturing processes, comprehensive <i>in vivo</i> safety and pharmacokinetic profiling, and the establishment of regulatory frameworks. Future progress hinges on interdisciplinary efforts to develop smart, stimulus-responsive BEVs, enhance endosomal escape efficiency, and conduct rigorous clinical trials. Ultimately, eBEVs stand at the forefront of a new era in microbiota-based therapeutics, merging the biocompatibility of natural vesicles with the precision of synthetic nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"714-746"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the dynamics of extracellular vesicle microRNA trafficking in multiple sclerosis: delivery, diversion and retention.","authors":"Gemma C Stevenson, Manisha S Patil, Georges E R Grau","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2026.11","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2026.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid-bound structures that carry a distinct repertoire of short, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs). EV miRNA content differs across various diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). These observations may indicate a functional role for EV miRNAs in disease pathology. However, the role of EVs in miRNA trafficking remains a subject of debate. This review proposes a theoretical framework to understand the dynamics of EV miRNA trafficking in MS. Three modes of EV miRNA trafficking are presented: (i) delivery of miRNA to target cells; (ii) diversion of miRNA away from its target; or (iii) retention of the miRNA in the parent cell. This model accounts for the heterogeneity and functional diversity of EVs and may facilitate the identification of physicochemically distinct subpopulations with selective roles in miRNA transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"747-763"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367149/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extracellular vesicles produced by <i>Malassezia</i> commensal yeasts.","authors":"Katarzyna Kowalik, Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2025.178","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2025.178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Malassezia</i> species were long regarded as microorganisms implicated exclusively in dermatological pathology<i>.</i> However, recent studies have further postulated a potential association between these fungi and systemic and non-cutaneous diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, pancreatic cancer or neurodegenerative diseases, though evidence is still preliminary. Concurrently, there is growing scientific interest in extracellular vesicles as conserved cross-kingdom mediators of intercellular communication, with the capacity to modulate host cellular responses. While extracellular vesicles have been well characterized for various microorganisms, those secreted by <i>Malassezia</i>, specified as MalaEx, remain largely underexplored to this date. This review summarizes the current knowledge of MalaEx composition and their functional significance. Detailed analyses of MalaEx have revealed that their cargo includes various enzymes, importantly aspartyl proteases, as well as allergens, with a significant enrichment of Mala s1 and Mala s7 proteins. Additionally, small RNAs were identified among the transported molecules, however, bioinformatic analyses indicated that these RNAs cannot be classified as microRNAs (miRNAs). Importantly, MalaEx have been demonstrated to interact with human immune and cutaneous cells, thereby modulating inflammatory responses. These fungal structures may also play a protective role by limiting growth of pathogenic bacteria such as <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, overall suggesting broader relevance of MalaEx's functional role in regulating cutaneous microbial homeostasis and modulating the balance between pathogenic, commensal, and beneficial interactions in the skin ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"700-713"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amniotic extracellular vesicles' effect on equine endometrial cells challenged with LPS: a proteomic analysis.","authors":"Giulia Gaspari, Alessio Soggiu, Paola Gagni, Salvatore Desantis, Fausto Cremonesi, Anna Lange-Consiglio","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2025.172","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2025.172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> A balanced uterine environment is crucial for the positive outcome of a pregnancy. Any alteration of its physiological status could affect embryo-maternal crosstalk and impair the mare fertility, as occurs in endometrial inflammatory conditions. The use of regenerative medicine strategies, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is emerging as promising therapeutic alternatives. This study aimed to identify the proteins involved in the anti-inflammatory action of equine amniotic EVs on endometrial cells (ECs) challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). <b>Methods:</b> An <i>in vitro</i> model of endometrial inflammation was set up by stressing ECs with 10 ng/mL LPS for 3 h. Subsequently, LPS-treated cells were incubated with 400 × 10⁶ EVs/mL for 24 h. <b>Results:</b> The nano-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS) approach identified 794 differentially regulated proteins with <i>P</i> < 0.05 and |Log2FC| > 1. Treatment with amniotic EVs entailed an overexpression of several proteins involved in the inflammatory response, including annexins, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, antioxidant enzymes and mediators, and transcription factors and regulators. Conversely, other pro-inflammatory mediators were also underexpressed, including cytokines, oxidative factors and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. <b>Conclusion:</b> These data suggest that amniotic EVs may exert an anti-inflammatory action on LPS-stressed ECs by multiple mechanisms, including cytokine regulation, antioxidant protection, transcriptional regulation, ECM remodeling and alteration of other key signaling mediators involved in the inflammatory response. These findings could provide useful information on the proteins involved in EVs effect during the initial 24 h of their incorporation into ECs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"650-674"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367154/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on exosomes in cancer multidrug resistance and clinical translation.","authors":"Wenxin Zhang, Mengyuan He, Xiaoli Cheng, Qingqing Chai, Aixue Li, Fengna Li, Yongwei Gu, Kang Fang, Rong Rong, Jiyong Liu","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2025.191","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2025.191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major clinical challenge that limits the efficacy of multiple cancer treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, monoclonal antibody therapy, and antibody-drug conjugates. In recent years, exosomes (Exos), nanoscale vesicles involved in intercellular communication, have attracted increasing attention for their roles in the formation and spread of MDR. A growing body of evidence suggests that Exos mediate the transfer of resistance-related molecular signals among drug-resistant cancer cells, drug-sensitive cancer cells, and stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages, through the selective packaging of noncoding RNAs, functional proteins, and metabolic regulators. These molecular signals may induce the reprogramming of signaling pathways, metabolism, and epigenetic states in recipient cells, thereby promoting the acquisition of cancer stem cell-like properties and a drug-resistant phenotype. In turn, these changes may contribute to the establishment of a drug resistance-supporting tumor microenvironment. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which Exos contribute to multidrug resistance, with a particular focus on their roles in cargo sorting, microenvironmental crosstalk, and the functional reprogramming of recipient cells. It also discusses their potential for clinical translation in resistance monitoring and reversal therapy. In addition, this review further discusses the key challenges currently facing the field and provides perspectives on future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"7 2","pages":"675-699"},"PeriodicalIF":8.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13367152/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}