Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids最新文献

{"title":"Role of probiotic extracellular vesicles in inter-kingdom communication and current technical limitations in advancing their therapeutic utility.","authors":"Rahul Sanwlani, Kyle Bramich, Suresh Mathivanan","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.39","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diverse functions of probiotic extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively studied over the past decade, proposing their role in inter-kingdom communication. Studies have explored their therapeutic role in pathophysiological processes ranging from cancer, immunoregulation, and ulcerative colitis to stress-induced depression. These studies have highlighted the significant and novel potential of probiotic EVs for therapeutic applications, offering immense promise in addressing several unmet clinical needs. Additionally, probiotic EVs are being explored as vehicles for targeted delivery approaches. However, the realization of clinical utility of probiotic EVs is hindered by several knowledge gaps, pitfalls, limitations, and challenges, which impede their wider acceptance by the scientific community. Among these, limited knowledge of EV biogenesis, markers and regulators in bacteria, variations in cargo due to culture conditions or EV isolation method, and lack of proper understanding of gut uptake and demonstration of <i>in vivo</i> effect are some important issues. This review aims to summarize the diverse roles of probiotic EVs in health and disease conditions. More importantly, it discusses the significant knowledge gaps and limitations that stand in the way of the therapeutic utility of probiotic EVs. Furthermore, the importance of addressing these gaps and limitations with technical advances such as rigorous omics has been discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 3","pages":"509-526"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choice of size-exclusion chromatography column affects recovery, purity, and miRNA cargo analysis of extracellular vesicles from human plasma.","authors":"Jillian W P Bracht, Mandy Los, Edwin van der Pol, Sandra A W M Verkuijlen, Monique A J van Eijndhoven, D Michiel Pegtel, Rienk Nieuwland","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.34","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.34","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The miRNA cargo of plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) is commonly studied for its biomarker potential. However, isolation of EVs from human plasma is challenging. Although size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is commonly used to isolate plasma EVs, SEC does not completely separate EVs from other miRNA carriers such as cells, lipoproteins, and proteins. Recently, new SEC columns were introduced, but hitherto, no systematic study was performed to compare the recovery and purity of plasma EVs using both traditional and new columns. In this study, we investigated the recovery of EVs and separation efficacy from lipoproteins and proteins using different SEC columns, and how recovery and separation affect miRNA cargo analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>EVs were isolated from pooled (<i>n</i> = 5) platelet-depleted plasma using 10 different SEC columns. For each column, three EV-enriched fractions were pooled and concentrations of EVs, lipoproteins, proteins, and miRNAs were measured by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Bradford assay, and qRT-PCR, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results show that the resin pore size affects all measured parameters: a small pore size increases recovery of EVs and quantity of miRNA, but decreases the separation efficacy compared to a large pore size. Regression analysis showed that the investigated miRNAs are more strongly associated with EVs than with lipoproteins or proteins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The choice of a SEC column markedly affects the recovery, separation efficacy, and miRNA cargo analysis of human plasma-derived EVs. We recommend either using SEC columns with a 70-nm pore size due to their superior EV purity or studying the effect of non-EV particles on the miRNAs of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 3","pages":"497-508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of NanoString technology as a tool for profiling circulating miRNA in maternal blood during pregnancy.","authors":"Petra Adamova, Andrew K Powell, Iain M Dykes","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.38","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.38","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Circulating maternal MicroRNA (miRNA) is a promising source of biomarkers for antenatal diagnostics. NanoString nCounter is a popular global screening tool due to its simplicity and ease of use, but there is a lack of standardisation in analysis methods. We examined the effect of user-defined variables upon reported changes in maternal blood miRNA during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Total RNA was prepared from the maternal blood of pregnant and control rats. miRNA expression was profiled using Nanostring nCounter. Raw count data were processed using nSolver using different combinations of normalisation and background correction methods as well as various background thresholds. A panel of 14 candidates in which changes were supported by multiple analysis workflows was selected for validation by RT-qPCR. We then reverse-engineered the nSolver analysis to gain further insight.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-one putative differentially expressed miRNAs were identified by nSolver. However, each analysis workflow produced a different set of reported biomarkers and none of them was common to all analysis methods. Four miRNAs with known roles in pregnancy (miR-183, miR-196c, miR-431, miR-450a) were validated. No single nSolver analysis workflow could successfully identify all four validated changes. Reverse engineering revealed errors in nSolver data processing which compound the inherent problems associated with background correction and normalisation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that user-defined variables greatly influence the output of the assay. This highlights the need for standardised nSolver data analysis methods and detailed reporting of these methods. We suggest that investigators in the future should not rely on a single analysis method to identify changes and should always validate screening results.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 3","pages":"471-496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic features of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: challenges and opportunities.","authors":"Pilar Espiau-Romera, Andrés Gordo-Ortiz, Inés Ortiz-de-Solórzano, Patricia Sancho","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.12","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TDEVs) play crucial roles in intercellular communication both in the local tumor microenvironment and systemically, facilitating tumor progression and metastatic spread. They carry a variety of molecules with bioactive properties, such as nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites, that trigger different signaling processes in receptor cells and induce, among other downstream effects, metabolic reprogramming. Interestingly, the cargo of TDEVs also reflects the metabolic status of the producing cells in a time- and context-dependent manner, providing information on the functionality and state of those cells. For these reasons, together with their ability to be detected in diverse biofluids, there is increasing interest in the study of TDEVs, particularly their metabolic cargo, as diagnostic and prognostic tools in cancer management. This review presents a compilation of metabolism-related molecules (enzymes and metabolites) described in cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) with potential use as cancer biomarkers, and discusses the challenges arising in this rapidly evolving field.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 3","pages":"455-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic analysis of plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles reveals the pathological characteristics of normal tension glaucoma.","authors":"Sheng-Lan Xu, Jun-Hua Li, Wen-Meng Zhang, Meng-Jun Fu, Hui-Min Xing, Hua Ma, Xian-Hui Gong, Rong-Han Wu, Yuan-Bo Liang, Ren-Zhe Cui, Zai-Long Chi","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.45","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.45","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is a common optic neuropathy that can be challenging to diagnose due to the intraocular pressure remaining within the normal range. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for the effective lifelong management of patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study recruited a total of 225 participants. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) RNA from circulating plasma was analyzed via transcriptomic sequencing, and its expression levels were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Logistic regression, linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to examine the association of biomarkers with clinicopathological characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of sEVs mRNAs in NTG patients revealed mitochondrial dysfunction and enrichment of central nervous system degenerative pathways, reflecting the pathological features of NTG. Compared with those in the controls, the expression levels of sEVs let-7b-5p in the plasma of NTG patients were significantly lower, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.870 (95%CI: 0.797-0.943) (<i>P</i> < 0.0001), and the AUC combined with age was 0.923 (95%CI: 0.851-0.996) (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). In addition, we found that let-7b-5p levels were significantly correlated with the severity and visual field defects of NTG patients and had good specificity compared with other ophthalmic diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The sEVs RNA signatures in circulating plasma from NTG revealed mitochondrial dysfunction and that sEVs let-7b-5p can be a useful noninvasive biomarker for NTG.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 3","pages":"438-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i> increases 3D growth and invasiveness in recipient cancer cells.","authors":"Hannah M Nelson, Shimian Qu, Liyu Huang, Muhammad Shameer, Kevin C Corn, Sydney N Chapman, Nicole L Luthcke, Sara A Schuster, Tellie D Stamaris, Lauren A Turnbull, Lucas L Guy, Xiao Liu, Danielle L Michell, Elizabeth M Semler, Kasey C Vickers, Qi Liu, Jeffrey L Franklin, Alissa M Weaver, Marjan Rafat, Robert J Coffey, James G Patton","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.43","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Extracellular communication via the transfer of vesicles and nanoparticles is now recognized to play an important role in tumor microenvironment interactions. Cancer cells upregulate and secrete abundant levels of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i> that can alter gene expression in donor and recipient cells. In this study, we sought to identify targets of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i> and conclusively demonstrate that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be functionally transferred from donor to recipient cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To identify targets of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i>, we used bioinformatic approaches comparing multiple colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, including knockout lines lacking one or both of these miRNAs. We also used spheroid and 3D growth conditions in collagen to test colony growth and invasiveness. We also used Transwell co-culture systems to demonstrate functional miRNA transfer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From an initial list of 96 potential mRNA targets, we identified and tested 15 targets, with 8 showing significant downregulation in the presence of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i>. Among these, cingulin (CGN) and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type-R (PTPRR) are downregulated in multiple cancers, consistent with regulation by increased levels of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b.</i> We also show that increased cellular levels of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i> enhance 3D growth and invasiveness in CRC and glioblastoma cell lines. Lastly, we demonstrate that extracellular transfer of <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i> can silence both reporter and endogenous mRNA targets in recipient cells and also increase the invasiveness of recipient spheroid colonies when grown under 3D conditions in type I collagen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i> target multiple mRNAs that can regulate 3D cell-autonomous growth and invasiveness. By extracellular transfer, <i>miR-100</i> and <i>miR-125b</i> can also increase colony growth and invasiveness in recipient cells through non-cell-autonomous mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 3","pages":"397-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cargo exchange between human and bacterial extracellular vesicles in gestational tissues: a new paradigm in communication and immune development.","authors":"Emmanuel Amabebe, Awanit Kumar, Madhuri Tatiparthy, Ananth Kumar Kammala, Brandie D Taylor, Ramkumar Menon","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.21","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Host-bacteria and bacteria-bacteria interactions can be facilitated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by both human and bacterial cells. Human and bacterial EVs (BEVs) propagate and transfer immunogenic cargos that may elicit immune responses in nearby or distant recipient cells/tissues. Hence, direct colonization of tissues by bacterial cells is not required for immunogenic stimulation. This phenomenon is important in the feto-maternal interface, where optimum tolerance between the mother and fetus is required for a successful pregnancy. Though the intrauterine cavity is widely considered sterile, BEVs from diverse sources have been identified in the placenta and amniotic cavity. These BEVs can be internalized by human cells, which may help them evade host immune surveillance. Though it appears logical, whether bacterial cells internalize human EVs or human EV cargo is yet to be determined. However, the presence of BEVs in placental tissues or amniotic cavity is believed to trigger a low-grade immune response that primes the fetal immune system for ex-utero survival, but is insufficient to disrupt the progression of pregnancy or cause immune intolerance required for adverse pregnancy events. Nevertheless, the exchange of bioactive cargos between human and BEVs, and the mechanical underpinnings and health implications of such interactions, especially during pregnancy, are still understudied. Therefore, while focusing on the feto-maternal interface, we discussed how human cells take up BEVs and whether bacterial cells take up human EVs or their cargo, the exchange of cargos between human and BEVs, host cell (feto-maternal) inflammatory responses to BEV immunogenic stimulation, and associations of these interactions with fetal immune priming and adverse reproductive outcomes such as preeclampsia and preterm birth.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 2","pages":"297-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The multifaceted roles of extracellular vesicles for therapeutic intervention with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.","authors":"Arthur A Lee, Andrew K Godwin, Haitham Abdelhakim","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.07","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to the development of cancer in various ways. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a cancer of mature lymphocytes and the most common hematological malignancy globally. The most common form of NHL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), is primarily treated with chemotherapy, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and/or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. With NHL disease progression and its treatment, extracellular vesicles play remarkable roles in influencing outcomes. This finding can be utilized for therapeutic intervention to improve patient outcomes for NHL. This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of EVs with NHL and its potential for guiding patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 2","pages":"329-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11618822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of donor pool size on the variability of platelet lysate-derived extracellular vesicles for regenerative medicine.","authors":"Andreu Miquel Amengual-Tugores, Carmen Ráez-Meseguer, Maria Antònia Forteza-Genestra, Javier Calvo, Antoni Gayà, Marta Monjo, Joana Maria Ramis","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2024.05","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2024.05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> The objective of the present study was to determine the variability of platelet lysate-derived extracellular vesicles (pEV), in terms of characteristics and functionality through wound healing assays, when isolated either from platelet concentrates (PC, obtained from 5 donors) or from multiple PC (MPC, that is 50 donors). <b>Methods:</b> pEV were isolated under GMP-like conditions in a clean room using Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). The differential characteristics between pEV obtained from PC (PC-EV) or MPC (MPC-EV) were evaluated by means of protein concentration, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and flow cytometry using the MACSPlex™ arrays for surface analysis profiling of EV. The functionality of the isolated pEV was determined in cell culture by metabolic activity and LDH activity determination and through a wound healing assay after 24 h treatment. <b>Results:</b> No significant differences were observed in the pEV characteristics evaluated, whether isolated from PC or MPC. As regards functionality, a higher wound closure percentage was obtained in those pEV pools isolated from PC (5 donors). No differences in the coefficient of variation (CV) were found when comparing all the evaluated variables of pEV derived either from PC (5 donors) or from MPC (50 donors). <b>Conclusion:</b> Our findings challenge the necessity of a larger donor pool for pEV isolation, revealing no significant variations in the analyzed variables of MPC-EV and PC-EV. Notably, our results suggest that, unlike platelet concentrates, a high number of donors is not required to reduce the variability of pEV, showing that the pool of only 5 donors can provide a consistent and reliable therapeutic product.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 2","pages":"259-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11651878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical detection of extracellular vesicles for early diagnosis: a focus on disease biomarker analysis.","authors":"Jintao Zheng, Runzhi Zhou, Bing Wang, Chang He, Shiyao Bai, Haoyang Yan, Jiacheng Yu, Huaiguang Li, Bo Peng, Zhaoli Gao, Xiean Yu, Chenzhong Li, Cheng Jiang, Keying Guo","doi":"10.20517/evcna.2023.72","DOIUrl":"10.20517/evcna.2023.72","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review article presents a detailed examination of the integral role that electrochemical detection of extracellular vesicles (EVs) plays, particularly focusing on the potential application for early disease diagnostics through EVs biomarker analysis. Through an exploration of the benefits and challenges presented by electrochemical detection vetted for protein, lipid, and nucleic acid biomarker analysis, we underscore the significance of these techniques. Evidence from recent studies renders this detection modality imperative in identifying diverse biomarkers from EVs, leading to early diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent advancements that have led to enhanced sensitivity, specificity and point-of-care testing (POCT) potential are elucidated, along with equipment deployed for electrochemical detection. The review concludes with a contemplation of future perspectives, recognizing the potential shifts in disease diagnostics and prognosis, necessary advances for broad adoption, and potential areas of ongoing research. The objective is to propel further investigation into this rapidly burgeoning field, thereby facilitating a potential paradigm shift in disease detection, monitoring, and treatment toward human health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":520322,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids","volume":"5 2","pages":"165-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11648401/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}