Gut microbes reports最新文献

{"title":"Oral-gut strain sharing after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: A canonical oral microbiome signature in the gut linked to hepatic and glycemic remodeling.","authors":"Bas Voermans, Koen Prange, Sjoerd Bruin, Yair Acherman, Egija Zaura, Max Nieuwdorp, Victor Gerdes","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2693432","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2693432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) induces durable weight loss and metabolic improvement, but the role of oral microbiota in shaping postsurgical gut ecology and metabolic outcomes is unclear. We examined whether RYGB promotes transfer and expansion of oral strains in the distal gut and how these relate to hepatic and glycemic health. In 25 patients from a longitudinal RYGB cohort, paired oral and fecal samples were collected before and 12 months after surgery. We examined the presence, abundance, and structure of cohort-specific canonical oral strains in the gut, and assessed α/β-diversity, cross-site correlations, and clinical associations using univariate tests and linear models. Machine-learning models evaluated the prognostic value of oral canonical strains for hepatic and glycemic outcomes. Oral taxon richness increased after RYGB, while Shannon diversity and individual signatures remained stable. In the gut, canonical oral strains expanded: shared oral-gut strains and their summed abundance rose significantly, converging into a reproducible post-RYGB niche. Abundance and fold change of oral-canonical strains associated with FIB-4, ASAT and fasting glucose, and predictive models suggested a prognostic signal for fasting glucose, TBF% and HbA1c. RYGB is associated with reproducible, strain-level enrichment of oral microbiota in the gut, with links to hepatic and glycemic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2693432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13393230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148582010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of perinatal ampicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate exposure on maternal and infant gut microbiome, metabolome, and infant responses to the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.","authors":"Emi Suzuki, Victoria Deleray, Jasmine Zemlin, Armin Kousha, Hannah Nonoguchi, Daniel Sun, Chih-Ming Tsai, Simone Zuffa, Kine Eide Kvitne, Pieter C Dorrestein, Shirley M Tsunoda, Victor Nizet, George Y Liu, Fatemeh Askarian","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2705707","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2705707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging studies suggest that antibiotics can disrupt the gut microbiome and alter vaccine-induced immune responses. However, the specific consequences of early-life exposure on neonatal immune development remain poorly understood. Here, we examined how two antibiotics frequently used in perinatal care, broad-spectrum ampicillin (AMP) and the extended-spectrum combination amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMOX/CLAV), administered during gestation and lactation, influence neonatal gut microbiome composition, fecal metabolome profiles, and responses to the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20). Maternal treatment with AMOX/CLAV, but not AMP, significantly reduced PCV-specific IgG titers at 4 and 6 weeks post-prime immunization compared to untreated controls. Exclusive exposure to AMOX/CLAV also impaired neutrophil-mediated opsonophagocytic killing, indicating reduced antibody functionality. These effects were transient, with immune parameters normalizing by 8 weeks post-prime immunization. Metabolomic and microbiome profiling revealed that maternal AMP and AMOX/CLAV differentially perturbed specific metabolite classes, including bile acids, N-acyl lipids, and indole derivatives. Key commensal taxa, including Bacteroidales and Coriobacteriales were also impacted within the gut microbiota. Together, these findings reveal a previously underappreciated maternal-offspring route of antibiotic influence that is transiently associated with neonatal vaccine responsiveness and microbiome and metabolome alterations. These results highlight maternal antibiotic exposure as a possible modifiable factor shaping early-life immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2705707"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148551950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species-level virome profiling reveals compositional differences in the gut prokaryotic DNA virome of people with HIV-1 on antiretroviral therapy.","authors":"Ji Zhang, Andreas Matussek, Anders Sönnerborg, Xiangning Bai","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2688064","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2688064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alterations in the gut bacterial communities are well described in people with HIV-1 (PWH). However, less is known about the gut viral communities (virome). Herein, we performed an exploratory study of the gut DNA virome in PWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (PWH-ART). Virome profiling was performed using two complementary viral taxa identification pipelines, MetaPhlAn4 and Phanta, providing high-resolution taxonomic profiles at the species level. Consistent patterns of the gut DNA virome were obtained with both pipelines, though Phanta identified a greater number of viral taxa at the species level. Most gut DNA viruses were unclassified species, and bacteriophages constituted the majority of identifiable viral populations. Compared to HIV-1 negative controls (<i>n</i> = 11), PWH‑ART (<i>n</i> = 13) exhibited compositional differences in their gut DNA virome at finer taxonomic levels (species and genus), including higher within-group variations and multiple differentially abundant viral taxa. Gender influenced the virome composition, independent of HIV-1 status and age. Furthermore, correlations were identified between multiple unclassified viral species and clinical variables, including gender, CD4+ T cell counts, and ART duration. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and to elucidate whether the observed compositional differences in the gut DNA virome are mediated by HIV-1 infection itself, by ART, or by both.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2688064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13285549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148311151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain health and the gut microbiome (bMicrobiome Study): a proof-of-concept, feasibility study integrating shotgun metagenomics, metrology, and multidimensional phenotyping across the cognitive aging spectrum.","authors":"Leigh A Frame, Alison Warren, Abdelmohsen Al Qalam, Patrick G Corr, Mina Farah, Michaela Karam, Katherine Rangoussis, Mehrshad Fahim Devin, Zeynep Celikkol, Lindsey Gordon, Daniel Villarreal, Elizabeth Catto, Yvonne Udam, Katherine Thompson, Owen Lubinski, Abdallah Samman, Alia Badawi, Holly Hack, Monique Hunter, Ian Hines, Stephanie Servetas, Scott A Jackson, Nur A Hasan, Mikhail Kogan","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2679810","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2679810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Associations between the gut microbiome and cognitive decline remain inconsistent, reflecting methodological variability, small cohorts, and limited integration of behavioral and lifestyle factors. The microbiota-gut-brain axis may influence cognition through metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine pathways affecting mood, decision-making, and health behaviors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, proof-of-concept study integrated multidimensional phenotyping with metagenomic sequencing (shotgun) in adults (50-90 y) around Washington, DC. Participants were classified as healthy controls (HC) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by clinical history; early Alzheimer's disease (eAD) participants were unable to complete study requirements. Longitudinal assessment used Boston Cognitive Assessment (BoCA), patient-reported outcomes (PROMIS-29), dietary intake and quality (DietID™), readiness-for-change (adapted URICA), at-home stool sample collection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen participants completed sufficient assessments (HC <i>n</i> = 11; MCI <i>n</i> = 6). Substantial overlap in gut microbiome composition was observed between HC and MCI. Poorly characterized or uncommon taxa drove trends; unassigned taxa were common. Assessment revealed high diet quality and variability in dietary patterns and key components (vegetables, whole grains, fat, fish). Participants demonstrated high readiness to engage in nutritional behavior change, with individuals with MCI reporting greater concern about maintaining changes and a stronger desire for external support.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Integrating multidimensional phenotyping with metagenomics is feasible in cognitive decline. Findings highlight biological and behavioral heterogeneity, limitations of species-level inference, and diet and behavioral readiness as modifiable contextual factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2679810"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13251516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148229996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the gut microbiota in advanced heart failure and cardiac cachexia.","authors":"Mansimran Singh Dulay, Despoina Chrysostomou, Monica Campos, Marko Storch, Lauren A Roberts, Damanpreet Singh Dev, Nahal Raza, Ramey Assaf, Tricia Tan, Michael Marber, Rakesh Sharma, Thomas Lüscher, Julian R Marchesi, Owais Dar","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2670244","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2670244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiac cachexia (CC) is associated with advanced heart failure (AHF), characterized by unintentional weight loss (UWL) of fat/muscle. It is exacerbated by right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD). The potential pathogenic role of gut microbiota (GM) changes has not been investigated in CC. We aimed to explore this. Patients with AHF with or without CC/UWL, stable chronic heart failure (HF), and healthy controls (HCs) were recruited following national ethical approval. Fecal bacterial DNA was extracted, quantified, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. GM composition, alpha, and beta diversity were compared between CC/UWL-AHF and the rest of the cohort (ROC). The secondary analyses compared AHF, HF, and HCs, and patients with and without RVSD. Sixty-seven patients returned samples, including 14 with CC/UWL-AHF. No taxonomic differences were observed between CC/UWL-AHF and ROC. A weak trend toward compositional differences was observed (beta diversity R²  =  0.016, <i>p</i>  =  0.071). No differences were observed in RVSD. Numerous significant GM alterations were observed across the HF spectrum, including changes to <i>Streptococcus spp.</i>, <i>Alistipes</i>, and <i>Bacteroides</i>. CC/UWL-AHF may be associated with subtle GM compositional changes. Larger studies are required to investigate this further.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2670244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13245056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148214181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal microbial community assessment in patients with different forms of epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis: An exploratory study.","authors":"Diana Marcela Mejía-Granados, Tânia Kawasaki de Araújo, Stefanie Malan-Müller, Patrícia Aline Oliveira Ribeiro de Aguiar Araújo, Luciano Henrique Braz Dos Santos, Clarissa Lin Yasuda, Marina Koutsodontis Machado Alvim, Benilton de Sá Carvalho, Fernando Cendes, Iscia Lopes-Cendes","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2679348","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2679348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the availability of antiseizure medications (ASMs), approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy remain refractory to treatment. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota modulates central nervous system function through neuroimmune and metabolic pathways. We characterized the fecal microbiome of patients with epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) using 16S rRNA sequencing. Ninety-six participants from a tertiary hospital in Brazil were included: mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE; <i>n</i> = 38), genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE; <i>n</i> = 11), AE (<i>n</i> = 10), and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 37). Microbial community composition differed between treatment-responsive and refractory patients. Compared with responsive individuals (<i>n</i> = 16), refractory patients (<i>n</i> = 43) showed lower relative abundances of <i>Agathobaculum</i>, <i>Bacteroides</i>, <i>Bilophila</i>, and <i>Coprobacter</i>, and higher abundance of <i>Guopingia</i>. Dietary fiber intake was negatively associated with <i>Enterocloster</i> and <i>Frisingicoccus</i>. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) and niacin (vitamin B3) were positively associated with <i>Schaalia</i> and <i>Hominimerdicola</i>, respectively. Functional predictions indicated that valproic acid use and treatment responsiveness were associated with increased microbial potential for GABA synthesis and tryptophan degradation, and reduced potential for dopamine and histamine degradation. These findings link the gut microbiome to epilepsy subtype and treatment response.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2679348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13224764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148152935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative preventive effects of probiotic and postbiotic preparations of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> L156.4 and GG in a 5-FU-induced mucositis model.","authors":"Gabriela Munis Campos, Rhayane Cristina Viegas Santos, Ludmila Silva Quaresma, Monique Ferrary Américo, Eduarda Guimarães Sousa, Gabriel Camargos Gomes, Andria Dos Santos Freitas, Fernanda Alvarenga Lima Barroso, Renato Elias Moreira Júnior, Ana Lucia Brunialti Godard, Renan Pedra de Souza, Enio Ferreira, Luiz Octávio Pires, Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes, Valbert Nascimento Cardoso, Marcus Vinícios Canário Viana, Milca da Silva Figueiredo Siqueira, Rodrigo Dias de Oliveira Carvalho, Luís Claúdio Lima de Jesus, Tulio Marcos Santos, Yves Le Loir, Eric Guédon, Vasco Azevedo","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2675856","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2675856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal mucositis is a debilitating side effect of chemotherapy, characterized by epithelial damage, inflammation, and microbial dysbiosis, that significantly impairs patients' quality of life. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> L156.4 in its live, heat-inactivated, and supernatant forms, compared to the reference strain <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG (LGG), in a murine model of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced mucositis. Preventive treatment with live L156.4 significantly reduced mucositis-induced intestinal damage, preserving villus length, crypt depth, and goblet cell numbers, thereby supporting barrier integrity. In contrast, heat-inactivated and supernatant forms provided only limited protection. Both live L156.4 and LGG reduced myeloperoxidase activity and downregulated inflammatory markers such as <i>Il1b</i> and <i>Nfkb1</i>, confirming anti-inflammatory effects. They also modulated tight junction-related gene expression with L156.4 showing strong induction of <i>Muc2</i>, suggesting enhanced epithelial protection. Fecal microbiota analysis showed that, whereas LGG restored the loss of bacterial diversity and evenness induced by 5-FU, L156.4 primarily modulated microbiota composition by restoring the abundance of specific phyla and genera. Overall, our findings identify L156.4 as a promising probiotic candidate, with effects comparable to and complementarity with LGG, for mitigating chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Further studies are required to assess dose effects and long-term safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2675856"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13196637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148019950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides modulate gut microbiota composition and metabolism: dose-response assessment in an <i>ex vivo</i> gut model.","authors":"Christelle Bressuire, Florence Thirion, Laura Chiaravano, Serigne Inssa Ngom, Romane Marion, Marine Gilles, Benoît Quinquis, Elliot Mathieu, Magali Berland, Hervé M Blottière, Cindy Le Bourgot, Christel Béra-Maillet","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2674335","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2674335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) are prebiotic fiber rapidly fermented in the colon and known to stimulate beneficial bacteria, such as <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp. and <i>Lactobacillaceae</i>. While their overall effects on the gut microbiota are established, the dose-response relationship remained only partially characterized. This study aimed to determine the minimum effective dose of scFOS required to modulate gut microbiota composition and functions. An <i>ex vivo</i> chemostat model was used to simulate colonic fermentation with different doses of scFOS (1 to 10 g/d). Microbiota composition and metabolic activity were assessed by qPCR, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification, and shotgun metagenomics. An increase in scFOS dose led to higher SCFA levels, particularly acetate and butyrate, along with a modification in microbial composition, with a minimum significant effective dose of 2.5 g/d. Significant increase in <i>Bifidobacterium adolescentis</i>, <i>Anaerostipes hadrus</i>, and <i>Clostridium innocuum</i> was observed at the same dose. Functional analysis revealed an enrichment of <i>GH32</i> genes in the pangenomes of species positively impacted by scFOS. These findings demonstrate that low doses of scFOS can effectively modulate the gut microbiota and enhance SCFA production, supporting their use in dietary interventions aimed at improving intestinal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2674335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13196643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148019918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Limosilactobacillus fermentum</i> CCFM1126 attenuates osteoporosis by modulating the gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolites: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.","authors":"Yaru Liu, Jiani Pan, Leilei Yu, Chuan Zhang, Chengcheng Zhang, Qingwei Yao, Xingxing Chen, Xuesong Wang, Jianxin Zhao, Fengwei Tian, Qixiao Zhai, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2669712","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2669712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporosis (OP) is a common systemic metabolic bone disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and deteriorated bone microarchitecture. <i>Limosilactobacillus fermentum</i> CCFM1126 has previously been shown to mitigate intestinal barrier dysfunction and modulate bone metabolism, thereby attenuating bone loss in OP rat models. To further evaluate its clinical efficacy, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Additionally, the optimal intervention dose and potential bioactive components were investigated using ovariectomized (OVX) rat models and MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell assays. In the clinical trial, CCFM1126 supplementation significantly increased bone mineral density (BMD), elevated serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, and reshaped gut microbiota composition by reducing the relative abundances of <i>Paraprevotella</i>, <i>Marvinbryantia</i>, <i>Ruminococcus 1</i>, and <i>Granulicatella</i>. In OVX rats, a dose of 10⁷ CFU/mL exerted minimal effects on bone morphology and metabolism, whereas doses ≥ 10⁸ CFU/mL led to significant improvements in bone structure and systemic metabolic indices, accompanied by favorable modulation of the gut microbial profile. The most pronounced effects were observed at 10⁹ CFU/mL. In MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts, metabolites derived from CCFM1126 enhanced cell viability and upregulated the expression of key osteogenic genes. Among these, choline was identified as a potential bioactive compound contributing to the anti-osteoporotic effects of CCFM1126.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2669712"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13182971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hadza-enriched <i>Prevotella/Segatella</i> xyloglucanase shows sequence conservation and functional specialization.","authors":"Marie Louise Jespersen, Kamilla Kjærgaard Munk, Sune Fjermedal, Bo Pilgaard, Anne S Meyer, Frank M Aarestrup, Saria Otani","doi":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2673265","DOIUrl":"10.1080/29933935.2026.2673265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria can adapt to their environment through changes in their genetic material. A large proportion of gut bacteria are shaped by host-specific diet, including complex carbohydrates. The bacterial abundance, genetic content within the same bacterial species, and sequence-level variation in genes encoding similar carbohydrate-processing enzymes may therefore vary across hosts with different diets. We previously found that the abundance of diet-degrading genes varies between hominid host populations from Tanzania. We therefore hypothesized that, in addition to these abundance differences, selective pressure could act on individual gene sequences. Here, we investigated Tanzanian hominid gut microbiome differences at the taxonomic, genetic, structural, and functional levels. We analyzed 15,146 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) spanning 1563 species and identified one species with striking host-associated separation. In particular, sequence variation in a xyloglucanase-encoding gene correlated strongly with the host population. This gene was highly conserved in the Hadza population, suggesting a role in the processing of diet-associated polysaccharides. Sequence differences and structural modeling revealed amino acid substitutions near the catalytic site, and biochemical assays using xyloglucan showed that representative variants differed in activity under identical assay conditions. Collectively, our findings suggest that host lifestyle and diet contribute to population-associated sequence variation in genes encoding enzymes involved in degrading polysaccharides.</p>","PeriodicalId":519879,"journal":{"name":"Gut microbes reports","volume":"3 1","pages":"2673265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13182958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147978340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}