Public Integrity最新文献

{"title":"Australia’s New National Anti-Corruption Commission: Background and Critique","authors":"Tim Prenzler, Janet Ransley","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2271684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2271684","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractAustralia has been the site of major advances in the creation of public sector anticorruption commissions since 1989. However, commissions with broad jurisdiction have been limited to the six states until 2023. The federal jurisdiction lagged behind, with a series of scandals driving intensified debates from 2013. Performance issues associated with state agencies formed part of the debate. The present paper reviews this history, focusing on the intensification of research and lobbying efforts leading to the establishment of a National Anti-Corruption Commission in 2023. The paper also critiques the legislation behind the new agency, arguing it entails considerable limitations and that agency legitimacy and effectiveness will only be achieved through the inclusion of integrity issues of concern to citizens, a strong focus on prevention, and significant independence in investigations and adjudication. These lessons are of relevance to other jurisdictions facing the issue of effective institutional responses to public sector misconduct risks.Keywords: Corruptionanticorruption commissionspublic sector integrityAustraliafederal government Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).LegislationNational Anti-Corruption Commission Act 2023.","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135367147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impartiality at the Patent Office","authors":"Benedicto Acosta","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2268810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2268810","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractSocial contract is one of the most common schemes for justifying patents. According to this theory, inventors obtain a commercial exclusivity in exchange for the disclosure of the invention, with the final aim of allowing others to use that knowledge in future innovations. Under the rationale of this social contract theory of patents, if a patent system is not guided by impartiality in its decisions, the relation between disclosure of inventions and future innovation becomes an issue, because non-merit factors in patent examination influence the quality of the knowledge disclosed. The aim of this article is to analyse impartiality in patent systems and, by doing so, defend that there is an epistemic side on both impartiality and social contract theory.Keywords: Impartialitypatentsinnovationvalues AcknowledgmentsThis project has been funded with support from the Spanish Government (FPU Program. Reference: FPU19/03734). It has also received funding from the research project “Los condicionantes del cambio tecnológico en España, 1950–2000: formación e investigación” (Grant number: PID2021-128653NB-I00), by the Spanish Ministry of Science. I would also like to thank Ana Cuevas, Santiago M. López, Mar Cebrián, Bralind Kiri, Mariano Martín-Villuendas and the Spanish Patents and Trademark Office.Ethics approval and consent to participateInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University of Salamanca (25/03/2021. No 588).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Since both granted patents and rejected applications are usually published, lack of impartiality affects situations in which States do publish technological information, but in a way that does not promote innovations.2 A clear reference to the examiners in this vein appears in the European Patent Office’s Guidelines for Examination: “(they) may not take part in the decision on a case: (i) in which they may have any personal interest (partiality for subjective reasons) or (ii) in respect of which the party may have good reasons to suspect partiality (partiality for objective reasons)” (European Patent Office, Citation2022, Part E, Chapter XI).3 Above all, it would be opportune to relate them to the quality of the patent systems. We can hypothesize that the behaviour of these examiners affects the overall quality of patent systems, as evidenced by the existence of low-quality patents or patents that are never exploited in some systems. This leads to fewer repercussions than expected.4 In Spanish, “puertas giratorias,” which is the literal translation of the expression.5 This comes without prejudice to the importance of vocation and duty. Furthermore, independence from political power is also a crucial feature (as pointed out by Wilson, Citation1887).6 Literally, “Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art,” the legal fiction that stablishes the reference","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135617854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Conversation with Equity: Qualitatively Engaging Quantitative Data for Equitable Social Impact","authors":"Robert W. Ressler, Michelle Weiner, Dolores Acevedo-Garcia","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2264413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2264413","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractMaking meaningful progress towards achieving racial equity in public serving institutions requires making equity-informed decisions, which itself requires the use of equity-oriented data. Public and nonprofit organizations, however, are at varying degrees of readiness to use this data and to make equity-focused decisions. We draw on qualitative research to examine how children’s hospitals use equity-focused neighborhood data to understand racial/ethnic inequities in the populations they serve and eventually to make decisions that can help correct these inequities. The interactions between data producers and users involve not only technical exchanges, but also the adoption of shared analytic frameworks that center equity, as well as “nervous” conversations. Our analysis indicates that qualitative interrogations of the use of quantitative data within organizations may help to overcome knowledge, organization, and equity readiness barriers to equitable outcomes. Using equity-focused data for data-driven decision-making is relational, so qualitative research methods can facilitate the reflexivity and critical mindsets needed to change organizational practices to improve racial equity. Employing qualitative methods can help data producers make their construction and dissemination of data more rigorous. Facilitating equity conversations can also help improve relationships with data users, which is necessary for data collaborations to promote racial equity.Keywords: Racial equitydataorganizationsqualitative methods AcknowledgmentsThank you to Lindsay Rosenfeld and Jessica Kramer for your helpful input in previous drafts as well as to the many users of the COI, including those that contributed to this research.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The COI 2.0 is a composite index of neighborhood opportunity for children measured at the census tract level. It has been developed by the diversitydatakids.org project at Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, of which we are a part. Complete index data, documentation, and a COI interactive map are available at the project website, diversitydatakids.org.2 We use pseudonyms and gender-neutral language for all participants to preserve anonymity.Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation [grant 71192] and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation [grant P3036220]. The sponsors played no role in study design, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript, or submission for publication. There was no additional external funding received for this study.","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135917922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power and Public Administration: Applying a Transformative Approach to Freedom of/Access to Information Research","authors":"Sule Tomkinson","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2262156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2262156","url":null,"abstract":"Freedom of Information (FOI) or Access to Information (ATI) legislation regulates the right to make written requests for government records. Previous research either interrogates the effectiveness of FOI/ATI legislation for advancing government transparency or positions the requests as a means for gathering data on government institutions. This article intervenes in this debate by treating FOI/ATI mechanisms as the vantage point from which to examine questions about power in public administration. Adopting a transformative approach, this article explores the potential of using FOI/ATI requests as a liberatory tool that enables the analysis of power dynamics in public administration. For this purpose, the author draws upon her experience with Canada’s ATI regime and requests from the Immigration and Refugee Board. This article documents how ATI requests reveal policy tensions within the Board related to case and performance management, as well as patterns of front-line staff resistance to these measures. It goes on to examine complaints about delays made to the ATI watchdog which expose the attribution of ATI resources towards non-ATI responsibilities. This article highlights the contribution that FOI/ATI requests can make to public administration research.","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135093550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Legal and Ethical Arguments against Ex-Governors’ Pension Practice in Nigeria","authors":"Abel E. Ezeoha, Nelson N. Nkwor, Clementina I. Kanu, Makuachukwu G. Ojide, Isaac M. Ikpor","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2261690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2261690","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractOne of the biggest issues with public accountability in most federal systems is the payment of pensions to former public officeholders such as governors, which is arguably undermining ethical standards in the public sector and impeding socio-economic development. This is because of the arbitrariness of the policy, the huge financial burdens it imposes on subnational governments, and the fact that such practice is often uncorrelated with the fiscal realities of the federating states. The problem is more challenging in developing countries that are weighed by weak institutions and poor governance. Using the Nigerian case, the study shows how public officeholders’ pensions are shaped by corruption-prone defective legislative processes configured to birth ex post facto laws that widen rather than narrow corruption and inequalities. Adopting a descriptive exploratory research design and document analysis technique, this study offers valuable insights into addressing the ethical and legal challenges surrounding public pension administration. It advocates for adopting a standardised model for regulating and administering pensions for public officeholders in developing federal systems. By advancing legal and ethical arguments against the prevailing ex-governors’ pension practice in Nigeria, this paper contributes to the extant discourse on improving accountability and governance in the public sector.Keywords: Ex-governors’ pensionspublic officeholdersrent-seekingdouble-dippingfiscal capacity Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 For details of the Pakistani system, see for instance, the Governor’s Pension Order 1974, and the Governor’s Pension (Amendment) Order, 2015.2 See detail at: https://www.pensionnigeria.com/pension-news/these-states-have-no-plan-to-stop-outrageous-life-pension-to-ex-gov-deputies/.","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135093319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legitimizing Organizations via Research: Facilitating Possibilities through the Study of Relational, Emergent, Transformative, and Change-Oriented Organizations (RETCOs)","authors":"Katherine K. Chen, James M. Mandiberg","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2262212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2262212","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractUnder multiple public administration reforms since the 1980s, public bureaucracies’ activities range from connecting with markets to inviting the participation of service users, citizens, and networks of organizations in policy development, decision-making, and implementation. Despite this broadening of stakeholder participation, certain organizations are at risk of being overlooked, despite their direct involvement in efforts to engage communities and address persistent social problems. We contend that one reason for this exclusion is that these organizations are not recognized as their own organizational type. This paper identifies Relational, Emergent, Transformative, and Change-Oriented Organizations (RETCOs) as a discrete organizational type, and argues that they should be represented in the model cases that are used to educate public administrators, recognized as worthy of public funding and support, and included in public administration research. Recognizing RETCOs as legitimate stakeholders can correct some of the ethical problems of under-representation of important voices and perspectives in government-citizen interfaces. RETCOs are most appropriately studied through qualitative research methods that are sensitive to what make RETCOs a uniquely responsive organizational type, including their prioritizing of relationships within organizations, emergent rather than fixed organizational forms, goals of transformation, and commitments to liberatory social and economic change.Keywords: Participationvoiceorganizing process AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank the audiences at the Scandinavian Consortium for Organizational Research (SCANCOR) at Stanford University and the annual meeting for the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE) for their comments on presentations of earlier versions of this paper, as well as the guest editors and journal editors, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments on previous drafts of this paper.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The term primary stakeholders refers to clients or participants to distinguish them from other stakeholders, such as evaluators, certifiers, or licensers.2 RETCOs include Rothschild and Whitt’s (Citation1986) collectivist-democratic organization, an ideal-type that identifies organizations based on practices that afford flexibility, voice, and commitment to a collective mission. However, RETCOs more broadly highlights processes and without imposing the term democratic upon collectivities; thus, RETCOs can include groups that do not foreground democratic processes. For instance, groups that center indigenous and persons of color have other terms for their processes that foreground interdependence and relations with the past and future generations.3 Such methods are not inherently adept at capturing process and meaning-making among RETCOs; these methods can still be deployed in superficial, extract","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reel Philanthropy: Lessons in Love Using Autoethnographic Filmmaking in Public Affairs Education","authors":"Lindsey M. McDougle, Rauzar Alexander","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2262209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2262209","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractLove is at the heart of the mission of public service. Nevertheless, the field of public administration has drifted away from this core principle. In this article, we propose an approach to integrating philanthropy education into the public affairs curriculum that could realign public service with its mission to love. We identify, however, a significant challenge that persists. That is, traditional philanthropic education often emphasizes “elite philanthropy” tied to unequal wealth distribution (what we refer to here as philanthropy’s hegemonic archetype). Thus, traditional philanthropic education, although conceptually rooted in love, is generally far removed from notions of love. To overcome this challenge, we focus on the use of experiential philanthropy as a means to empower students to engage in meaningful philanthropic acts. However, we acknowledge that the approach may not completely transform students due to, what studies have found to be, its oftentimes short-term impact. We, therefore, explore how combining experiential philanthropy with methods of auto-inquiry, specifically autoethnographic filmmaking, can liberate philanthropy from its “elite” image and sustain students’ genuine commitment to love—and ultimately to public service.Keywords: Experiential philanthropyfilmmakingautoethnographycritical thinkingpedagogy Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Self-reflection focuses on one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions, whereas self-reflexivity is a way of being that involves noticing patterns in one’s experience. According to Nagata (Citation2004), “self-reflexivity can be understood as having an ongoing conversation with one’s whole self about what one is experiencing as one is experiencing it. To be self-reflexive is to engage in this meta-level of feeling and thought while being in the moment” (p. 141).2 It should be noted that inevitably one must rely on tenets of autobiography in order to conduct autoethnography.","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135385242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Institutional Performance and Integrity on Public Trust during COVID-19: A Retrospective Examination in the Arabic Context","authors":"Abdulfattah Yaghi, Majed Yaghi","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2253571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2253571","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractPurpose This study examines trust in public sector institutions during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the impact factors.Methodology A survey was administered to a convenience sample of 1,372 local and expatriate residents in the United Arab Emirates during 2022–2023. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were utilized.Findings There was a high level of general public trust among respondents (mean = 4.11), with the highest trust in the police (mean = 4.21) followed by trust in the information disseminated by the government (mean = 4.06) and in the performance of public sector institutions (mean = 3.89). On the bivariate and multivariate levels, demographic variables had an insignificant impact on public trust. General trust was significantly correlated with institutional performance (β = 0.417), institutional integrity (β = 0.397), perceived gains (β = 0.378), and government-disseminated information (β = 0.374).Implications Public trust is a complex reality linked to numerous organizational and nonorganizational factors. Improving public trust requires enhancing ethical conduct—crucial for maintaining trust—as well as good governance practices and leadership behavior.Limitations The sample size and quantitative focus might have limited the generalizability of the findings. In the future, researchers should use in-depth interviews or mixed methodologies.Keywords: Trustpublic sector COVID-19UAEmultiple linear regression AcknowledgmentsThanks are extended to the editorial team and the reviewers.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the United Arab Emirates University under the UAEU Program for Advanced Research (UPAR-2280-G00004171) and under United Arab Emirates University Summer Undergraduate Research Experiences (SurePlus-2115-G00003924).","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135386141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Political Corruption: Elite Cartel Corruption in Hungary and Italy","authors":"Gabriella Paar-Jakli, Anthony D. Molina","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2256091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2256091","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis research examines the relationship between democracy, authoritarianism, and political corruption through a comparative case study of Elite Cartel corruption in Hungary and Italy. While perceptions of corruption have significantly worsened in Hungary over the last 10 years, they have significantly improved in Italy. We utilize the theory of deep democratization as a way of explaining these trends. Deep democratization is a long-term process resulting in social and political changes leading to rules and mechanisms of accountability that provide wider inclusion in the governance process and autonomy from corrupt networks of elites. The five key characteristics of a country that has achieved deep democratization include competitive multi-party elections, professionalism in the civil service, a strong and independent judiciary, a free and independent press, and a strong and vibrant civil society. In the case of Hungary, each of these five characteristics have been significantly weakened as a result of its backsliding towards authoritarianism. In the case of Italy, however, the relative strengthening of these characteristics has led to substantive progress in its fight against corruption. Our findings support previous research that indicates authoritarianism breeds corruption.Keywords: DemocracyauthoritarianismcorruptionHungaryItaly Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Internal Reporting Systems: A Qualitative Study into the Role of Dutch Confidential Advisors","authors":"Stijn Klarenbeek, Rob van Eijbergen","doi":"10.1080/10999922.2023.2251247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2251247","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations—public as well as private ones—continue to struggle with the correction and prevention of integrity violations. In this regard, specific attention in the Netherlands has been given to the confidential advisor (CA), who supports reporters, informs employees on integrity policies, and signals to management about integrity risks and trends in internal reporting. To further strengthen the internal reporting systems of organizations, a legislative proposal has been submitted in the Dutch Parliament with the aim of requiring all organizations with a minimum of 50 employees to appoint at least one CA. In light of the new law, the goal of this study is to examine how CAs perform their functions in practice, and to what extent they can contribute to the strengthening of internal reporting systems. The study finds that CAs lay most emphasis on supporting reporters by advising them on integrity issues, yet often at the expense of informing of employees and signaling to management. These findings have important academic and practical implications. For scholars, it gives new insight into an important element of internal reporting systems. For CAs, it shows that they should perform their three functions in an integrated manner to be the most effective.","PeriodicalId":51805,"journal":{"name":"Public Integrity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135981116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}