{"title":"Subject-Specific Biomechanical Modelling of the Oropharynx: Towards Speech Production.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2015.1033756","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21681163.2015.1033756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomechanical models of the oropharynx are beneficial to treatment planning of speech impediments by providing valuable insight into the speech function such as motor control. In this paper, we develop a subject-specific model of the oropharynx and investigate its utility in speech production. Our approach adapts a generic tongue-jaw-hyoid model (Stavness et al. 2011) to fit and track dynamic volumetric MRI data of a normal speaker, subsequently coupled to a source-filter based acoustic synthesizer. We demonstrate our model's ability to track tongue tissue motion, simulate plausible muscle activation patterns, as well as generate acoustic results that have comparable spectral features to the associated recorded audio. Finally, we propose a method to adjust the spatial resolution of our subject-specific tongue model to match the fidelity level of our MRI data and speech synthesizer. Our findings suggest that a higher resolution tongue model - using similar muscle fibre definition - does not show a significant improvement in acoustic performance, for our speech utterance and at this level of fidelity; however we believe that our approach enables further refinements of the muscle fibres suitable for studying longer speech sequences and finer muscle innervation using higher resolution dynamic data.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5699225/pdf/nihms699796.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35586271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Constantine Zakkaroff, John D Biglands, John P Greenwood, Sven Plein, Roger D Boyle, Aleksandra Radjenovic, Derek R Magee
{"title":"Patient-specific coronary blood supply territories for quantitative perfusion analysis.","authors":"Constantine Zakkaroff, John D Biglands, John P Greenwood, Sven Plein, Roger D Boyle, Aleksandra Radjenovic, Derek R Magee","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2016.1192003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2016.1192003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myocardial perfusion imaging, coupled with quantitative perfusion analysis, provides an important diagnostic tool for the identification of ischaemic heart disease caused by coronary stenoses. The accurate mapping between coronary anatomy and under-perfused areas of the myocardium is important for diagnosis and treatment. However, in the absence of the actual coronary anatomy during the reporting of perfusion images, areas of ischaemia are allocated to a coronary territory based on a population-derived 17-segment (American Heart Association) AHA model of coronary blood supply. This work presents a solution for the fusion of 2D Magnetic Resonance (MR) myocardial perfusion images and 3D MR angiography data with the aim to improve the detection of ischaemic heart disease. The key contribution of this work is a novel method for the mediated spatiotemporal registration of perfusion and angiography data and a novel method for the calculation of patient-specific coronary supply territories. The registration method uses 4D cardiac MR cine series spanning the complete cardiac cycle in order to overcome the under-constrained nature of non-rigid slice-to-volume perfusion-to-angiography registration. This is achieved by separating out the deformable registration problem and solving it through phase-to-phase registration of the cine series. The use of patient-specific blood supply territories in quantitative perfusion analysis (instead of the population-based model of coronary blood supply) has the potential of increasing the accuracy of perfusion analysis. Quantitative perfusion analysis diagnostic accuracy evaluation with patient-specific territories against the AHA model demonstrates the value of the mediated spatiotemporal registration in the context of ischaemic heart disease diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21681163.2016.1192003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35786432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiun-Shyan Chen, Ramya Rao Basava, Yantao Zhang, Robert Csapo, Vadim Malis, Usha Sinha, John Hodgson, Shantanu Sinha
{"title":"Pixel-based meshfree modelling of skeletal muscles.","authors":"Jiun-Shyan Chen, Ramya Rao Basava, Yantao Zhang, Robert Csapo, Vadim Malis, Usha Sinha, John Hodgson, Shantanu Sinha","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2015.1049712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2015.1049712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper introduces the meshfree Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) for 3D image-based modeling of skeletal muscles. This approach allows for construction of simulation model based on pixel data obtained from medical images. The material properties and muscle fiber direction obtained from Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) are input at each pixel point. The reproducing kernel (RK) approximation allows a representation of material heterogeneity with smooth transition. A multiphase multichannel level set based segmentation framework is adopted for individual muscle segmentation using Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) and DTI. The application of the proposed methods for modeling the human lower leg is demonstrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21681163.2015.1049712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35201814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonghye Woo, Junghoon Lee, Emi Z Murano, Fangxu Xing, Meena Al-Talib, Maureen Stone, Jerry L Prince
{"title":"A High-resolution Atlas and Statistical Model of the Vocal Tract from Structural MRI.","authors":"Jonghye Woo, Junghoon Lee, Emi Z Murano, Fangxu Xing, Meena Al-Talib, Maureen Stone, Jerry L Prince","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2014.933679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2014.933679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool in the study of muscle anatomy and functional activity in the tongue. Objective assessment of similarities and differences in tongue structure and function has been performed using unnormalized data, but this is biased by the differences in size, shape, and orientation of the structures. To remedy this, we propose a methodology to build a 3D vocal tract atlas based on structural MRI volumes from twenty normal subjects. We first constructed high-resolution volumes from three orthogonal stacks. We then removed extraneous data so that all 3D volumes contained the same anatomy. We used an unbiased diffeomorphic groupwise registration using a cross-correlation similarity metric. Principal component analysis was applied to the deformation fields to create a statistical model from the atlas. Various evaluations and applications were carried out to show the behaviour and utility of the atlas.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21681163.2014.933679","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33393795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maureen Stone, Jonghye Woo, Jiachen Zhuo, Hegang Chen, Jerry L Prince
{"title":"Patterns of variance in /s/ during normal and glossectomy speech.","authors":"Maureen Stone, Jonghye Woo, Jiachen Zhuo, Hegang Chen, Jerry L Prince","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2013.837841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2013.837841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The production of speech includes considerable variability in speech gestures despite our perception of very repeatable sounds. Variability is seen in vocal tract shapes and tongue contours when different speakers produce the same sound. This study asks whether internal tongue motion patterns for a specific sound are similar across subjects, or whether they indicate multiple gestures. There are two variants of the sound /s/, which may produce two gestures, or may represent a multitude of gestures. The first goal of this paper is to quantify internal tongue differences between these allophones in normal speakers. The second goal is to test how these differences are affected by subjects expected to have different speech gestures: normal controls and subjects who have had tongue cancer surgery. The study uses tagged MRI to capture midsagittal tongue motion patterns and Principal Components Analyses to identify patterns of variability that define subject groups and /s/-types. Results showed no motion differences between apical and laminal controls in either the tongue tip or whole-tongue. These results did not support unique tongue behaviours for apical and laminal /s/. The apical patients, however, differed from all other speakers and were quite uniform as a group. They had no elevation and considerable downward/backward motion of the tongue tip. This was consistent with difficulty maintaining the tip-blade region at the proper distance from the palate.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21681163.2013.837841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32742490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mon-Ju Wu, Joseph Karls, Sarah Duenwald-Kuehl, Ray Vanderby, William Sethares
{"title":"Spatial and frequency-based super-resolution of ultrasound images.","authors":"Mon-Ju Wu, Joseph Karls, Sarah Duenwald-Kuehl, Ray Vanderby, William Sethares","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2013.866525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2013.866525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern ultrasound systems can output video images containing more spatial and temporal information than still images. Super-resolution techniques can exploit additional information but face two challenges: image registration and complex motion. In addition, information from multiple available frequencies is unexploited. Herein, we utilised these information sources to create better ultrasound images and videos, extending existing technologies for image capture. Spatial and frequency-based super-resolution processing using multiple motion estimation and frequency combination was applied to ultrasound videos of deforming models. Processed images are larger, have greater clarity and detail, and less variability in intensity between frames. Significantly, strain measurements are more accurate and precise than those from raw videos, and have a higher contrast ratio between 'tumour' and 'surrounding tissue' in a phantom model. We attribute improvements to reduced noise and increased resolution in processed images. Our methods can significantly improve quantitative and qualitative assessments of ultrasound images when compared assessments of standard images.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21681163.2013.866525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32643220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Colon Wall Flattening Model for Computed Tomographic Colonography: Method and Validation.","authors":"Huafeng Wang, Yuexi Chen, Lihong Li, Haixia Pan, Xianfeng Gu, Zhengrong Liang","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-03590-1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03590-1_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) has been developed for screening of colon cancer. Flattening the three-dimensional (3D) colon wall into two-dimensional (2D) image is believed to (1) provide supplementary information to the endoscopic views and further (2) facilitate colon registration, taniae coli (TC) detection, and haustral fold segmentation. Though the previously-used conformal mapping-based flattening methods can preserve the angular geometry, they have the limitations in providing accurate information of the 3D inner colon wall due to the lack of undulating topography. In this paper, we present a novel colon-wall flattening method using a strategy of 2.5D approach. Coupling with the conformal flattening model, the presented new approach builds an elevation distance map to depict the neighborhood characteristics of the inner colon wall. We validated the new method via two CTC applications: TC detection and haustral fold segmentation. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of our strategy for CTC studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-319-03590-1_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33020869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bryan Gick, Peter Anderson, Hui Chen, Chenhao Chiu, Ho Beom Kwon, Ian Stavness, Ling Tsou, Sidney Fels
{"title":"Speech function of the oropharyngeal isthmus: A modeling study.","authors":"Bryan Gick, Peter Anderson, Hui Chen, Chenhao Chiu, Ho Beom Kwon, Ian Stavness, Ling Tsou, Sidney Fels","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2013.851627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2013.851627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A finite element method (FEM) based numerical model of upper airway structures (jaw, tongue, maxilla, soft palate) was implemented to observe interactions between the soft palate and tongue, and in particular to distinguish the contributions of individual muscles in producing speech-relevant constrictions of the oropharyngeal isthmus (OPI), or \"uvular\" region of the oral tract. Simulations revealed a sphincter-like general operation for the OPI, particularly with regard to the function of the palatoglossus muscle. Further, as has been observed with the lips, the OPI can be controlled by multiple distinct muscular mechanisms, each reliably producing a different sized opening and robust to activation noise, suggestive of a modular view of speech motor control. As off-midline structures of the OPI are difficult to observe during speech production, biomechanical simulation offers a promising approach to studying these structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21681163.2013.851627","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33362177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visualizing Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing Using Dynamic MRI.","authors":"William G Pearson, Ann C Zumwalt","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2013.846231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2013.846231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Coordinates of anatomical landmarks are captured using dynamic MRI to explore whether a proposed two-sling mechanism underlies hyolaryngeal elevation in pharyngeal swallowing. A principal components analysis (PCA) is applied to coordinates to determine the covariant function of the proposed mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dynamic MRI (dMRI) data were acquired from eleven healthy subjects during a repeated swallows task. Coordinates mapping the proposed mechanism are collected from each dynamic (frame) of a dynamic MRI swallowing series of a randomly selected subject in order to demonstrate shape changes in a single subject. Coordinates representing minimum and maximum hyolaryngeal elevation of all 11 subjects were also mapped to demonstrate shape changes of the system among all subjects. MophoJ software was used to perform PCA and determine vectors of shape change (eigenvectors) for elements of the two-sling mechanism of hyolaryngeal elevation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For both single subject and group PCAs, hyolaryngeal elevation accounted for the first principal component of variation. For the single subject PCA, the first principal component accounted for 81.5% of the variance. For the between subjects PCA, the first principal component accounted for 58.5% of the variance. Eigenvectors and shape changes associated with this first principal component are reported.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Eigenvectors indicate that two-muscle slings and associated skeletal elements function as components of a covariant mechanism to elevate the hyolaryngeal complex. Morphological analysis is useful to model shape changes in the two-sling mechanism of hyolaryngeal elevation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2013-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21681163.2013.846231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32559467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2-D Fused Image Reconstruction approach for Microwave Tomography: a theoretical assessment using FDTD Model.","authors":"G Bindu, S Semenov","doi":"10.1080/21681163.2013.776268","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21681163.2013.776268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper describes an efficient two-dimensional fused image reconstruction approach for Microwave Tomography (MWT). Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) models were created for a viable MWT experimental system having the transceivers modelled using thin wire approximation with resistive voltage sources. Born Iterative and Distorted Born Iterative methods have been employed for image reconstruction with the extremity imaging being done using a differential imaging technique. The forward solver in the imaging algorithm employs the FDTD method of solving the time domain Maxwell's equations with the regularisation parameter computed using a stochastic approach. The algorithm is tested with 10% noise inclusion and successful image reconstruction has been shown implying its robustness.</p>","PeriodicalId":51800,"journal":{"name":"Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering-Imaging and Visualization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775376/pdf/nihms455141.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31752357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}