Substance use : research and treatment最新文献

{"title":"Stimulant-Involved Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and Life Years Lost, 2014 to 2023.","authors":"Rebecca Arden Harris, Sameed Ahmed M Khatana, Dana A Glei, Judith A Long","doi":"10.1177/29768357251342744","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357251342744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cocaine and methamphetamine, highly cardiotoxic stimulants, are associated with increased risks of hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, and stroke.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study examines trends in stimulant-involved cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the U.S. from 2014 to 2023, analyzing CVD subtypes, stimulant type, population characteristics, and years of life lost (YLL).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Trend analysis of age-adjusted mortality rates using serial cross-section mortality data from 2014 to 2023.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using National Vital Statistics System data, we analyzed age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) where CVD was the underlying cause of death and stimulants were contributing factors. We used Joinpoint regression to estimate average annual percent change (AAPC) and compare trends across groups. We calculated YLL based on age at death and demographic-specific life expectancies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2014 to 2023, stimulant-involved CVD mortality rose sharply (AAPC: 10.1%), contrasting with stable rates of overall CVD mortality (AAPC: 0.2%). Methamphetamine-involved deaths increased faster (AAPC: 13.8%) than cocaine-involved deaths (AAPC: 6.5%). Among CVD subtypes, cerebrovascular disease showed the steepest rise (AAPC: 15.9%), followed by hypertensive (12.1%) and ischemic heart diseases (7.9%). Older adults (⩾65 years) exhibited the most pronounced increase in stimulant-involved CVD mortality (AAPC: 20.2%), while non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native populations experienced the highest AAPC among racial/ethnic groups (18.1%). Stimulant-involved CVD caused nearly 1 million years of YLL, predominantly among middle-aged males (687 430 YLL) and non-Hispanic White individuals (511 120 YLL). Methamphetamine involvement (580 570 YLL) exceeded that of cocaine (423 528 YLL). Within CVD types, ischemic heart disease was the leading cause (406 248 YLL).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Stimulant-involved CVD mortality has surged, especially among non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native and non-Hispanic White populations and older adults, with cerebrovascular disease showing the largest increase among CVD subtypes. The findings reveal the importance of targeted prevention, screening, and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357251342744"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12106991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144164401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Latent Class Analysis of Psychopathology Among Adults in Residential Substance Use Treatment: Associations With Craving and Treatment Dropout.","authors":"Evan J Basting, Alyssa M Medenblik, Samantha Schlachta, Alisa R Garner, Ryan C Shorey, Gregory L Stuart","doi":"10.1177/29768357251337850","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357251337850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Adults receiving residential treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) who have comorbid psychopathology face unique challenges, including an increased risk of substance use craving and treatment dropout against medical advice (AMA). Prior studies have investigated associations between specific forms of psychopathology and these outcomes. However, psychological disorders often co-occur and may cluster together to amplify risk for craving and treatment dropout AMA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used latent class analysis to identify patterns of psychopathology in 1046 adult patients receiving residential treatment for SUDs (73.7% men; <i>M_age</i>  = 42.31, SD = 12.13). We tested whether psychopathology classes differed in alcohol and drug cravings and treatment dropout AMA. We identified 4 latent classes: (1) high psychopathology, (2) moderate anxiety/depression, (3) illness anxiety/somatic problems, (4) low psychopathology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The high psychopathology class reported significantly more alcohol and drug cravings than all other classes. The moderate anxiety/depression class also reported more alcohol cravings than the low psychopathology class. Additionally, the high psychopathology, illness anxiety/somatic problems, and moderate anxiety/depression classes had higher proportions of patients who dropped out of treatment AMA compared to the low psychopathology class.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that comorbid psychopathology significantly impacts treatment outcomes in residential SUD treatment programs. Targeted interventions that address comorbid psychopathology may help reduce craving and improve treatment retention.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357251337850"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12081986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144096161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dropout from Substance Use Disorder Treatment at a Swedish Private Care Institution and Its Associated Risk Factors.","authors":"Kent Ehliasson, Johannes Eriksson, Riccardo LoMartire","doi":"10.1177/29768357251332827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/29768357251332827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The drop-out rate for inpatient treatment for substance use disorder continues to be a significant issue. To increase the knowledge about drop out in different settings, this study's objective was to quantify the association for the previously identified risk factors of age, sex, and time in treatment at a private care institution offering substance use disorder treatment in Sweden.</p><p><strong>Design and methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study of clinical record data included all 1334 adult clients who were discharged from substance use disorder treatment between 1 January 2014, to 30 June 2022, at one privately operated treatment institution. Drop out was defined as treatment terminated before the planned end. The association between three potential risk factors and drop out was analysed in a multivariable logistic regression model. Estimates were reported as marginal risk ratios (95% confidence intervals).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1334 discharged clients, 34% dropped out, corresponding to 38% of females and 33% of males. Approximately 52% of clients dropped out within 30 days, 42% dropped out between 30 and 89 days, and around 15% from 90 days and onwards. In the multivariable model, both time in treatment (3.08 [2.34, 3.83] for 30 to 89 days vs 90 days and 3.55 [2.72, 4.39] for <30 days vs ⩾90 days) and age (1.19 [1.14, 1.23] for one decade) showed a strong inverse association with drop out. The results did not support an association between sex and drop out (1.05 [0.89, 1.22]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The risk for drop out is higher earlier in the treatment and for younger clients, so to reduce the drop out at private institutional care it is important to implement extensive interventions early in the treatment programme to increase the motivation for clients, particularly younger ones, to remain in treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357251332827"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12033491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Youth Living With HIV/AIDS Attending Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence: A Comparison Between Substance Users and Non-Substance Users.","authors":"Leyla Baghirova-Busang, Anthony A Olashore, Mogomotsi Matshaba, Mooketsi Molefi","doi":"10.1177/29768357251327567","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357251327567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Young people with HIV/AIDS (YLWHIV) who use substances early in life are at higher risk of suicidal thoughts and attempts. In Botswana, there is a lack of data needed to provide comprehensive care for this group. This study aimed to compare rates and predictors of suicidal ideation (SI) and attempts (SA) between substance users and non-users among YLWHIV at Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence (BBCCCE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study, conducted from August 2022 to January 2023, involved 255 participants aged 15 to 24 and used the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, the Oslo Social Support Scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Chi-square tests were used to compare the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts among substance users and non-users, while logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with SI and SA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SI was found in 29.4%, SA in 6%, and depression in 39.6% of the participants, while tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use were 20.4%, 45.9%, and 11.8%. Depression (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] 9.71, 95% CI: 4.23-22.33), being bullied (AOR = 5.42, 95% CI: 1.97-14.91), and family history of completed suicide (AOR = 6.56, 95% CI: 1.16-37.12) were associated with the outcome, SI. Self-reported good health status (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.05-0.98), lack of family support (AOR = 5.92, 95% CI: 1.45-24.10), and past-year tobacco use (AOR = 7.37, 95% CI: 1.18-46.10) were associated with SA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Due to the high rates of suicidal behavior among YLWHIV in BBCCCE, health facilities should scale up mental health services for this vulnerable group. This includes suicide risk assessments, bullying prevention, depression screenings, and counseling by trained lay health workers to promote their mental well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357251327567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143757239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key Terms and Concepts in Alcohol Use and Problems: A Critical Evaluation.","authors":"James Morris, Cassandra L Boness, Micah Hartwell","doi":"10.1177/29768357241312555","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357241312555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Alcohol use is linked to a wide and complex range of individual and societal harms. Decisions on whether and how to address alcohol-related harms are shaped by the way in which such problems are understood, particularly through the use of language and concepts in professional and lay discourse. However, all terms and concepts have a complex set of implications which vary by context. For example, some language, particularly that associated with a historically dominant 'alcoholism' model, may be clearly harmful in some contexts (eg, via public stigma) and potentially valuable in others (eg, via facilitating recovery processes), or hold 'mixed blessings'. Careful empirical attention is required to assess the implications of key terms and concepts used in efforts to understand and address alcohol use and problems amongst the public, researchers, policy makers and practitioners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We take an author-led and empirically informed approach to critically evaluate common terms and concepts to describe alcohol use and related constructs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identify how alcohol-related framing and discourse is highly relevant to alcohol-related outcomes via key issues including stigma, public health goals, political and commercial interests.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Recommendations are made for key partners to consider in the use and evolution of key terms and concepts relating to the broad spectrum of alcohol use and problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357241312555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"E-Cigarettes in the Young Generation and Future Health Risks in Indonesia.","authors":"Vince Tebay, Westim Ratang, Yosephina Ohoiwutun, M Zaenul Muttaqin","doi":"10.1177/29768357251318556","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357251318556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The proliferation of e-cigarette use has emerged as a pressing global concern, as articulated in the research conducted by Toluwalashe et al. Their study elucidates the intricate relationship between e-cigarette use and the risk of seizures, a finding with profound ramifications for public health. In the context of developing countries, these findings assume particular significance in light of the rapid growth of the e-cigarette market and its increasing prevalence among the younger demographic.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357251318556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11826837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143434896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"They Don't Give You No Note If It's Got Fentanyl\": Using Cognitive Interviews to Understand Self-report and Urine Drug Screen Discrepancies.","authors":"Dennis P Watson, Katie Clark, Michael L Dennis, Christine E Grella, M Kate Hart","doi":"10.1177/29768357251316220","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357251316220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fentanyl, a highly potent synthetic opioid, is now involved in the majority of drug overdose deaths in the United States. Discrepancies between substance use self-reports and urine drug screens (UDS) are common, especially when users are unaware of fentanyl adulteration.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of this study was to examine the cognitive processes underlying discrepancies between self-reported fentanyl use and UDS results, specifically focusing on participants unaware of their fentanyl exposure.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This was a cross-sectional qualitative study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study conducted cognitive interviews with 10 participants from a larger clinical trial who tested positive for fentanyl in a UDS but reported no fentanyl use. The interviews explored participants' understanding of survey questions about fentanyl use and their interpretation of UDS results. Responses were analyzed to identify themes related to self-report discrepancies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants often underreported fentanyl use, not due to social desirability bias, but because they interpreted survey questions as asking about known, rather than suspected, fentanyl use. Many acknowledged their drugs were likely adulterated but only reported use when they were certain of fentanyl's presence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that refining survey questions to capture both intentional and unintentional fentanyl exposure could improve the accuracy of self-reported data. These adjustments are critical to improve the accuracy of data collected to inform surveillance strategies, effective public health policies, and clinical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357251316220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where Do Clients Receive Methadone Treatment? Exploring Bypassing Behaviors in Methadone Treatment Clients: Temporal, Geographic, and Demographic Factors.","authors":"Abdullah Alibrahim, Jeanne C Marsh, Hortensia Amaro, Yinfei Kong, Tenie Khachikian, Erick Guerrero","doi":"10.1177/29768357241312554","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357241312554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few studies have examined where clients receive methadone treatment for opioid use disorder relative to their residences. Commuting time affects access to care, and anecdotal evidence suggests clients often bypass closer methadone providers. This study quantifies (a) bypass patterns in Los Angeles County, (b) gender, age, and ethnoracial differences in bypassing, and (c) links between bypassing and facility attributes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using retrospective multiyear analysis, we matched opioid treatment episodes with commuting times between clients' ZIP codes and treatment facilities. From 16 972 outpatient episodes (2010-2017), data were paired with Google Maps commuting estimates. The study covered 32 methadone facilities and 8627 unique clients. We determined the difference in driving time (a proxy for commuting time) from the nearest (bypassed) provider to the provider where the client was treated, deriving bypass and extended commute rates. We compared the rates of a scaled bypassing variable across racial, ethnic, and gender groups. We examined rates by grouping and by facility characteristics of the closest provider.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bypassing occurred in 48.9% of episodes; 21.0% involved extra commute time of 5+ minutes beyond the closest facility. Bypass rates varied significantly across racial, ethnic, and gender groups. Black or African American clients showed higher bypass rates than non-Latino white clients. Latino female clients had lower rates and shorter commutes than Latino male clients (<i>P</i> < .01). Larger methadone facilities experienced fewer bypassing and Black clients were found to typically bypass in favor of providers with longer wait times than other groups in the study.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This is the first study investigating client and facility characteristics relating to methadone treatment bypassing in a major U.S. care system. The results highlight significant bypass rates affecting efficient access. Findings have implications for opioid treatment system design, particularly to improve access to quality care for underserved communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357241312554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143082805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted Addiction Services? A Study of the Different Periods of the Pandemic and Patient Treatment Follow-up Over 1 Year.","authors":"Marta Narváez-Camargo, Cinta Mancheño-Velasco, Carmen Díaz-Batanero, Fermín Fernández-Calderón, Oscar M Lozano","doi":"10.1177/29768357241306717","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357241306717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Various studies have provided evidence of the impact of COVID-19 and the measures adopted by governments on drug use and its treatment. After 4 years, a more precise assessment of the evolution of patients and addiction treatment services can be made. The objective of this study is to compare different periods during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify changes in patient profiles and the care activity of addiction treatment centres.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from March 14, 2019 to June 22, 2022, from addiction centres of Andalusia (Spain). Information related to the treatment of each patient was collected during 1 year after the initiation of treatment (until June 22, 2023). Electronic health records of 29 740 outpatients were analysed and divided into 4 periods (pre-pandemic, lockdown, return to normal and post-lockdown).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Differences were found across the analysed periods. Admissions declined during the lockdown period but subsequently increased, without reaching pre-pandemic levels. Admission to treatment due to opioid dependence increased during the lockdown. In contrast, the percentage of patients with dual pathology decreased. An increase in the dropout rate of patients from treatment was observed compared to the pre-pandemic period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results revealed a similar patient profile across the different analysed periods. The most notable changes are observed in healthcare activity, which appears to have decreased. Therefore, a greater investment is likely required for the reformulation of addiction centres and increased funding to provide adequate assistance to these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"19 ","pages":"29768357241306717"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11724415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142974312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the Experiences of Persons with Substance Use Disorders During COVID-19 Lockdown in Lagos, Nigeria: A Qualitative Investigation.","authors":"Samuel Ojima Adejoh, Peter Osazuwa, Sofiat Busari-Akinbode, Rosilyn Gborogen, Abolaji Awodein, Waziri Adisa, Titi Tade, Fatai Adesina Badru","doi":"10.1177/29768357241307752","DOIUrl":"10.1177/29768357241307752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the consumption of illicit drugs among Persons with Substance Use Disorders in Lagos, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using convenience sampling, 25 participants, who use different substances consented to participate in the study. Data was collected using in-depth interview guide and thematically analysed using NVivo 12 Plus.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>The findings show that activities of celebrities on social media were motivation for use. There was an increase in the consumption of illicit drugs during the COVID-19 lockdown period among the participants. Participants were able to purchase illicit drugs from street vendors despite the lockdown restriction, while others bought from online retailers - the social media platforms. Participants reported an increase in the price of substances and a reduction in their quantity and quality during the lockdown which may likely account for the increase in consumption reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The lockdown, though used in curtailing the spread of COVID-19, had an unintended increase in the consumption of illicit drugs suggesting that drug markets can be resilient and adaptive during global crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":517405,"journal":{"name":"Substance use : research and treatment","volume":"18 ","pages":"29768357241307752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}