International Journal of Rheumatology最新文献

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SAPHIRE: Stress and Pulmonary Hypertension in Rheumatoid Evaluation-A Prevalence Study. SAPHIRE:类风湿应激和肺动脉高压评估--患病率研究。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-04-20 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4564531
G E M Reeves, N Collins, P Hayes, J Knapp, M Squance, H Tran, B Bastian
{"title":"SAPHIRE: Stress and Pulmonary Hypertension in Rheumatoid Evaluation-A Prevalence Study.","authors":"G E M Reeves, N Collins, P Hayes, J Knapp, M Squance, H Tran, B Bastian","doi":"10.1155/2016/4564531","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2016/4564531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a disorder of elevated resistance in the pulmonary arterial vessels, reflected by elevation of measured pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), and presenting with breathlessness and, if untreated, progressing to right heart failure and death. The heightened prevalence of PAH in populations with underlying systemic autoimmune conditions, particularly scleroderma and its variants, is well recognised, consistent with the proposed autoimmune contribution to PAH pathogenesis, along with disordered thrombotic, inflammatory, and mitogenic factors. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of a group of systemic autoimmune conditions featuring inflammatory symmetrical erosive polyarthropathy as its hallmark. This study explored the prevalence of PAH in a population of unselected individuals with RA, using exercise echocardiography (EchoCG). The high prevalence of EchoCG-derived elevation of PAP (EDEPP) in this population (14%) suggests that, like other autoimmune conditions, RA may be a risk factor for PAH. Patients with RA may therefore represent another population for whom PAH screening with noninvasive tools such as EchoCG may be justified. </p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34397847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Diagnostic Value of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Phenotype in Patients with Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. α -1-抗胰蛋白酶表型对肉芽肿合并多血管炎的诊断价值。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-04-10 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7831410
M Y Pervakova, V L Emanuel, O N Titova, S V Lapin, V I Mazurov, I B Belyaeva, A L Chudinov, T V Blinova, E A Surkova
{"title":"The Diagnostic Value of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Phenotype in Patients with Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis.","authors":"M Y Pervakova,&nbsp;V L Emanuel,&nbsp;O N Titova,&nbsp;S V Lapin,&nbsp;V I Mazurov,&nbsp;I B Belyaeva,&nbsp;A L Chudinov,&nbsp;T V Blinova,&nbsp;E A Surkova","doi":"10.1155/2016/7831410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7831410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The deficiency of alpha-1 protease inhibitor, or alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), predisposes to chronic lung diseases and extrapulmonary pathology. Besides classical manifestations, such as pulmonary emphysema and liver disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is also known to be associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA or Wegener's granulomatosis). The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of allelic isoforms of A1AT and their clinical significance among GPA patients. Detailed clinical information, including Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), incidence of lung involvement, anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) antibodies concentrations, and other laboratory data were collected in 38 GPA patients. We also studied serum samples obtained from 46 healthy donors. In all collected samples A1AT phenotyping by isoelectrofocusing (IEF) and turbidimetric A1AT measurement were performed. Abnormal A1AT variants were found in 18.4% (7/38) of cases: 1 ZZ, 4 MZ, 2 MF, and only 1 MZ in control group (2%). The mean A1AT concentration in samples with atypical A1AT phenotypes was significantly lower (P = 0.0038) than in normal A1AT phenotype. We found that patients with abnormal A1AT phenotypes had significantly higher vasculitis activity (BVAS) as well as anti-PR3 antibodies concentration. We conclude that A1AT deficiency should be considered in all patients with GPA. </p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2016/7831410","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34441319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Erratum to "The Characteristics and Significance of Locally Infiltrating B Cells in Lupus Nephritis and Their Association with Local BAFF Expression". “红斑狼疮肾炎局部浸润B细胞的特征和意义及其与局部BAFF表达的关系”的勘误。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-06-16 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7513892
Chuan-Yin Sun, Yan Shen, Xiao-Wei Chen, Yu-Cheng Yan, Feng-Xia Wu, Ming Dai, Ting Li, Cheng-De Yang
{"title":"Erratum to \"The Characteristics and Significance of Locally Infiltrating B Cells in Lupus Nephritis and Their Association with Local BAFF Expression\".","authors":"Chuan-Yin Sun,&nbsp;Yan Shen,&nbsp;Xiao-Wei Chen,&nbsp;Yu-Cheng Yan,&nbsp;Feng-Xia Wu,&nbsp;Ming Dai,&nbsp;Ting Li,&nbsp;Cheng-De Yang","doi":"10.1155/2016/7513892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7513892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2013/954292.]. </p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2016/7513892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34731295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Reliability of a Novel Automated System for ANA Immunofluorescence Analysis in Daily Clinical Practice. 一种新型抗核抗体免疫荧光分析自动化系统在日常临床实践中的可靠性。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-05-09 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6019268
Mohammed Alsuwaidi, Margit Dollinger, Martin Fleck, Boris Ehrenstein
{"title":"The Reliability of a Novel Automated System for ANA Immunofluorescence Analysis in Daily Clinical Practice.","authors":"Mohammed Alsuwaidi,&nbsp;Margit Dollinger,&nbsp;Martin Fleck,&nbsp;Boris Ehrenstein","doi":"10.1155/2016/6019268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6019268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Automated interpretation (AI) systems for antinuclear antibody (ANA) analysis have been introduced based on assessment of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) patterns. The diagnostic performance of a novel automated IIF reading system was compared with visual interpretation (VI) of IIF in daily clinical practice to evaluate the reduction of workload. ANA-IIF tests of consecutive serum samples from patients with suspected connective tissue disease were carried out using HEp-2 cells according to routine clinical care. AI was performed using a visual analyser (Zenit G-Sight, Menarini, Germany). Agreement rates between ANA results by AI and VI were calculated. Of the 336 samples investigated, VI yielded 205 (61%) negative, 42 (13%) ambiguous, and 89 (26%) positive results, whereas 82 (24%) were determined to be negative, 176 (52%) ambiguous, and 78 (24%) positive by AI. AI displayed a diagnostic accuracy of 175/336 samples (52%) with a kappa coefficient of 0.34 compared to VI being the gold standard. Solely relying on AI, with VI only performed for all ambiguous samples by AI, would have missed 1 of 89 (1%) positive results by VI and misclassified 2 of 205 (1%) negative results by VI as positive. The use of AI in daily clinical practice resulted only in a moderate reduction of the VI workload (82 of 336 samples: 24%). </p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2016/6019268","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34534881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Cardiac Function and Diastolic Dysfunction in Behcet's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 白塞病的心功能和舒张功能障碍:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-05-10 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9837184
Fawad Aslam, Salman J Bandeali, Cynthia Crowson, Mahboob Alam
{"title":"Cardiac Function and Diastolic Dysfunction in Behcet's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Fawad Aslam,&nbsp;Salman J Bandeali,&nbsp;Cynthia Crowson,&nbsp;Mahboob Alam","doi":"10.1155/2016/9837184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9837184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background. Cardiovascular involvement in Behcet's disease (BD) is reported and has variable manifestations. It is not clear if diastolic dysfunction (DD) is increased in BD. Our objective was to evaluate the existing literature to determine if cardiac dysfunction, particularly DD, was more prevalent in these patients. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the available studies analyzing the echocardiographic findings in BD was conducted using a random-effects model. Mean differences were used to calculate the effect sizes of the echocardiographic parameters of interest. Results. A total of 22 studies with 1624 subjects were included in the analysis. Patients with BD had statistically significantly larger mean left atrial dimension (0.08, p = 0.0008), greater aortic diameter (0.16, p = 0.02), significantly reduced ejection fraction (-1.08, p < 0.0001), significantly prolonged mitral deceleration time (14.20, p < 0.0001), lower E/A ratio (-0.24, p = 0.05), and increased isovolumetric relaxation time (7.29, p < 0.00001). Conclusion. DD is increased in patients with BD by the presence of several echocardiographic parameters favoring DD as compared to controls. The meta-analysis also identified that LA dimension is increased in BD patients. EF has also been found to be lower in BD patients. Aortic diameter was also increased in BD patients as compared to controls. </p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2016/9837184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34534882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Severity of Osteoarthritis Is Associated with Increased Arterial Stiffness. 骨关节炎的严重程度与动脉僵硬度增加有关。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-07-17 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6402963
Kaspar Tootsi, Jaak Kals, Mihkel Zilmer, Kaido Paapstel, Aare Märtson
{"title":"Severity of Osteoarthritis Is Associated with Increased Arterial Stiffness.","authors":"Kaspar Tootsi,&nbsp;Jaak Kals,&nbsp;Mihkel Zilmer,&nbsp;Kaido Paapstel,&nbsp;Aare Märtson","doi":"10.1155/2016/6402963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6402963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objective. Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with increased cardiovascular comorbidity and mortality. Evidence is lacking about whether arterial stiffness is involved in OA. The objective of our study was to find out associations between OA, arterial stiffness, and adipokines. Design. Seventy end-stage knee and hip OA patients (age 62 ± 7 years) and 70 asymptomatic controls (age 60 ± 7 years) were investigated using the applanation tonometry to determine their parameters of arterial stiffness. Serum adiponectin, leptin, and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) levels were determined using the ELISA method. Correlation between variables was determined using Spearman's rho. Multiple regression analysis with a stepwise selection procedure was employed. Results. Radiographic OA grade was positively associated with increased carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) (r = 0.272, p = 0.023). We found that OA grade was also associated with leptin and MMP-3 levels (rho = -0.246, p = 0.040 and rho = 0.235, p = 0.050, resp.). In addition, serum adiponectin level was positively associated with augmentation index and inversely with large artery elasticity index (rho = 0.293, p = 0.006 and rho = -0.249, p = 0.003, resp.). Conclusions. Our results suggest that OA severity is independently associated with increased arterial stiffness and is correlated with expression of adipokines. Thus, increased arterial stiffness and adipokines might play an important role in elevated cardiovascular risk in end-stage OA. </p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2016/6402963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34624832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Impact of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. 消炎药对化脓性椎体骨髓炎的影响:一项前瞻性队列研究。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-10-19 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9345467
Aurélien Dinh, Maxime Jean, Frédérique Bouchand, Benjamin Davido, Alexis Descatha, Clara Duran, Guillaume Gras, Christian Perronne, Denis Mulleman, Jérôme Salomon, Louis Bernard
{"title":"Impact of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Aurélien Dinh, Maxime Jean, Frédérique Bouchand, Benjamin Davido, Alexis Descatha, Clara Duran, Guillaume Gras, Christian Perronne, Denis Mulleman, Jérôme Salomon, Louis Bernard","doi":"10.1155/2016/9345467","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2016/9345467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis (PVO) are frequently misdiagnosed and patients often receive anti-inflammatory drugs for their back pain. We studied the impact of these medications. <i>Methods</i>. We performed a prospective study enrolling patients with PVO and categorized them depending on their drugs intake. Then, we compared diagnosis delay, clinical presentation at hospitalization, incidence of complications, and cure rate. <i>Results</i>. In total, 79 patients were included. Multivariate analysis found no correlation between anti-inflammatory drug intake and diagnosis delay, clinical presentation, complications, or outcome. <i>Conclusion</i>. Anti-inflammatory drugs intake does not affect diagnostic delay, severity at diagnosis, or complications of PVO.</p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2016/9345467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64610132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Vaccination of Adult Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Portugal. 葡萄牙成年系统性红斑狼疮患者的疫苗接种。
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-03-16 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2845617
Maria Francisca Moraes-Fontes, Ana Margarida Antunes, Heidi Gruner, Nuno Riso
{"title":"Vaccination of Adult Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Portugal.","authors":"Maria Francisca Moraes-Fontes,&nbsp;Ana Margarida Antunes,&nbsp;Heidi Gruner,&nbsp;Nuno Riso","doi":"10.1155/2016/2845617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2845617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the wake of the Portuguese vaccination program 50th anniversary it seems appropriate to review vaccination in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Controversial issues as regards the association between autoimmune diseases, infections, and vaccines are discussed as well as vaccine safety and efficacy issues as regards chronic immunosuppressant (IS) drug therapy. After a brief overview of national policies, specific recommendations are made as regards vaccination for adult patients with SLE with a particular focus on current IS therapy and unmet needs. </p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2016/2845617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34454029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Association between Air Pollution and the Development of Rheumatic Disease: A Systematic Review. 空气污染与风湿病发病之间的关系:系统回顾
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2016-01-01 Epub Date: 2016-10-25 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5356307
Gavin Sun, Glen Hazlewood, Sasha Bernatsky, Gilaad G Kaplan, Bertus Eksteen, Cheryl Barnabe
{"title":"Association between Air Pollution and the Development of Rheumatic Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Gavin Sun, Glen Hazlewood, Sasha Bernatsky, Gilaad G Kaplan, Bertus Eksteen, Cheryl Barnabe","doi":"10.1155/2016/5356307","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2016/5356307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>. Environmental risk factors, such as air pollution, have been studied in relation to the risk of development of rheumatic diseases. We performed a systematic literature review to summarize the existing knowledge. <i>Methods</i>. MEDLINE (1946 to September 2016) and EMBASE (1980 to 2016, week 37) databases were searched using MeSH terms and keywords to identify cohort, case-control, and case cross-over studies reporting risk estimates for the development of select rheumatic diseases in relation to exposure of measured air pollutants (<i>n</i> = 8). We extracted information on the population sample and study period, method of case and exposure determination, and the estimate of association. <i>Results</i>. There was no consistent evidence of an increased risk for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with exposure to NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, or PM<sub>10</sub>. Case-control studies in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) indicated higher odds of diagnosis with increasing PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure, as well as an increased relative risk for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in American children <5.5 years of age. There was no association with SARDs and NO<sub>2</sub> exposure. <i>Conclusion</i>. There is evidence for a possible association between air pollutant exposures and the development of SARDs and JIA, but relationships with other rheumatic diseases are less clear.</p>","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64424735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Behcet's Disease: Is There Geographical Variation? A Review Far from the Silk Road 白塞氏病:是否存在地理差异?远离丝绸之路
IF 2.3
International Journal of Rheumatology Pub Date : 2015-12-20 DOI: 10.1155/2015/945262
Nieves Leonardo, Julian McNeil
{"title":"Behcet's Disease: Is There Geographical Variation? A Review Far from the Silk Road","authors":"Nieves Leonardo, Julian McNeil","doi":"10.1155/2015/945262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/945262","url":null,"abstract":"Behcet's Disease (BD) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by the triad of recurrent mouth and genital ulcers with eye involvement. To date there are no laboratory tests specific for the disease and diagnosis continues to remain on clinical grounds. Multiple criteria have been created as guides for diagnosis; however, given the wide spectrum of organ involvement, some cases remain undiagnosed. The diagnosis of Behcet's Disease may only be made over time as the clinical manifestations emerge sometimes separated by months and even years. With an increased recognition of this disease it has become apparent that there is geographical variation in clinical manifestations. In particular cardiac manifestations are not seen commonly in Caucasians compared to Asian and Middle Eastern patients, while neurological manifestations are more common in Caucasians. Use of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs to suppress inflammation remains the cornerstone of treatment.","PeriodicalId":51715,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rheumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2015-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2015/945262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64174934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 71
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