Mon Gabriel Distor, Keiichi Muramatsu, Karissa Arielle Genuino, Yo Morita
{"title":"Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendon Rupture from Scapho-Trapezio-Trapezoid Osteoarthritis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.","authors":"Mon Gabriel Distor, Keiichi Muramatsu, Karissa Arielle Genuino, Yo Morita","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526720082","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526720082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subcutaneous rupture of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon from scapho-trapezio-trapezoid (STT) osteoarthritis is a rarely reported and diagnosed condition. A 65-year-old female presented in the clinic with wrist pain aggravated with movement. On physical examination, there was a 2-cm soft elastic mass at the radial side of the volar wrist. There was no tenderness, but pain was elicited with range of motion. Computed tomography confirmed an osteoarthritic STT with large spurs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed impingement on the tract of the FCR associated with synovitis. Complete rupture was noted intraoperatively. Interpositional arthroplasty with palmaris longus tendon ball transfer was done after removing the bone spurs and minimal resection of the joint. At follow-up 4 months later, the patient was pain-free after a brief period of immobilisation. We present a novel approach to STT osteoarthritis with FCR rupture, which avoids the complications and disadvantages of STT fusion, promoting early rehabilitation. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level V (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"445-449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flexor Tendon Rupture after One Corticosteroid Injection in the Treatment of Trigger Finger: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Yu Ting Noah Sim, Ee Ming Chew","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526720094","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526720094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corticosteroid injection is a widely accepted first-line treatment for trigger finger. However, it carries a potential risk of flexor tendon rupture. This complication is rare, particularly after a single injection. We present a 59-year-old woman who experienced spontaneous ruptures of the flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis tendons of the middle finger 2 months after a single corticosteroid injection for trigger finger. We review the literature and discuss underlying mechanisms for flexor tendon rupture. To minimise the risk of this complication, we recommend administering extra-tendinous injection of corticosteroids at the lowest dose and advising patients to avoid strenuous activities, such as heavy gripping, sports or lifting, for at least 3 weeks post-injection. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level V (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"450-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yener Yoğun, Batu Malatyali, Mehmet Batu Ertan, Yusufhan Aslan, Tayfun Özel, Uğur Tiftikçi
{"title":"Plates or K-Wires Fixation for Fifth Metacarpal Neck Fractures? A Comparative Study.","authors":"Yener Yoğun, Batu Malatyali, Mehmet Batu Ertan, Yusufhan Aslan, Tayfun Özel, Uğur Tiftikçi","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526500360","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526500360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Metacarpal neck fractures account for approximately half of all hand fractures; however, there is no consensus on which surgical approach should be used for these fractures. This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and closed reduction percutaneous pinning (CRPP) for fifth metacarpal neck fractures. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 71 patients who underwent ORIF or CRPP for fifth metacarpal neck fractures between 2020 and 2024 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups: ORIF (<i>n</i> = 31) and Kirschner (K)-wire (<i>n</i> = 40). Patient characteristics, follow-up durations, clinical outcomes and complications were examined and compared between the two groups. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Q-DASH) scores. The grip strength of the patients was measured on the contralateral arm using a Jamar dynamometer and compared between the groups. Angulation and shortening of the fifth metacarpal were measured based on preoperative and postoperative radiographs. <b>Results:</b> There was no statistically significant difference in clinical and functional outcomes between the two groups. Postoperative grip strength, radiological results (angulation and shortening) and follow-up duration were similar between the groups. The complication rate was significantly higher in the ORIF group than in the K-wire group. <b>Conclusions:</b> ORIF was not superior to CRPP in the surgical management of fifth metacarpal neck fractures. Considering the higher complication rate, the use of open reduction plate screw fixation as the first option for fifth metacarpal neck fractures is not recommended. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level III (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"369-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gayle Krystle Grey, Keiichi Muramatsu, Yo Morita, Yuto Ichimita
{"title":"Late-Onset Reactivation of Hand Macrodactyly in a Septuagenarian.","authors":"Gayle Krystle Grey, Keiichi Muramatsu, Yo Morita, Yuto Ichimita","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526720069","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526720069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hand macrodactyly is a rare congenital deformity within the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum, diagnosed typically during the paediatric age group. We present a unique case of late-onset reactivation in a 70-year-old female, the oldest surgically managed patient reported to date. After decades of quiescence, the patient experienced rapid progressive digital enlargement, stiffness and interdigital fungal infection. Diving deeper into the pathophysiology of the disease, we discuss paediatric versus adult manifestations, the molecular basis of disease persistence and treatment pathways that have an influence on the unique reactivation phenomenon that happened in our patient. We also discussed treatment recommendations covering this special age group and how it should differ from the usual paediatric treatment regimen. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level V (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"327-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rouzbeh K Kordestani, Natalie Rodriquez, Sunil M Thirkannad
{"title":"A Technique for Accurately Identifying and Harvesting the Extensor Indicis Proprius for Tendon Transfer.","authors":"Rouzbeh K Kordestani, Natalie Rodriquez, Sunil M Thirkannad","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526970040","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526970040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extensor indicis proprius (EIP) is commonly used as a donor for tendon transfers. It normally inserts on the ulnar aspect of the extensor hood with the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) to the index finger inserting on the radial aspect. Anatomical studies have reported variations in EIP anatomy with a 1%-1.5% incidence of EIP insertion onto the radial aspect of the extensor hood. In our experience with 60 EIP transfers over 18 years, we found the EIP to insert onto the radial aspect of the extensor hood in three patients (5%). This is higher than what has been reported in the literature. We confirm the EDC by identifying the juncturae tendinae connecting the index and long finger EDC. We review relevant literature and suggest technical tips to avoid accidentally harvesting the wrong tendon. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level V (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"342-344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Bone Substitutes for Low-Energy Comminuted Distal Radius Fractures amongst Elderly Women Treated with Volar Locking Plate Fixation: A Propensity Score-Based Analysis.","authors":"Hirotaka Akezuma, Ichiro Okano, Takeshi Sakai, Keikichi Kawasaki, Yoshifumi Kudo","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526500281","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526500281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> This study aimed to investigate whether the use of artificial bone substitutes during volar locking plate (VLP) fixation for intra-articular comminuted distal radius fractures in elderly women improves radiographic and clinical outcomes. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective study was conducted on female patients aged ≥65 years with intra-articular comminuted distal radius fractures (AO/OTA types B3, C2 and C3) treated with VLPs between 2018 and 2022. Patients were categorised into groups based on the use of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as a bone substitute. A propensity score (PS) matched comparison utilising inverse probability of treatment weight was conducted comparing patients receiving standard versus β-TCP augmentation during fixation. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were evaluated. The screw-joint surface distance was assessed as a radiographic parameter indicative of optimal distal screw positioning adjacent to the subchondral bone. <b>Results:</b> The mean follow-up period was 9.9 months (range: 6-35 months). After PS matching, each group included 35 patients with comparable baseline characteristics. The screw-joint surface distance was significantly lower in the bone substitute group, indicating closer distal screw placement. However, at final follow-up, no significant differences were observed between the groups in radiographic or clinical outcomes. These results were consistent in inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-adjusted regression analysis. <b>Conclusions:</b> Closer placement of screws near the joint was observed in the bone substitute group, possibly reflecting improved intraoperative stability, but was not significantly associated with the prevention of postoperative correction loss or other clinical outcomes. Since clinical outcomes were similarly good regardless of its usage, artificial bone substitute may not be necessary for low-energy comminuted intra-articular fractures in elderly women. Further studies are warranted to determine its potential benefit in cases involving severe metaphyseal voids or joint instability. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level III (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"251-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficacy of Simultaneous Distal Interphalangeal Arthrodesis and Proximal Interphalangeal Surface Implant Arthroplasty for Finger Osteoarthritis: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Takeyasu Toyama, Yoshitaka Hamada, Yoshitaka Minamikawa, Masahiro Sawada, Emiko Horii, Takanori Saito","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526500293","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526500293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Osteoarthritis (OA) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints frequently occurs in the same digit. Although PIP implant arthroplasty and DIP arthrodesis are well-established procedures, evidence on their combined application is limited. This study aimed to assess whether performing simultaneous DIP arthrodesis and PIP implant arthroplasty influences the outcomes of PIP implant arthroplasty, compared with performing PIP implant arthroplasty alone. <b>Methods:</b> We retrospectively analysed 18 fingers in 15 patients who underwent simultaneous DIP arthrodesis and PIP surface implant arthroplasty (PIP + DIP group) and compared them with 106 fingers treated with PIP implant arthroplasty alone (PIP-only group). DIP arthrodesis was performed using a dorsal approach with cannulated headless screws or Kirschner wire fixation. PIP arthroplasty was performed using an extensor tendon split approach with the Self-Locking Finger Joint System (Nakashima Healthforce Co., Ltd., Okayama, Japan). Outcome measures included the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain; active range of motion (ROM) of the metacarpophalangeal (MP), PIP and DIP joints, and radiographic evaluation of DIP joint union. <b>Results:</b> All fingers in the PIP + DIP group achieved bony union at the DIP joint. Both groups showed significant postoperative improvements in VAS scores and ROM of the MP and PIP joints. A significant reduction in DIP joint ROM was observed. After adjustment for preoperative variables, no significant differences were observed between groups in postoperative VAS scores (2.2 and 0.9 in the PIP + DIP and PIP-only groups, respectively) or PIP joint ROM (67° and 65.3° in the PIP + DIP and PIP-only groups, respectively). <b>Conclusions:</b> Simultaneous DIP arthrodesis and PIP surface implant arthroplasty provided effective pain relief and short-term PIP joint mobility comparable to PIP arthroplasty alone. This combined approach may be a viable surgical option for patients with coexisting DIP and PIP joint OA. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level IV (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"292-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bart C J M DE Vries, Joris A VAN Dongen, E P A Brigitte VAN DER Heijden
{"title":"Tenolysis after Operative Treatment of Hand Fractures: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Bart C J M DE Vries, Joris A VAN Dongen, E P A Brigitte VAN DER Heijden","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526500256","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526500256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Stiffness based on tendon adhesions after operative treatment of hand fractures remains a relevant complication, for which tenolysis may be needed. This systematic review aims to analyse the incidence of tenolysis after surgical hand fracture treatment and related clinical outcomes. <b>Methods:</b> The review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials/Clinical Answers/Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for articles until 31 December 2024, using keywords. Studies were included in the case of patients aged 16 years or older, who have undergone tenolysis for flexor and/or extensor tendon adhesions after surgical treatment of phalangeal and/or metacarpal fractures. The outcomes were the incidence of tenolysis and total active motion, passive and/or active range of motion (P/AROM) and lag of motion post-tenolysis. The included articles were assessed for methodological quality and risk of bias using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists, the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools and the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tools. <b>Results:</b> Eight out of 160 studies were included. These studies reported an incidence of tenolysis of surgically treated phalangeal fractures varying from 4% to 32%. Only the study of Wong et al. statistically analysed the AROM of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint pre- to post-tenolysis, showing a significant improvement of the AROM of the PIP joint (<i>p</i> = 0.012). However, based on the quality assessment, the included articles have poor to fair quality. <b>Conclusions:</b> Based on these studies, no definite conclusions concerning the incidence and clinical effect of tenolysis in terms of improvement of MCP-, PIP- and DIP-joint motion can be drawn. Due to the lower quality of these studies, future high-quality research with prospective registration is needed. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level IV (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"281-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147312468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Triple-Modality Approach for Kienböck Disease (Stage II and IIIA): Outcomes of Distal Radius Core Decompression, Radial Shortening and Scapho-Capitate K-Wiring in 18 Patients.","authors":"Kannan Karuppiah Kumar, Chetan Anaberu, Muniramaiah Ravishankar, Mayuresh Sambhaji Dhane","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526500323","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526500323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Early-stage Kienböck disease (KD), particularly stages II and IIIA, requires timely intervention to prevent progression and preserve wrist function. This study evaluates the outcomes of a triple-modality approach combining distal radius core decompression, radial shortening osteotomy (RSO) and scapho-capitate K-wiring. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective case series of 18 patients with stage II and IIIA KD were managed with this triple-modality approach at a single centre. Pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale score. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Modified Mayo Wrist Score (MMWS) and range of motion (ROM). Radiological staging was used to evaluate disease progression. <b>Results:</b> The mean follow-up was 24 months. Postoperative outcomes showed significant improvements in MMWS, with an average score increase from 58.5 ± 8.2 preoperatively to 81.2 ± 6.7 postoperatively (<i>p</i> < 0.001). ROM improved significantly for both volar flexion (from 46.2° ± 7.8° to 54.5° ± 9.1°, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and extension (from 51.1° ± 8.3° to 59.7° ± 8.6°, <i>p</i> = 0.01). Radiological analysis revealed no disease progression in 88% of cases, with no instances of carpal collapse or advanced arthritis during follow-up. <b>Conclusions:</b> The combination of distal radius core decompression, RSO and scapho-capitate K-wiring is a highly effective treatment for stage II and IIIA KD. This approach not only halts disease progression but also significantly improves wrist function and patient satisfaction. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level IV (Therapeutic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"273-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modified Ultrasonographic Classification of Tendinous Mallet Injuries Based on a Combination with Wang Classification Highlighting Lateral Band Involvement.","authors":"Jihae Lee, Suk Ha Jeon, Sanglim Lee","doi":"10.1142/S2424835526500244","DOIUrl":"10.1142/S2424835526500244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Although ultrasonography is useful for assessing soft-tissue injuries, its role in classifying tendinous mallet injuries remains underdefined. This study aimed to propose a modified ultrasonographic classification system that combines Wang's classification with additional subtypes emphasising lateral band involvement to improve diagnostic accuracy and prognostic assessment. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on 36 patients with acute closed tendinous mallet injuries of the fingers. All patients underwent ultrasonographic evaluation. Based on the modified classification, Wang Type B was subdivided into Subtype B1 (complete terminal tendon rupture) and Subtype B2 (rupture of either the radial or ulnar slip of the lateral band). Clinical outcomes were recorded at a minimum of 4 months of follow-up. Data on pinch strength, pain, extension lag and functional scores were analysed to compare outcomes across the three injury types. <b>Results:</b> Fifteen Type B1, eight Type B2, and 13 Type C injuries were identified. In all types, as the length of the injured tendon increased, pinch strength relative to the contralateral side was significantly weaker. Additionally, the injured tendon was significantly longer in Type C injuries than in Type B1 and B2 injuries. As the length of the injured tendon increased, pinch strength relative to the contralateral side decreased across all injury types. Nevertheless, the pain score, functional score and initial extension lag did not show statistically significant variations amongst injury types. Crawford criteria showed that Types B2 and C injuries were mostly graded as 'excellent' or 'fair', whereas Type B1 injuries were more often classified as 'poor' or 'fair'. <b>Conclusions:</b> The modified ultrasonographic classification provides a more detailed framework for assessing tendinous mallet injuries by integrating Wang's classification and distinguishing partial lateral band ruptures. This approach enhances diagnostic precision and may improve functional prognostication. <b>Level of Evidence:</b> Level IV (Diagnostic).</p>","PeriodicalId":51689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hand Surgery-Asian-Pacific Volume","volume":" ","pages":"319-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}