PNAS Nexus最新文献_第8页

Anti-conformists catalyze societal transitions and facilitate the expression of evolving preferences 反传统者推动社会转型，促进表达不断变化的偏好

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae302

Dhruv Mittal, Sara M Constantino, Vítor V Vasconcelos

{"title":"Anti-conformists catalyze societal transitions and facilitate the expression of evolving preferences","authors":"Dhruv Mittal, Sara M Constantino, Vítor V Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae302","url":null,"abstract":"The world is grappling with emerging, urgent, large-scale problems such as climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss, and pandemics, which demand immediate and coordinated action. Social processes like conformity and social norms can either help maintain behaviors (e.g., cooperation in groups) or drive rapid societal change (e.g., rapid rooftop solar uptake), even without comprehensive policy measures. While the role of individual heterogeneity in such processes is well-studied, there is limited work on the expression of individuals' preferences and the role of anti-conformists—individuals who value acting differently from others—especially in dynamic environments. We introduce anti-conformists into a game-theoretical collective decision-making framework that includes a complex network of agents with heterogeneous preferences about two alternative options. We study how anti-conformists' presence changes the population's ability to express evolving personal preferences. We find that anti-conformists facilitate the expression of preferences, even when they diverge from prevailing norms, breaking the “spiral of silence” whereby individuals do not act on their preferences when they believe others disapprove. Centrally placed anti-conformists reduce by 5-fold the number of anti-conformists needed for a population to express its preferences. In dynamic environments where a previously unpopular choice becomes preferred, anti-conformists catalyze social tipping and reduce the ‘cultural lag,’ even beyond the role of committed minorities—that is, individuals with a commitment to a specific cause. This research highlights the role of dissenting voices in shaping collective behavior, including their potential to catalyze the adoption of new technologies as they become favorable and to enrich democracy by facilitating the expression of views.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The diffuse interface description of fluid lipid membranes captures key features of the hemifusion pathway and lateral stress profile 流体脂膜的扩散界面描述捕捉到了半灌注途径和横向应力剖面的关键特征

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae300

Matteo Bottacchiari, Mirko Gallo, Marco Bussoletti, Carlo Massimo Casciola

引用次数: 0

Discordance between taxonomy and population genomic data: An avian example relevant to the United States Endangered Species Act 分类学与种群基因组数据之间的不一致：与《美国濒危物种法》相关的鸟类实例

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae298

Andrew N Black, Andrew J Mularo, Jong Yoon Jeon, David Haukos, Kristin J Bondo, Kent A Fricke, Andy Gregory, Blake Grisham, Zachary E Lowe, J Andrew DeWoody

{"title":"Discordance between taxonomy and population genomic data: An avian example relevant to the United States Endangered Species Act","authors":"Andrew N Black, Andrew J Mularo, Jong Yoon Jeon, David Haukos, Kristin J Bondo, Kent A Fricke, Andy Gregory, Blake Grisham, Zachary E Lowe, J Andrew DeWoody","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae298","url":null,"abstract":"Population genomics can reveal cryptic biological diversity that may impact fitness while simultaneously serving to delineate relevant conservation units. Here, we leverage the power of whole genome resequencing for conservation by studying 433 individual Lesser Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus; LEPC, a federally endangered species of conservation concern in the United States) and Greater Prairie-Chicken (T. cupido; GRPC, a legally huntable species throughout much of its range). The genomic diversity of two formally recognized Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) of LEPCs is similar but they are genetically distinct. Neither DPS is depleted of its genomic diversity, neither is especially inbred, and temporal diversity is relatively stable in both conservation units. Interspecific differentiation between the two species was only slightly higher than that observed between LEPC DPSs, due largely to bidirectional introgression. The high resolution provided by our dataset identified a genomic continuum between the two species such that individuals sampled from the hybrid zone were imperfectly assigned to their presumptive species when considering only their physical characteristics. The admixture between the two species is reflected in the spectrum of individual ancestry coefficients, which has legal implications for the “take” of individuals under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Overall, our data highlight the recurring dissonance between static policies and dynamic species boundaries that are increasingly obvious in the population genomic era.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial immunophenotyping using multiplexed imaging of immune follicles in secondary lymphoid tissues 利用二次淋巴组织中免疫滤泡的多重成像技术进行空间免疫分型

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae285

Mayar Allam, Thomas Hu, Zhou Fang, Michelle Pi, Ankur Singh, Ahmet F Coskun

{"title":"Spatial immunophenotyping using multiplexed imaging of immune follicles in secondary lymphoid tissues","authors":"Mayar Allam, Thomas Hu, Zhou Fang, Michelle Pi, Ankur Singh, Ahmet F Coskun","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae285","url":null,"abstract":"Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), including tonsils, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s Patches, exhibit complementary immune functions. However, little is known about the spatial organization of immune cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) in the SLOs. Traditional imaging is limited to a few markers, confining our understanding of the differences between the SLOs. Herein, Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) addressed this gap by simultaneously profiling 25-plex proteins in SLO tissues at subcellular resolution. The antibody panel targeted immune, stromal, chemokine, epigenetic, and functional markers. For robust cell identification, a computational workflow SpatialVizPheno was developed to spatially phenotype 999,970 cells using two approaches, including manual gating and semi-supervised gating, iterative clustering, and annotation. Lymph nodes exhibited the highest density of B cells while the intestinal tissues contained the highest proportion of regulatory and follicular helper T cells. SpatialVizPheno identified the most prevalent interaction between follicular dendritic cells and stromal cells, plasmablasts/plasma cells, and the stromal cells across the lymphoid tissues. Collagen-enriched regions were associated with the spatial orientation of B cell follicles in both tonsil and lymph node tissues, but not in intestinal lymphoid tissues. Such spatial differences of immunophenotypes and ECM in different SLO tissues can be used to quantify the relationship between cellular organization and ultimate immune responses.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141774959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DNA-Encoded probe-based assay for profiling plant kinase activities 基于 DNA 编码探针的植物激酶活性分析法

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae281

Yuan-Chi Chien, C Alexander Valencia, Han Yong Lee, Gyeong Mee Yoon, Dongwook Kim

引用次数: 0

Dilated cardiomyopathy mutation in beta-cardiac myosin enhances actin activation of the power stroke and phosphate release 扩张型心肌病中的β-心肌酶突变会增强肌动蛋白对动力冲程和磷酸盐释放的激活作用

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae279

Skylar M L Bodt, Jinghua Ge, Wen Ma, David V Rasicci, Rohini Desetty, J Andrew McCammon, Christopher M Yengo

{"title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy mutation in beta-cardiac myosin enhances actin activation of the power stroke and phosphate release","authors":"Skylar M L Bodt, Jinghua Ge, Wen Ma, David V Rasicci, Rohini Desetty, J Andrew McCammon, Christopher M Yengo","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae279","url":null,"abstract":"Inherited mutations in human beta-cardiac myosin (M2β) can lead to severe forms of heart failure. The E525K mutation in M2β is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and was found to stabilize the interacting heads motif (IHM) and autoinhibited super-relaxed (SRX) state in dimeric heavy meromyosin. However, in monomeric M2β subfragment 1 (S1) we found that E525K enhances (3-fold) the maximum steady-state actin-activated ATPase activity (kcat) and decreases (6-fold) the actin concentration at which ATPase is one-half maximal (KATPase). We also found a 3 to 4-fold increase in the actin-activated power stroke and phosphate release rate constants at 30 μM actin, which overall enhanced the duty ratio 3-fold. Loaded motility assays revealed that the enhanced intrinsic motor activity translates to increased ensemble force in M2β S1. Glutamate 525, located near the actin binding region in the so-called activation loop, is highly conserved and predicted to form a salt-bridge with another conserved residue (lysine 484) in the relay helix. Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations predict that the charge reversal mutation disrupts the E525-K484 salt-bridge, inducing conformations with a more flexible relay helix and a wide phosphate release tunnel. Our results highlight a highly conserved allosteric pathway associated with actin activation of the power stroke and phosphate release and suggest an important feature of the autoinhibited IHM is to prevent this region of myosin from interacting with actin. The ability of the E525K mutation to stabilize the IHM likely overrides the enhanced intrinsic motor properties, which may be key to triggering DCM pathogenesis.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141718107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unpacking polarization: Antagonism and alignment in signed networks of online interaction 解读两极分化：在线互动签名网络中的对立与一致

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae276

Emma Fraxanet, Max Pellert, Simon Schweighofer, Vicenç Gómez, David Garcia

{"title":"Unpacking polarization: Antagonism and alignment in signed networks of online interaction","authors":"Emma Fraxanet, Max Pellert, Simon Schweighofer, Vicenç Gómez, David Garcia","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae276","url":null,"abstract":"Political conflict is an essential element of democratic systems, but can also threaten their existence if it becomes too intense. This happens particularly when most political issues become aligned along the same major fault line, splitting society into two antagonistic camps. In the 20th century, major fault lines were formed by structural conflicts, like owners vs workers, center vs periphery, etc. But these classical cleavages have since lost their explanatory power. Instead of theorizing new cleavages, we present the FAULTANA (FAULT-line Alignment Network Analysis) pipeline, a computational method to uncover major fault lines in data of signed online interactions. Our method makes it possible to quantify the degree of antagonism prevalent in different online debates, as well as how aligned each debate is to the major fault line. This makes it possible to identify the wedge issues driving polarization, characterized by both intense antagonism and alignment. We apply our approach to large-scale data sets of Birdwatch, a US-based Twitter factchecking community and the discussion forums of DerStandard, an Austrian online newspaper. We find that both online communities are divided into two large groups and that their separation follows political identities and topics. In addition, for DerStandard, we pinpoint issues that reinforce societal fault lines and thus drive polarization. We also identify issues that trigger online conflict without strictly aligning with those dividing lines (e.g. COVID-19). Our methods allow us to construct a time-resolved picture of affective polarization that shows the separate contributions of cohesiveness and divisiveness to the dynamics of alignment during contentious elections and events.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A mechanohydraulic model supports a role for plasmodesmata in cotton fiber elongation 机械液压模型支持质膜在棉纤维伸长中的作用

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae256

Valeria Hernández-Hernández, Olivier C Marchand, Annamaria Kiss, Arezki Boudaoud

{"title":"A mechanohydraulic model supports a role for plasmodesmata in cotton fiber elongation","authors":"Valeria Hernández-Hernández, Olivier C Marchand, Annamaria Kiss, Arezki Boudaoud","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae256","url":null,"abstract":"Plant cell growth depends on turgor pressure, the cell hydrodynamic pressure, which drives expansion of the extracellular matrix (the cell wall). Turgor pressure regulation depends on several physical, chemical and biological factors, including: vacuolar invertases, which modulate osmotic pressure of the cell, aquaporins, which determine the permeability of the plasma membrane to water, cell wall remodeling factors, which determine cell wall extensibility (inverse of effective viscosity), and plasmodesmata, which are membrane-lined channels that allow free movement of water and solutes between cytoplasms of neighbouring cells, like gap junctions in animals. Plasmodesmata permeability varies during plant development and experimental studies have correlated changes in the permeability of plasmodesmal channels to turgor pressure variations. Here we study the role of plasmodesmal permeability in cotton fiber growth, a type of cell that increases in length by at least 3 orders of magnitude in a few weeks. We incorporated plasmodesma-dependent movement of water and solutes into a classical model of plant cell expansion. We performed a sensitivity analysis to changes in values of model parameters and found that plasmodesmal permeability is among the most important factors for building up turgor pressure and expanding cotton fibers. Moreover, we found that non-monotonic behaviors of turgor pressure that have been reported previously in cotton fibers cannot be recovered without accounting for dynamic changes of the parameters used in the model. Altogether, our results suggest an important role for plasmodesmal permeability in the regulation of turgor pressure.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The cochlear hook region detects harmonics beyond the canonical hearing range 耳蜗钩区能检测到标准听力范围之外的谐波

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae280

Kazuhiro Horii, Bakushi Ogawa, Noriko Nagase, Iori Morimoto, Chikara Abe, Takenori Ogawa, Samuel Choi, Fumiaki Nin

{"title":"The cochlear hook region detects harmonics beyond the canonical hearing range","authors":"Kazuhiro Horii, Bakushi Ogawa, Noriko Nagase, Iori Morimoto, Chikara Abe, Takenori Ogawa, Samuel Choi, Fumiaki Nin","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae280","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound, or sound at frequencies exceeding the conventional range of human hearing, is not only audible to mice, microbats, and dolphins, but also creates an auditory sensation when delivered through bone conduction in humans. Although ultrasound is utilized for brain activation and in hearing aids, the physiological mechanism of ultrasonic hearing remains unknown. In guinea pigs, we found that ultrasound above the hearing range delivered through ossicles of the middle ear evokes an auditory brainstem response and a mechano-electrical transduction current through hair cells, as shown by the local field potential called the cochlear microphonic potential (CM). The CM synchronizes with ultrasound, and like the response to audible sounds is actively and nonlinearly amplified. In vivo optical nano-vibration analysis revealed that the sensory epithelium in the hook region, the basal extreme of the cochlear turns, resonates in response both to ultrasound within the hearing range and to harmonics beyond the hearing range. The results indicate that hair cells can respond to stimulation at the optimal frequency and its harmonics, and the hook region detects ultrasound stimuli with frequencies more than two octaves higher than the upper limit of the ordinary hearing range.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of firebricks for industrial process heat on the cost of matching all-sector energy demand with 100% wind-water-solar supply in 149 countries 在 149 个国家，用于工业加工供热的耐火砖对以 100% 风-水-太阳能供应满足所有部门能源需求的成本的影响

PNAS Nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae274

Mark Z Jacobson, Daniel J Sambor, Yuanbei F Fan, Andreas Mühlbauer

{"title":"Effects of firebricks for industrial process heat on the cost of matching all-sector energy demand with 100% wind-water-solar supply in 149 countries","authors":"Mark Z Jacobson, Daniel J Sambor, Yuanbei F Fan, Andreas Mühlbauer","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae274","url":null,"abstract":"Refractory bricks are bricks that can withstand high temperatures without damage to their structures. They have been used to insulate kilns, furnaces, and other hot enclosures for thousands of years. Firebricks are refractory bricks that can, with one composition, store heat, and with another, insulate the firebricks that store the heat. Because firebricks are made from common materials, the cost per kilowatt-hour-thermal of a firebrick storage system is less than one-tenth the cost per kilowatt-hour-electricity of a battery system. It has thus been hypothesized that using excess renewable electricity to produce and store industrial process heat in firebricks can provide a low-cost source of continuous heat for industry. Here it is hypothesized further that, upon a transition to 100% clean, renewable energy worldwide, using firebricks to store industrial process heat can reduce electricity-generator, electricity storage, and low-temperature heat storage needs, thereby reducing overall energy cost. Both hypotheses are tested across 149 countries combined into 29 world regions. Results suggest, relative to a base case with no firebricks, using firebricks may reduce, among all 149 countries, 2050 battery capacity by ∼14.5%, annual hydrogen production for grid electricity by ∼31%, underground low-temperature heat storage capacity by ∼27.3%; onshore wind nameplate capacity by ∼1.2%, land needs by ∼0.4%, and overall annual energy cost by ∼1.8%. In sum, the use of firebricks for storing industrial process heat appears to be a remarkable tool in reducing the cost of transitioning to clean, renewable energy across all energy sectors.","PeriodicalId":516525,"journal":{"name":"PNAS Nexus","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141587574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0