Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Small-Sided Games are More Enjoyable Than High-Intensity Interval Training of Similar Exercise Intensity in Soccer.","authors":"Okba Selmi,&nbsp;Ibrahim Ouergui,&nbsp;Danielle E Levitt,&nbsp;Pantelis T Nikolaidis,&nbsp;Beat Knechtle,&nbsp;Anissa Bouassida","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S244512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S244512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and small-sided games (SSG) have been applied and tested for athletes in order to enhance the soccer performance. For this reason, this experimental study aimed to compare the effects of SSGs and HIIT on power, physiological responses and perceived enjoyment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixteen youth soccer players (age, 17.5±0.6 years, mean±standard deviation; height, 178.2±6.4 cm; body mass, 70.4±5.4 kg; body fat, 10.6±0.8%) completed one session each of HIIT and SSG on separate days with 1 week between sessions. Each session lasted 25 mins (4x4 mins work with 3 mins of passive recovery in-between). SSGs consisted of 4 versus 4 player games on a 25×35 m pitch, and HIIT consisted of intermittent 15-s runs at 110% maximal aerobic speed separated by 15 s of passive recovery. Psychological responses following each protocol were assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and lactate concentration [La] were measured after each training session. Lower body muscular power was assessed using the 5-jump test relative to leg length (5JT-relative) before and after each training session, where greater average distance per stride over five sequential jumping strides indicated greater muscular power.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HIIT and SSG showed no significant difference in HR, RPE and [La] responses (p=0.70, ES=0.11; p=0.61, ES=0.08 and p=0.38, ES=0.21, respectively). 5JT-relative decreased significantly for SSG and HIIT (p<0.05, ES=0.50 and p<0.05, ES=0.40, respectively). PACES score was greater in SSG compared to HIIT (ES=5.35, p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HIIT and SSG sessions induced similar physiological responses; however, SSGs induced a higher enjoyment level than HIIT. Coaches could choose between these training modalities according to the objective of their training session, considering the enjoyment-related advantages of SSGs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S244512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37770865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Acute: Chronic Workload Ratios and Injury Risk in Sports: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Danny Maupin, Ben Schram, Elisa Canetti, Robin Orr","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S231405","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OAJSM.S231405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Low injury rates have previously been correlated with sporting team success, highlighting the importance of injury prevention programs. Recent methods, such as acute:chronic workload ratios (ACWR) have been developed in an attempt to predict and manage injury risk; however, the relation between these methods and injury risk is unclear. The aim of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the key findings of studies that have investigated the relationship between ACWR and injury risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Included studies were critically appraised using the Downs and Black checklist, and a level of evidence was determined. Relevant data were extracted, tabulated, and synthesized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven studies were included for review and ranged in percentage quality scores from 48.2% to 64.3%. Almost perfect interrater agreement (κ = 0.885) existed between raters. This review found a high variability between studies with different variables studied (total distance versus high speed running), as well as differences between ratios analyzed (1.50-1.80 versus ≥1.50), and reference groups (a reference group of 0.80-1.20 versus ≤0.85).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering the high variability, it appears that utilizing ACWR for external (eg, total distance) and internal (eg, heart rate) loads may be related to injury risk. Calculating ACWR using exponentially weighted moving averages may potentially result in a more sensitive measure. There also appears to be a trend towards the ratios of 0.80-1.30 demonstrating the lowest risk of injury. However, there may be issues with the ACWR method that must be addressed before it is confidently used to mitigate injury risk. Utilizing standardized approaches will allow for more objective conclusions to be drawn across multiple populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"51-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/98/df/oajsm-11-51.PMC7047972.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37726461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified Measurement of Maximum Strength After Knee Surgery: Application-Based Knee-Training Device Compared to Isokinetic Testing.","authors":"Hauke Horstmann,&nbsp;Pascal Medico,&nbsp;Florian Lasch,&nbsp;Werner Krutsch,&nbsp;Thomas Sanjay Weber-Spickschen","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S214598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S214598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Isokinetic testing is used as a standard tool in measuring strength in professional athletes. It is often used to evaluate improvement during rehabilitation. The disadvantages of isokinetic testing include its costs, the fact that it is not portable, and its risk of injury, which makes it not suitable for early postoperative rehabilitation.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the results of the isokinetic testing and the measurements of an application-based knee-training device.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Exploratory diagnostic study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this monocentric study, 100 subjects performed an isokinetic maximum strength examination and an assessment on the application-based knee-training device in a randomized order. The isokinetic testing was based on the Swiss Olympic protocol with 3 sets of 5 repetitions of maximum strength testing for flexion and extension. The subjects consisted of 50 healthy professional athletes and 50 healthy recreational athletes, half male and half female, between the ages of 18 to 30 years old.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No medical or technical issues were reported. The analysis of the relationship between application-based knee-training device and extension showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of r=0.667 for the left knee and r=0.604 for the right knee. For flexion, the Pearson correlation coefficient was r=0.640 for the left side and r=0.673 for the right side. When strength measured by the application-based knee-training device was adjusted for height and weight of the subjects, the Pearson correlation was even stronger (extension left: r=0.727, right: r=0.689; flexion left: r=0.641, right: r=0.711).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study shows a moderate to high correlation between isokinetic testing and the application-based knee-training device. These results suggest that the application-based knee-training device is effective for early strength rehabilitation without the risk of injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S214598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37726460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on Exercise Performance and Associated Indicators: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Gustavo R Mota,&nbsp;Mário Antônio de Moura Simim,&nbsp;Izabela Aparecida Dos Santos,&nbsp;Jeffer Eidi Sasaki,&nbsp;Moacir Marocolo","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S198809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S198809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review investigated the effects of wearing below-knee compression stockings (CS) on exercise performance (or sports activity) and associated physiological and perceived indicators. We searched articles on PubMed using the following terms: \"graduated compression stockings\"; \"compression stockings\"; \"graduated compression socks\"; \"compression socks\" combined with \"performance\", \"athletes\", \"exercise\", \"exercise performance\", \"fatigue\", \"sports\" and \"recovery\", resulting in 1067 papers. After checking for inclusion criteria (e.g., original studies, healthy subjects, performance analysis), 21 studies were selected and analyzed. We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved performance in a small number of studies. However, wearing CS could benefit muscle function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period. Future research should investigate the chronic effect of CS on Sports Medicine and athletic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S198809","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37726459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise Training and Fasting: Current Insights.","authors":"Hassane Zouhal,&nbsp;Ayoub Saeidi,&nbsp;Amal Salhi,&nbsp;Huige Li,&nbsp;M Faadiel Essop,&nbsp;Ismail Laher,&nbsp;Fatma Rhibi,&nbsp;Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari,&nbsp;Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S224919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S224919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fasting is defined as the abstinence from consuming food and/or beverages for different periods of time. Both traditional and modern healthcare systems recommend fasting as a therapeutic intervention for the management of several chronic, non-infectious diseases. Exercising during a fasting state increases lipolysis in adipose tissue while also stimulating peripheral fat oxidation, resulting in increased fat utilization and weight loss. A key focus of this review is to assess whether endurance training performed while fasting induces specific training adaptations, where increased fat oxidation improves long-term endurance levels. Fasting decreases body weight, lean body and fat content in both trained and untrained individuals. Several studies indicate a broader impact of fasting on metabolism, with effects on protein and glucose metabolism in sedentary and untrained subjects. However, there are conflicting data regarding the effects of fasting on glucose metabolism in highly trained athletes. The effects of fasting on physical performance indicators also remain unclear, with some reporting a decreased performance, while others found no significant effects. Differences in experimental design, severity of calorie restriction, duration, and participant characteristics could, at least in part, explain such discordant findings. Our review of the literature suggests that there is little evidence to support the notion of endurance training and fasting-mediated increases in fat oxidation, and we recommend that endurance athletes should avoid high intensity training while fasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"11 ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S224919","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37611371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Athlete with Type 1 Diabetes: Transition from Case Reports to General Therapy Recommendations.","authors":"Jane E Yardley","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S149257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S149257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fear of hypoglycemia is a common barrier to exercise and physical activity for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While some of the earliest studies in this area involved only one or two participants, the link between exercise, exogenous insulin, and hypoglycemia was already clear, with the only suggested management strategies being to decrease insulin dosage and/or consume carbohydrates before and after exercise. Over the past 50 years, a great deal of knowledge has been developed around the impact of different types and intensities of exercise on blood glucose levels in this population. Recent decades have also seen the development of technologies such as continuous glucose monitors, faster-acting insulins and commercially available insulin pumps to allow for the real-time observation of interstitial glucose levels, and more precise adjustments to insulin dosage before, during and after activity. As such, there are now evidence-based exercise and physical activity guidelines for individuals with type 1 diabetes. While the risk of hypoglycemia has not been completely eliminated, therapy recommendations have evolved considerably. This review discusses the evolution of the knowledge and the technology related to type 1 diabetes and exercise that have allowed this evolution to take place.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S149257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37448843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Demands at the Ankle Joint During Saut de Chat and Temps levé Jumps in Classically Trained Ballet Dancers.","authors":"Sarah K Perry,&nbsp;Harsh H Buddhadev,&nbsp;Lorraine R Brilla,&nbsp;David N Suprak","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S234289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S234289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>During ballet, injuries to the Achilles tendon are associated with the take-off phase of various jumps.</p><p><strong>Research question: </strong>The purpose of the study was to assess differences in mechanical demand on the body, specifically at the ankle, in two single-leg jumps commonly trained in ballet: a saut de chat (SDC) and a temps levé (TL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen classically trained female dancers had 16 reflective markers placed on the lower body and each dancer performed each jump three times on a force plate. The marker position data and ground reaction forces (GRF) were captured synchronously at 250 Hz and 1000 Hz, respectively. Peak vertical GRF, mean rate of force development (RFD), peak ankle moment, and peak ankle power were determined and averaged across trials. Paired <i>t</i>-tests were used to determine differences between the SDC and the TL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When compared to the TL, the SDC displayed significantly higher peak vertical GRF (<i>p</i> = 0.003), RFD (<i>p</i> = 0.002), and peak ankle moment and power (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The effect sizes for these differences were large for all variables (Cohen's <i>d</i> > 0.80).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mechanical demand at the ankle joint is significantly greater for the SDC than the TL.</p>","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"191-197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S234289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37448932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participating In The Race Across AMerica In A Team Of Eight Cyclists: Do Not Neglect Crew Preparation","authors":"K. Guex, Émilie Serain, G. Gremion, C. Besson, R. Faiss, Jocelyne Majo, F. Degache","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S219124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S219124","url":null,"abstract":"Background The Race Across AMerica (RAAM) is considered as one of the longest, and most difficult cycling races in the world. It can be performed in solo or in relay of two, four or eight persons. Purpose/method The aim of the present study was to investigate several physiological, perceptual and psychological responses before, during and after RAAM in a team of eight amateur cyclists. Because logistics of all team is demanding and complex, crew members have followed the same testing procedure. Results The main result is that parameters were globally not altered to a greater extent in cyclists than in crew members over the course of the RAAM, and that all variables returned to pre-race levels 1 week after the end of the race in both groups. In crew, body fat was decreased (p < 0.05) at mid-race (Mid) vs 1 week before the RAAM (Pre) (−1.5%) and total body water was increased (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre (+2.5%). In pre-relay quadriceps strength in cyclists was significantly lower (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre (41.6 ± 9.1 vs 45.0 ± 11.2 N, d = 0.36). Therefore, performing the race with eight well-prepared amateur cyclists seems to decrease potential risks on health. In crew, quadriceps strength remained stable at each assessment time but general fatigue increased all along the race. Anger was increased (p < 0.05) at Mid vs Pre in crew. Conclusion The most important message of this study is that crew members for a team of eight require adequate and sufficient preparation and training. Roles and responsibilities need to be thoroughly defined; individuals need to know each other beforehand and they must be prepared for sleep deprivation. The results of this study show the importance of the preparation of two teams: crew members, as well as cyclists.","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"161 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S219124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42680184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights","authors":"F. McSwiney, L. Doyle, D. Plews, C. Zinn","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S180409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S180409","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The impact of a ketogenic diet (KD) (<50 g/d carbohydrate, >75% fat) on athletic performance has sparked much interest and self-experimentation in the past 3–4 years. Evidence shows 3–4-week adaptations to a KD in endurance-trained athletes were associated with maintenance of moderate (46–63% VO2max) and vigorous intensity (64–90% VO2max) endurance exercise, while at intensities >70% VO2max, increases in fat oxidation were associated with decreased economy (increased oxygen consumption), and in some cases, increased ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate. Two investigations in recreationally active endurance athletes noted no vigorous intensity exercise decrement following 3- and 12-week adaptations. Moderate (70–85% one repetition maximum) and near-maximal to maximal intensity (>85% 1RM) strength performance experienced no decrement following a 3-12-week KD adaptation. Beneficial effects were noted for 2000 m sprint and critical power test completed for short duration at vigorous intensity, while two additional tests noted no decrement. For sprint, near-maximal exercise (>91% VO2max), benefit of the KD was observed for six-second sprint, while no decrement in performance was noted for two additional maximal tests. When protein is equated (grams per kilogram), one investigation noted no decrement in muscle hypertrophy, while one noted a decrement. One investigation with matched protein noted the KD group lost more body fat. In conclusion, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise experiences no decrement following adaptation to a KD. Decreases in exercise economy are observed >70% VO2max in trained endurance athletes which may negate performance within field settings. Beneficial effects of the KD during short duration vigorous, and sprint bouts of exercises are often confounded by greater weight loss in the KD group. With more athletes pursuing carbohydrate-restricted diets (moderate and strict (KD)) for their proposed health benefits, more work is needed in the area to address both performance and health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"171 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S180409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43329480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Block periodization of endurance training – a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Knut Sindre Mølmen, S. Øfsteng, B. Rønnestad","doi":"10.2147/OAJSM.S180408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S180408","url":null,"abstract":"Background Block periodization (BP) has been proposed as an alternative to traditional (TRAD) organization of the annual training plan for endurance athletes. Objective To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the effect BP of endurance training on endurance performance and factors determinative for endurance performance in trained- to well-trained athletes. Methods The PubMed, SPORTdiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to August 2019. Studies were included if the following criteria were met: 1) the study examined a block-periodized endurance training intervention; 2) the study had a one-, two or multiple group-, crossover- or case-study design; 3) the study assessed at least one key endurance variable before and after the intervention period. A total of 2905 studies were screened, where 20 records met the eligibility criteria. Methodological quality for each study was assessed using the PEDro scale. Six studies were pooled to perform meta-analysis for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal power output (Wmax) during an incremental exercise test to exhaustion. Due to a lower number of studies and heterogenous measurements, other performance measures were systematically reviewed. Results The meta-analyses revealed small favorable effects for BP compared to TRAD regarding changes in VO2max (standardized mean difference, 0.40; 95% CI=0.02, 0.79) and Wmax (standardized mean difference, 0.28; 95% CI=0.01, 0.54). For changes in endurance performance and workload at different exercise thresholds BP generally revealed moderate- to large-effect sizes compared to TRAD. Conclusion BP is an adequate, alternative training strategy to TRAD as evidenced by superior training effects on VO2max and Wmax in athletes. The reviewed studies show promising effects for BP of endurance training; however, these results must be considered with some caution due to small studies with generally low methodological quality (mean PEDro score =3.7/10).","PeriodicalId":51644,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"145 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJSM.S180408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42340731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}