{"title":"False prosperity: Rethinking government support for farmers’ cooperatives in China","authors":"Feifei Chen, Zhigang Xu, Yufeng Luo","doi":"10.1111/apce.12420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12420","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid development of farmers’ cooperatives in rural China cannot be separated from government support. To ensure the growth of farmers’ cooperatives, the Chinese government uses it as a key performance indicator for its local institutions. Superficially, rural China's cooperative population and membership size witnessed rapid growth during the first decade after the Farmers’ Specialized Cooperatives Law was enacted in 2007; however, such government intervention also leads to non-standard phenomena due to market distortion. Using nationally representative survey data from 504 cooperatives in Jiangsu, Jilin, and Sichuan provinces, this paper provides a reliable estimate of the “shell cooperative” rate around 2014. The empirical study sheds further light on the role of government during the period of rapid but chaotic growth by a subset containing 241 marketing cooperatives. Results show that direct administrative intervention leads to the emergence of many shell cooperatives (approximately 37%). Further study also confirms that task-oriented policy support is only positively associated with the nominal coverage ratio but has no significant relationship with cooperatives’ function. This study provides new insights into the formation of shell cooperatives and suggests that direct administrative intervention may not be a good strategy for promoting the sustainable development of farmers’ cooperatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"94 3","pages":"905-920"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50143172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What are the determinants affecting cooperatives’ profitability? Evidence from Spain","authors":"Mercè Sala-Ríos","doi":"10.1111/apce.12423","DOIUrl":"10.1111/apce.12423","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focuses on the analysis of the determinants of Spanish cooperatives’ profitability. We inspect several variables, whose influence on firms’ profitability has been verified by prior literature, and we assess whether these results are confirmed in cooperatives. The data span 13 years (2008–20). We approach the analysis including: (i) firm-specific factors, (ii) industry-specific factors, and (iii) location factors. There is a main research question: Are there significant differences in cooperatives’ profitability depending on firm-specific, industry-specific and/or location factors? The results emphasize that firm-specific effects are the most important for cooperatives’ profitability. Summarizing our findings, cooperatives’ profitability is positively affected by size, liquidity, indebtedness, regional specialization in cooperatives, location economies, and lagging profitability, and negatively affected by age and presence in international markets.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"95 1","pages":"85-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/apce.12423","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74175712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of commitment in the public goods game with endogenous institution formation","authors":"Misato Inaba, Tetsuya Kawamura, Kazuhito Ogawa","doi":"10.1111/apce.12424","DOIUrl":"10.1111/apce.12424","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focuses on the endogenous formation of institutions for the provision of public goods. Institutions that impose a contribution on their members can increase social welfare. However, without powerful executive authority, not all players become institutional members, and those who choose not to join the institution do not contribute to public goods. Endogenous institution formation—for example, international treaties to prevent global warming—may be a solution. This study examines the effect of commitment on endogenous institution formation for solving the public goods problem. We compared two rules in which participants either committed to join or did not join an institution. Under both rules, players who proposed to form an institution could withdraw from it during the formation process. Under the breakaway rule, the institution can be formed even if some proposers withdraw, whereas under the unanimity rule, the institution is never formed if at least one proposer withdraws. Thus, the unanimity rule required the commitment of proposers for institution formation. Our experimental result showed that the unanimity rule increased the contribution to public goods, whereas the breakaway rule did not. Our findings suggest that the commitment to become a member of an institution is essential for endogenous institution formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"95 1","pages":"67-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87325298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eco-innovation and environmental performance: Insights from Spanish wine companies","authors":"Marcos Carchano, Inmaculada Carrasco, Ángela González","doi":"10.1111/apce.12421","DOIUrl":"10.1111/apce.12421","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the linkages between pressure from stakeholders, eco-innovation and environmental performance considering the moderating role of being a cooperative. Using survey data from 239 Spanish companies we developed a model of structural equations to verify the relationship between the variables. We show that the implementation of eco-innovations, driven by pressure from internal stakeholders, leads to better environmental performance. In addition, our results strengthen previous empirical evidence about the compromise of cooperatives with the community, workers, and the environment: they are influenced by both internal and external stakeholders in the implementation of eco-innovations, while limited liability companies are influenced only by internal stakeholders.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"95 2","pages":"595-623"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/apce.12421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79969056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Martos-Pedrero, Luis J. Belmonte-Ureña, Francisco Joaquín Cortés-García
{"title":"Are there any differences in the corporate social responsibility strategy of fruit and vegetable production-commercialization cooperatives and other companies operating in southeastern Spain?","authors":"Antonio Martos-Pedrero, Luis J. Belmonte-Ureña, Francisco Joaquín Cortés-García","doi":"10.1111/apce.12419","DOIUrl":"10.1111/apce.12419","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Customers, civil organizations, the media, and society demand that companies behave in ways beyond regulatory requirements concerning social and environmental issues. Therefore, companies are striving to adapt to these new requirements and to express their commitment to stakeholders through their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy. The values and principles of cooperatives make them ideal for responsible business management within the framework of CSR. Almeria is a province in southeastern Spain and it is one of the areas with the highest concentration of agribusiness in Europe. This paper aims to empirically verify whether the CSR orientation of agricultural cooperatives in this province are greater than that of other companies because of the application of these principles. Or, if globalization and competition is pushing these organizations to abandon their principles and values while losing their distinctive identity. A cluster analysis was applied to a representative sample of 107 fruit and vegetable production-commercialization companies, and this included five dimensions of study applying the stakeholder theory: partners, employees, customers, farmers, and the environment. According to their legal form, we concluded that these entities do not significantly differ in their corporate social responsibility strategy. The Mann-Whitney nonparametric analysis indicates that only the employee dimension shows significant differences depending on the legal form.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"95 1","pages":"249-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/apce.12419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90698363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scaling strategies, organizational capabilities and scaling social impact: An investigation of social enterprises in China","authors":"Xiao-Min Yu, Xiang-Yang Bi","doi":"10.1111/apce.12418","DOIUrl":"10.1111/apce.12418","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most social enterprises (SEs) face constant challenges to scale up their social impact, especially for those in transforming societies such as China, where the ecosystem of SEs is still immature. Previous literature has examined how and why SEs select specific scaling strategies; however, the scaling performance of different scaling strategies has rarely been empirically explored. Therefore, this study takes a hypothesis-testing quantitative approach, for the first time, to investigate how different scaling strategies contribute divergently to scaling performance and how their contributions are subject to the moderating role of SEs’ organizational capabilities. The findings show that the three types of scaling strategies positively contribute to scaling performance, and the magnitude and significance of their influences descend from knowledge dissemination, through organizational growth, to contractual partnerships. Meanwhile, when SEs have a higher level of stakeholder engagement capabilities or strategic management capabilities, knowledge dissemination has a stronger effect on scaling performance. Conversely, when SEs have a lower level of marketing capabilities or strategic management capabilities, organizational growth has a stronger effect on scaling performance. These results offer practical implications, suggesting that SEs selecting knowledge dissemination as a scaling strategy should prioritize advancing their stakeholder engagement capabilities and strategic management capabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"95 1","pages":"129-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80211709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongyun Zheng, Puneet Vatsa, Wanglin Ma, Dil Bahadur Rahut
{"title":"Does agricultural cooperative membership influence off-farm work decisions of farm couples?","authors":"Hongyun Zheng, Puneet Vatsa, Wanglin Ma, Dil Bahadur Rahut","doi":"10.1111/apce.12417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12417","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Membership in agricultural cooperatives may influence intra-household decisions regarding the division of household labor. However, the linkages between cooperative membership and labor allocation remain unexplored. To fill this gap, we examine the impact of cooperative membership on off-farm work decisions of couples engaged in farming, using data collected from 595 banana farmers in China. The recursive bivariate probit model and endogenous-treatment Poisson regression model are employed to address the self-selection bias inherent in cooperative membership. The results show that cooperative membership increases the probability of participating in off-farm work by 38% for husbands and 31% for wives. Having large households reduces the probability of husbands but increases that of wives working off-farm. Cooperative membership is also associated with more time spent on off-farm work and higher earnings for both husbands and wives. Our findings point to the potential of agricultural cooperatives to increase farm couples’ off-farm employment, thus increasing household income and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"94 3","pages":"831-855"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/apce.12417","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50140990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorge Luis Sánchez-Navarro, Narciso Arcas-Lario, Miguel Hernández-Espallardo
{"title":"Identifying the antecedents of opportunism in agri-food cooperatives: a comparative analysis between first- and second-tier cooperatives","authors":"Jorge Luis Sánchez-Navarro, Narciso Arcas-Lario, Miguel Hernández-Espallardo","doi":"10.1111/apce.12416","DOIUrl":"10.1111/apce.12416","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agri-food cooperatives allow farmers to improve their competitiveness and bargaining power. However, the specificities of their organizational form, in which owners are decision makers, suppliers, and clients, open the door to conflicts of interest. Members’ opportunism comes in the aftermath of this and adversely affects cooperatives’ performance. Hence, knowing the antecedents of these undesirable opportunistic behaviors is an important management concern. This study analyzes the factors that promote cooperative members opportunism by exploring the differences between memberships of first-tier cooperatives and second-tier cooperatives. To this end, an ordinary least squares linear regression model with interaction terms was estimated. The results show that in the case of first-tier cooperatives, environmental uncertainty, members’ heterogeneity, and the cooperative's market orientation increase members’ opportunism, while members’ dependence on the cooperative, long-term orientation of the relationship, and members’ market orientation reduce it. For second-tier cooperatives, our results reveal that cooperative market orientation increases members’ opportunism, while members’ market orientation reduces it. Moreover, we find that members’ dependence on cooperatives, long-term orientation, and environmental uncertainty have different effects on opportunism in each type of membership.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"95 1","pages":"201-223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/apce.12416","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85596317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hojjat Shakiba, Ayoub Pazhouhan, Saba Amiri, Kamal Sakhdari
{"title":"Inclusive urban entrepreneurial ecosystem: An exploration of factors affecting organizational ambidexterity","authors":"Hojjat Shakiba, Ayoub Pazhouhan, Saba Amiri, Kamal Sakhdari","doi":"10.1111/apce.12415","DOIUrl":"10.1111/apce.12415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the main challenges inclusive urban entrepreneurial ecosystems (IUEEs) face is balancing their organizations' two opposing individual and cooperative activities. The closest concept in the management of dual structures is the so-called organizational ambidexterity (OA). We refer to it as “Individual–Collective Organizational Ambidexterity”. Thus, it is necessary to explore factors affecting the OA of the IUEE's organizations to benefit simultaneously from individual and collective potentials and form successfully. To do so, a model was designed by examining the factors affecting the OA capacity of the IUEE's organizations. The statistical population was organizations involved in the IUEE of 36 cities in Kermanshah province, one of the poorest provinces in IRAN (<i>N</i> = 2041). 328 valid responses were collected as statistical sample based on the sampling table of Krejcie and Morgan (from 1970), and through the proportional stratified sampling method. The main instrument was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 26 and Smartpls3 software. The results showed among the factors studied, diversity, learning orientation, and promotion of entrepreneurial culture had a positive and significant effect on OA. Networking capacities and commitment to collaboration in the ecosystem did not significantly affect OA. OA also had a positive and significant effect on the performance of IUEE. The discussion eventually suggests the future directions of the research. The findings of this study can be used to develop IUEEs and achieve entrepreneurial cities.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"95 1","pages":"275-300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78458274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Co-creation of business models for smallholder forest farmers’ organizations: Lessons learned from rural Ethiopia and Tanzania","authors":"Kendisha Soekardjo Hintz, Jürgen Pretzsch","doi":"10.1111/apce.12413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12413","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest farmers’ organizations (FFOs) have recently gained scholarly attention as a collective action instrument to upgrade value chains. However, insights into possible business models and organizational forms of FFOs remain fragmented. This study thus aimed to co-create FFO business models in order to assess the business models in the context of the regulatory framework and the value chain upgrading theory. The Input–Output scheme and the Business Model Canvas (BMC) were merged to create an analytical lens. Participatory workshops with two farmers’ organizations, each in Ethiopia and Tanzania, were conducted and triangulated with ten focus group discussions and 25 key informant interviews. The co-created business models reflected the grassroots entrepreneurial potential of smallholders to envision FFOs. The gaps requiring external support, namely the know-how in accessing microfinance, silvicultural practices, and entrepreneurship, were revealed. We argue that the transformation from a farmers’ organization to an FFO enables wood value chain upgrading. Diversifying wood with non-wood products is key for FFOs. Regardless of how the regulatory framework shapes external support, the local government plays a pivotal role in facilitating the connection between FFOs and (non-)governmental support actors. Through this research, we develop suggestions for further empirical studies and offer several recommendations for decision-makers.</p>","PeriodicalId":51632,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics","volume":"94 3","pages":"921-949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/apce.12413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50137591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}