The Journal of Technology Transfer最新文献

{"title":"The valorization of non-patent intellectual property in academic medical centers.","authors":"Kieren Marr,&nbsp;Phillip Phan","doi":"10.1007/s10961-020-09827-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-020-09827-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turning university research output into useful products such as drugs, devices and diagnostics requires skills, knowledge, and resources traditionally attributed to private industry. When it comes to intangibles such as care delivery models, informatics and algorithms, and the software behind smart wearables, the commercialization challenges are even greater. With notable exceptions, Academic Medical Centers have typically not excelled in advancing commercialization of such non-patent intellectual property (IP). We believe that this is in part because the traditional closed form university IP policy, formulated since Bayh-Dole (1980), is ill-suited to non-patent IP. In this paper, we reflect on the evolving challenges that new forms of healthcare-related discoveries, specifically non-patent IP, are placing on the traditional university intellectual property and technology transfer regime, and to offer suggestions on how universities can begin to modernize their IP policies to support the valorization of non-patent IP.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"45 6","pages":"1823-1841"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10961-020-09827-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38454071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrepreneurial ecosystems: economic, technological, and societal impacts.","authors":"David B Audretsch,&nbsp;James A Cunningham,&nbsp;Donald F Kuratko,&nbsp;Erik E Lehmann,&nbsp;Matthias Menter","doi":"10.1007/s10961-018-9690-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9690-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the overwhelming use of the metaphor 'ecosystem' in academia, industry, policy, and management, exact definitions of what 'ecosystems' really comprise are scarce and often inconsistent. Existing vague descriptions in the literature do not consider the boundaries of respective agglomerations, hence, they impede the evaluation of performance and outcome measures of respective ecosystems. This special issue is a first attempt to trace the 'ecosystem' discussion back to its roots-the ancient <i>oikos</i>, coined by the Greek philosopher Hesiod (700 BC), and aims to critically reflect on the usage of the term 'ecosystem', briefly summarize the extant literature and grasp the main features of entrepreneurial ecosystems, namely the economic, technological, and societal dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems. We intend to focus on the key elements that characterize an ecosystem, and hence, untangle under what conditions entrepreneurial firms shape and influence economic, technological, and societal thinking within their ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"44 2","pages":"313-325"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10961-018-9690-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37129630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying High Resource Consumption Areas of Assembly-Centric Manufacturing in the United States.","authors":"Douglas Thomas, Anand Kandaswamy","doi":"10.1007/s10961-017-9577-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10961-017-9577-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper examines supply chain value added in the US for producing assembly-centric products, which includes machinery, computers, electronics, and transportation equipment, and determines whether costs are disproportionally distributed. The implication being that reductions in resource consumption in some cost areas can disproportionally reduce total resource consumption. Efforts to develop and disseminate innovative solutions to improve efficiency can, therefore, be targeted to these high cost areas, resulting in larger efficiency improvements than might otherwise be achieved. An input-output model is used for this examination and is combined with labor data and data on assets. The top 20 industries, occupations, and industry occupation combinations contributing to production are identified. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the model using Monte Carlo simulation. The results confirm that costs are disproportionally distributed, having a Gini coefficient of 0.75 for value added and for compensation it is 0.86. <i>Wholesale trade</i>, <i>aircraft manufacturing</i>, and the <i>management of companies and enterprises</i> were the industries with the largest contribution to assembly-centric manufacturing, even when including imports. Energy in the form of electricity and natural gas were discussed separately, but would rank 8^th if compared to the industry rankings. In terms of occupation activities, team assemblers, general and operations managers, and sales representatives were the largest occupations. Public entities might use this model and results to identify efficiency improvement efforts that will have the largest impact on industry per dollar of expenditure.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"44 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6506843/pdf/nihms943697.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37232765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of digital start-up founders' higher education on reaching equity investment milestones.","authors":"Daniel Ratzinger,&nbsp;Kevin Amess,&nbsp;Andrew Greenman,&nbsp;Simon Mosey","doi":"10.1007/s10961-017-9627-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9627-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper builds on human capital theory to assess the importance of formal education among graduate entrepreneurs. Using a sample of 4953 digital start-ups the paper evaluates the impact of start-up founding teams' higher education on the probability of securing equity investment and subsequent exit for investors. The main findings are: (1), teams with a founder that has a technical education are less likely to remain self-financed and are more likely to secure equity investment and to exit, but the impact of technical education declines with higher level degrees, (2) teams with a founder that has doctoral level business education are less likely to remain self-financed and have a higher probability of securing equity investment, while undergraduate and postgraduate business education have no significant effect, and (3) teams with a founder that has an undergraduate general education (arts and humanities) are less likely to remain self-financed and are more likely to secure equity investment and exit while postgraduate and doctoral general education have no significant effect on securing equity investment and exit. The findings enhance our understanding of factors that influence digital start-ups achieving equity milestones by showing the heterogeneous influence of different types of higher education, and therefore human capital, on new ventures achieving equity milestones. The results suggest that researchers and policy-makers should extend their consideration of universities entrepreneurial activity to include the development of human capital.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"43 3","pages":"760-778"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10961-017-9627-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37104981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The short-run effects of knowledge intensive greenfield FDI on new domestic entry.","authors":"Sara Amoroso,&nbsp;Bettina Müller","doi":"10.1007/s10961-017-9575-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9575-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Existing evidence on the impact of foreign direct investment on domestic economies remains ambiguous. Positive technology spillovers of foreign investment may be outweighed by negative crowding out effect due to increased competition. In this paper, we employ a unique country/sector-level data set to investigate the impact of what is considered the 'best' type of foreign investment-greenfield knowledge intensive FDI-on domestic entry. Our results suggest that, in the short run, this type of FDI is positively related to the entry rate in the host country, if the domestic sector is either dynamic, or highly R&D intensive. These sectors may be respectively characterized by lower entry costs, which encourage a 'trial-and-error' learning business approach, and by a higher level of absorptive capacity which increases the chance of technology transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"43 3","pages":"815-836"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10961-017-9575-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37354835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technological transfers from the European space programs: a dynamic view and comparison with other R&D projects.","authors":"L Bach,&nbsp;P Cohendet,&nbsp;E Schenk","doi":"10.1023/a:1020259522902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020259522902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents the results and lessons learned from a series of studies carried out by the BETA research team (University Louis Pasteur of Strasbourg, France) to measure the spin-offs and technological transfers that resulted from European space programs. Beyond the quantitative results that are analyzed in detail, the article examines some of the main qualitative characteristics that shape the technology transfer process generated by these programs. In particular, it is demonstrated that three main characteristics have a significant impact on the technology transfer process: the nature of the technologies at stake (their degree of maturity, their degree of diversity, the extent to which they are generic or specific), the nature of the network of participants to the programs (the degree of mutual trust, the existence of absorptive capabilities) and the nature of the organizational structure of those firms which participated in the projects (their degree of decentralization, their degree of vertical integration). The article concludes by discussing how these lessons learned could be used to shape the procurement policies to be followed by space agencies in order to favor a high potential for technological transfers arising from future space projects.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"27 4","pages":"321-38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1023/a:1020259522902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24411727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfer of space technologies past and present: the Russian case.","authors":"Lyudmila Pankova","doi":"10.1023/a:1020263623811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020263623811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the end of the 1980's transfer of government sponsored high technology space goods and services to other sectors, industry, and eventually non-government use has been a growing concern of the Russian policy makers. Today the real and functional transformation of this field is on the agenda. The paper is organized as follows. The first section analyzes the evolution of the common approach to technology transfer, looks at the main obstacles to this processes as a whole, and in the space sector in particular. The second section examines the Russian space R&D sector from the point of view of its role and place in the Russian scientific and technological base. New mechanisms of technology transfer are then considered. Here, problems of conversion, commercialization, dual-use, and internationalization are examined in the context of space technology transfer. Furthermore, issues of innovation in technology transfer are discussed. The new networks that are forming through which technologies diffuse is considered. The paper then turns to legislative and regulatory problems, including the discussion of the main principles of the Russian space transfer code, which is now being drafted. It is necessary to underline, that in the Russian case, official statistics still do not help analyze the question of technology transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"27 4","pages":"349-60"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1023/a:1020263623811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24411729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic effects and spin-offs in a small space economy: the case of Canada.","authors":"Fernand Amesse,&nbsp;Patrick Cohendet,&nbsp;Alain Poirier,&nbsp;Jean-Marc Chouinard","doi":"10.1023/a:1020211606973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020211606973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canada, through a well-focused space program (telecommunications, earth observation, robotics), has succeeded in developing a space industry largely based on SMEs. The result has been significant economic benefits and technological spin-offs. In this article, the results of two programs, the ESA (European Space Agency) and the STEAR (Strategic Technologies in Automation and Robotics), are compared. The ESA program has generated significant indirect effects and spin-offs for Canadian exports. ESA's reputation and network have enabled SMEs to increase export sales of both space products and other commercial products derived from space technologies. The STEAR program has been highly successful in promoting a new generation of SMEs for space robotics, encouraging both spin-in and spin-offs of technologies. The analysis highlights the complementarity of mission- and diffusion-oriented programs in the technology transfer process.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"27 4","pages":"339-48"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1023/a:1020211606973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24411728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology transfer in the space sector: an international perspective.","authors":"Henry R Hertzfeld","doi":"10.1023/a:1020222521994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020222521994","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"27 4","pages":"307-9"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1023/a:1020222521994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24411724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the economic returns from successful NASA life sciences technology transfers.","authors":"Henry R Hertzfeld","doi":"10.1023/a:1020207506064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020207506064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 1958 NASA has invested approximately $3.7 billion in life sciences R&D in the support of the successful human space flight program. There are numerous studies documenting the spin-off technologies that can be traced to NASA research and development activities. Most of these studies describe the technologies and their uses; however only a few measure the economic impact of the spin-offs and most of these are benefit/cost studies that tend to overstate benefits or underestimate costs. This study takes a different approach, measuring only economic impacts to the companies that developed successful spin-off products from NASA life sciences investments. A personal interview was conducted with each company and the benefits are conservatively estimated as the value-added by the NASA technology to the company's output and the amount of additional private R&D stimulated by the NASA R&D. This pilot study of fifteen companies, using a very conservative measurement technique, found a large return to companies that have successfully commercialized NASA life sciences spin-off products. Value-added benefits totaled over $1.5 billion and a NASA R&D total investment in these 15 technologies of $64 million was found to stimulate an additional $200 million in private R&D. The study also found that the largest benefits were from products developed and marketed by large companies, primarily because these companies had the financial and marketing resources to work on a scale unavailable to smaller companies. Many of the small companies reported very profitable product-lines as well as documented evidence of benefits extending to the commercial users of their products. However, the smaller companies often lacked either the ability or the desire to expand into much larger scale production. NASA and other government technology transfer programs may be overlooking an opportunity to enlarge the economic benefits from their spin-off technologies. When a federal R&D grant or contract ends, the formal relationship between the agency and the company also usually ends. However, the companies continue to use the prior connection to NASA for advertising and for developing new business partners. One recommendation of this study is for NASA to be more proactive with \"alumni\" companies and to help open additional financial and marketing doors for these companies.</p>","PeriodicalId":515902,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Technology Transfer","volume":"27 4","pages":"311-20"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1023/a:1020207506064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24411725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}