SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH最新文献

{"title":"Optimal Layout of Suspension System Employing Mechatronic Inerter for\u0000 Comfort Enhancement Based on Structure-Immittance Approach","authors":"Michael M.H. Kolta, Nader A. Mansour, Manar Lashin, Aref M.A. Soliman","doi":"10.4271/10-08-03-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-03-0023","url":null,"abstract":"The usage of the inerter and its studies has greatly developed in recent years as\u0000 it offers better performance compared to passive systems and has lower cost and\u0000 power consumption than active and semi-active systems. This article focuses on\u0000 studying a half-vehicle model to obtain the optimal layout of the mechatronic\u0000 inerter, spring, and damper suspension system (ISD) for comfort enhancement with\u0000 the aid of the structure-immittance approach, ensuring structural\u0000 simplicity.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The mechatronic inerter, which consists of a single capacitance, resistance, and\u0000 inductance, is added to a half-vehicle model composed of an inerter, spring, and\u0000 damper. All possible layouts are studied to achieve the optimal design layout.\u0000 Evaluation criteria such as the performance index, system peak-to-peak value,\u0000 and settling time are utilized to assess body acceleration, thereby improving\u0000 passenger comfort. Furthermore, the system’s impact on dynamic tire load and\u0000 suspension working space under diverse road conditions is analyzed. Theoretical\u0000 analyses conducted using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the novel mechatronic\u0000 ISD layout significantly enhances body acceleration performance compared to\u0000 conventional passive systems, switchable hydraulic ISD systems, and fuzzy\u0000 logic-controlled three-setting switchable dampers.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141817663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration System of Phase-Locked Loop Imaging and Dots Centroid\u0000 Tracking Methods for Tire Deformation Measurement during Rolling","authors":"M. Matsubara, Seiki Shibataka, H. Tachiya, Shozo Kawamura, Daiki Tajiri, Akira Shibuya, M. Higuchi","doi":"10.4271/10-08-03-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-03-0022","url":null,"abstract":"This study develops an image measurement system that accurately measures rotating\u0000 tires’ deformed shape. Noncontact image measurement presents challenges such as\u0000 difficulty in achieving a high sampling frequency and high pixel count, and\u0000 achieving high resolution in feature point tracking as a subset in image\u0000 processing because of the curvature, expansion, and contraction of the tire\u0000 sidewall. The shape of the sidewall affects the mechanical properties of the\u0000 tire, and the deformation shape during actual operation provides important\u0000 information for tire design. In this study, a system integrating phase-locked\u0000 loop imaging, dot centroid tracking (DCT), and stereo methods is used to achieve\u0000 high-resolution measurements of tire deformation shapes. In particular, the DCT\u0000 method typically improves the accuracy of tracking by setting the markers in\u0000 black and the background in white and ignoring imaging noise from the background\u0000 with white halation depending on the amount of light. 3D measurements under\u0000 static conditions were conducted to validate the proposed system. Consequently,\u0000 the system was confirmed to be capable of capturing the differences in the\u0000 sidewall deformation depending on the test conditions, and the validity of the\u0000 system was confirmed.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141677241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Integral Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) Design for Vehicle\u0000 Steer-by-Wire System","authors":"Saad Jabbar Abbas, Suha S. Husain, Saba Al-Wais, A. Humaidi","doi":"10.4271/10-08-03-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-03-0021","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the application of a robust control technique for vehicle\u0000 steer-by-wire (VSbW) system subjected to variations in parameters based on\u0000 adaptive integral sliding mode control (AISMC). The AISMC has been designed to\u0000 control the VSbW system to cope with the uncertainties in system parameters. The\u0000 proposed adaptive control scheme provides the solution for perturbation\u0000 boundedness, as there is no need to have a prior knowledge of perturbation bound\u0000 in the uncertainty. In addition, the proposed adaptive control design can avoid\u0000 overestimation of sliding gain under unknown prior knowledge of perturbations.\u0000 Moreover, the inclusion of integral sliding mode control (ISMC) leads to\u0000 elimination of the reaching phase in trajectory solution of controlled system.\u0000 Computer simulations have been used to verify the effectiveness of proposed\u0000 AISMC to show the superiority of the proposed control technique; in this regard,\u0000 a comparison between AISMC and other control methods from the literature were\u0000 conducted. The numerical simulation based on MATLAB programming software showed\u0000 that the designed AISMC has better tracking performance and accuracy as compared\u0000 to ISMC and other control schemes in terms of robustness characteristics.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141344438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Analysis of a Multibody Dynamics Suspension Air\u0000 Spring Model as a Function of Sprung Mass, Un-Sprung Mass, and Design\u0000 Height","authors":"Bailey Adams","doi":"10.4271/10-08-03-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-03-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Air spring systems are challenging to mathematically model due to the complexity\u0000 of their nonlinear dynamic characteristics. Numerous air spring mechanical and\u0000 thermodynamic models have been proposed, but this study focused on the\u0000 development and analysis of a new thermodynamic air spring model under a\u0000 polytropic thermodynamic process that could accurately represent the force\u0000 output in a multibody dynamics (MBD) virtual suspension subsystem. This model\u0000 considered function inputs of sprung mass, un-sprung mass, and design height to\u0000 efficiently generate updated air spring properties for new vehicle\u0000 configurations, specifically for a self-propelled sprayer application. After\u0000 this model was validated against physical ground-truth sensor data, it was\u0000 utilized in a sensitivity study to experimentally test an alternative air spring\u0000 component and to understand the resulting performance effect on an operator\u0000 comfort key performance indicator.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141348552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaussian Processes for Vehicle Dynamics Learning in Autonomous\u0000 Racing","authors":"Jingyun Ning, Madhur Behl","doi":"10.4271/10-08-03-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-03-0019","url":null,"abstract":"In high-speed autonomous racing, it is necessary to have an accurate racecar\u0000 vehicle dynamics model in order to push the vehicle closer to its limits. The\u0000 choice of the dynamics model has to be made by balancing the computational\u0000 demands in contrast to model complexity. Learning-based methods, such as\u0000 Gaussian processes (GP)-based regression, have shown promise toward\u0000 approximating the vehicle dynamics model. In particular, such methods use a\u0000 simplified model structure that is easy to tune and then use GP to model the\u0000 mismatch between the output of the simple model and observed system dynamics.\u0000 However, current GP approaches often oversimplify the modeling process or apply\u0000 strong assumptions, leading to unrealistic results that cannot translate to\u0000 real-world settings. This article presents a comprehensive GP-based design for\u0000 modeling the dynamics of an autonomous racing car. We do so with high-fidelity\u0000 simulation data, a 1/10-scale autonomous racing car platform, and a full-scale\u0000 autonomous Indy racing car. In the first part of this article, we present a\u0000 rigorous empirical analysis highlighting how the open-loop and closed-loop\u0000 performance of GP models for autonomous racing is highly sensitive to the choice\u0000 of the GP kernel, the data sample size, and track configurations suggesting\u0000 there is no single easy choice that always works. We demonstrate this through a\u0000 combinatorial simulation setup for 1/10-scale autonomous racing cars. We then\u0000 present a novel method called DKL-SKIP, which uses deep kernel learning to\u0000 overcome the challenges of kernel selection and scalability for GP modeling. We\u0000 evaluate DKL-SKIP on a high-fidelity AutoVerse simulator as well as real data\u0000 from an autonomous real-world full-scale Indy racing car. Our results reveal\u0000 that DKL-SKIP surpasses scalable GP models and the N4SID algorithm in both\u0000 real-world and high-fidelity simulation environments.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":"30 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141354800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Output Physically Analyzed Neural Network for the Prediction of\u0000 Tire–Road Interaction Forces","authors":"Raffaele Marotta, S. Strano, M. Terzo, C. Tordela","doi":"10.4271/10-08-02-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-02-0016","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces an innovative method for predicting tire–road interaction\u0000 forces by exclusively utilizing longitudinal and lateral acceleration\u0000 measurements. Given that sensors directly measuring these forces are either\u0000 expensive or challenging to implement in a vehicle, this approach fills a\u0000 crucial gap by leveraging readily available sensor data. Through the application\u0000 of a multi-output neural network architecture, the study focuses on\u0000 simultaneously predicting the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical interaction\u0000 forces exerted by the rear wheels, specifically those involved in traction.\u0000 Experimental validation demonstrates the efficacy of the methodology in\u0000 accurately forecasting tire–road interaction forces. Additionally, a thorough\u0000 analysis of the input–output relationships elucidates the intricate dynamics\u0000 characterizing tire–road interactions. This research underscores the potential\u0000 of neural network models to enhance predictive capabilities in vehicle dynamics,\u0000 offering insights that are valuable for various applications in automotive\u0000 engineering and control systems.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":" 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control System for Regenerative Braking Efficiency in Electric\u0000 Vehicles with Electro-Actuated Brakes","authors":"Giuseppe Pio Tempone, Henrique de Carvalho Pinheiro, Giovanni Imberti, M. Carello","doi":"10.4271/10-08-02-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-02-0015","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and the analysis of a control logic capable of\u0000 optimizing vehicle’s energy consumption during a braking maneuver. The idea\u0000 arose with the purpose of enhancing regeneration and health management in\u0000 electric vehicles with electro-actuated brakes. Regenerative braking improves\u0000 energy efficiency and allows a considerable reduction in secondary emissions,\u0000 but its efficiency is strongly dependent on the state of charge (SoC) of the\u0000 battery. In the analyzed case, a vehicle equipped with four in-wheel motors (one\u0000 for each wheel), four electro-actuated brakes, and a battery was considered.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The proposed control system can manage and optimize electrical and energy\u0000 exchanges between the driveline’s components according to the working\u0000 conditions, monitoring parameters such as SoC of the battery, brake temperature,\u0000 battery temperature, motor temperature, and acts to optimize the total energy\u0000 consumption. The solution devised allows first to maximize the effects of\u0000 regenerative braking when the battery SoC is too high to regenerate efficiently,\u0000 then to safeguard the condition of the battery for both the battery’s long life\u0000 and overheating and safeguard the condition of the brakes to prevent their\u0000 overheating.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141054243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Regenerative Energy Capture in Electric Vehicle: Braking\u0000 Performance through Integral Sliding Mode Control","authors":"Chaima Direm, K. Hartani","doi":"10.4271/10-08-02-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-02-0012","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the development of an active braking control system\u0000 tailored for electric vehicles. The essence of this system lies in its ability\u0000 to regulate the slip coefficient to optimize traction during braking, thereby\u0000 maximizing energy recuperation. In the context of the simulation on enhancing\u0000 regenerative energy capture in electric vehicles, the use of integral sliding\u0000 mode control (ISMC) as an alternative for regulating braking performance can be\u0000 understood through a comparison of two key output variables in braking control\u0000 systems: wheel deceleration and wheel slip. Traditionally, wheel deceleration\u0000 has been a controlled variable in braking systems, and it is still utilized in\u0000 some anti-lock braking systems (ABS). It can be easily measured using a basic\u0000 wheel encoder. However, the dynamic performance of wheel deceleration control\u0000 may suffer when there are rapid changes in the road surface. On the contrary,\u0000 regulating wheel slip offers high robustness from a dynamic perspective. Despite\u0000 its robustness, accurately measuring wheel slip poses a challenge as it\u0000 necessitates estimating the vehicle speed. Nonetheless, despite this challenge,\u0000 controlling wheel slip remains the most suitable option for designing braking\u0000 controllers that can adapt to variations in road surface conditions. Therefore,\u0000 integrating ISMC into the braking system as an alternative enables more\u0000 effective regulation of wheel slip, enhancing the overall performance and\u0000 resilience of the braking system, which is particularly crucial in electric\u0000 vehicles where optimizing regenerative braking is a significant concern.\u0000\u0000 \u0000The article explores the theoretical dynamics of electric vehicle braking\u0000 maneuvers and introduces the concept of an ISMC for managing the slip\u0000 coefficient. Utilizing a robust control law in conjunction with this controller\u0000 guarantees the exponential convergence of slip error. Afterward, we explore the\u0000 visualization and simulation of the braking process performed by the ISMC, as\u0000 well as the storage of the recovered energy in a supercapacitor system using\u0000 MATLAB/Simulink.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":" 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140688050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Design Optimization Process of Improving the Automotive Subframe\u0000 Dynamic Stiffness Using Tuned Rubber Mass Damper","authors":"Jianghua Gao, Xin Zhang, Xiao Yu","doi":"10.4271/10-08-02-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-02-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Automotive subframe is a critical chassis component as it connects with the\u0000 suspension, drive units, and vehicle body. All the vibration from the uneven\u0000 road profile and drive units are passed through the subframe to the vehicle\u0000 body. OEMs usually have specific component-level drive point dynamic stiffness\u0000 (DPDS) requirements for subframe suppliers to achieve their full vehicle NVH\u0000 goals. Traditionally, the DPDS improvement for subframes welded with multiple\u0000 stamping pieces is done by thickness and shape optimization. The thickness\u0000 optimization usually ends up with a huge mass penalty since the stamping panel\u0000 thickness has to be changed uniformly not locally. Structure shape and section\u0000 changes normally only work for small improvements due to the layout limitations.\u0000 Tuned rubber mass damper (TRMD) has been widely used in the automotive industry\u0000 to improve the vehicle NVH performance thanks to the minimum mass it adds to the\u0000 original structure. Therefore, this article establishes a design optimization\u0000 process utilizing the TRMD to improve the vehicle subframes DPDS more\u0000 efficiently. First, the subframe critical normal modes for the DPDS issue are\u0000 identified through modal participation factor analysis with the finite element\u0000 (FE) model of the subframe. A lumped mass–stiffness–damper mathematical model is\u0000 established by the TRMD and the identified critical modes. The parameter\u0000 correlation analysis is conducted through the simple math model. Thereafter,\u0000 parameter tuning is done based on the DOE study with an integrated FE model\u0000 composed of the subframe and the TRMD. Furthermore, a rubber steel-type TRMD is\u0000 built and verified virtually for demonstration. The proposed framework could\u0000 solve the component-level DPDS problems efficiently with minimum mass and cost\u0000 penalty compared to traditional methods. And it could be introduced into the\u0000 subframe early design stage to ensure a lightweight final design, which meets\u0000 all the component-level DPDS requirements.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140689190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control Strategy of Semi-Active Suspension Based on Road Roughness\u0000 Identification","authors":"Jieyin Feng, Zhihong Yin, Zhao Xia, Weiwei Wang, Wenlong Shangguan, Subhash Rakheja","doi":"10.4271/10-08-02-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/10-08-02-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Taking the semi-active suspension system as the research object, the forward\u0000 model and inverse model of a continuous damping control (CDC) damper are\u0000 established based on the characteristic test of the CDC damper. A multi-mode\u0000 semi-active suspension controller is designed to meet the diverse requirements\u0000 of vehicle performance under different road conditions. The controller\u0000 parameters of each mode are determined using a genetic algorithm. In order to\u0000 achieve automatic switching of the controller modes under different road\u0000 conditions, a method is proposed to identify the road roughness based on the\u0000 sprung mass acceleration. The average of the ratio between the squared sprung\u0000 mass acceleration and the vehicle speed within a specific time window is taken\u0000 as the identification indicator for road roughness. Simulation results show that\u0000 the proposed road roughness identification method can accurately identify smooth\u0000 roads (Class A–B), slightly rough roads (Class C), and severely rough roads\u0000 (Class D–H). The designed multi-mode semi-active suspension controller\u0000 automatically adapts to the identified road roughness, resulting in improved\u0000 ride comfort on severely rough roads and improved handling performance on smooth\u0000 roads. Finally, a real vehicle test is performed. The test results show that the\u0000 proposed road roughness identification method can effectively distinguish\u0000 between a well-paved roads and rough roads. In addition, the ride comfort of the\u0000 vehicle is significantly improved in the comfort mode of the controller on rough\u0000 roads.","PeriodicalId":514913,"journal":{"name":"SAE International Journal of Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH","volume":"70 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}