Crime and Justice-A Review of Research最新文献_第5页

Understanding the Laundering of Organized Crime Money 对有组织犯罪洗钱的认识

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/708047

M. Levi, M. Soudijn

{"title":"Understanding the Laundering of Organized Crime Money","authors":"M. Levi, M. Soudijn","doi":"10.1086/708047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/708047","url":null,"abstract":"Four conditions influence the complexity of organized crime money laundering. First are diverse types of crime and forms in which proceeds are generated, including the type of payment, the visibility of crimes to victims or authorities, and the lapse before financial investigation occurs (if it does). Second, the amount of individual net profits causes differences between criminals who have no use for laundering, who self-launder, and who need assistance from third parties. Third are the offender’s goals and preferences in spending and investing crime proceeds. Investments are often close to home or country; some opt to wield power, but much is freely spent on a hedonistic lifestyle. Fourth, expected and actual levels of scrutiny and intervention of the anti–money laundering regime influence saving and reinvestment decisions and some arrests and confiscations, but there is no clear cause-and-effect relationship. The four conditions can intertwine in numerous ways. When conditions necessitate or stimulate more complex laundering schemes, this is reflected not only in techniques but also in social networks that emerge or are preconditions. Complex cases often depend on the assistance of professionals, outsiders to the criminal’s usual circle, who are hired to solve particular financial and jurisdictional bottlenecks.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"579 - 631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/708047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41710934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 25

Women in Organized Crime 有组织犯罪中的妇女

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/708622

Rossella Selmini

引用次数: 11

Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs and Organized Crime 非法摩托车俱乐部和有组织犯罪

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/708926

K. Lampe, A. Blokland

引用次数: 16

Organized Crime and Criminal Careers 有组织犯罪与犯罪职业

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/707318

E. Kleemans, Vere van Koppen

{"title":"Organized Crime and Criminal Careers","authors":"E. Kleemans, Vere van Koppen","doi":"10.1086/707318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/707318","url":null,"abstract":"Widely accepted findings in developmental and life-course criminology cannot be extended to criminal careers of organized crime offenders. While most offenders begin offending at a young age, criminal careers in organized crime are generally characterized by a late onset typically characterized by relatively serious offending. Different patterns exist for different groups, including early starters, adult-onset offenders, and offenders with no previous judicial contacts, but all studies find a significant share of adult-onset offenders. Social relationships, including family, friendship, and work ties, are importantly related to becoming involved in organized crime. Involvement mechanisms are diverse; both conventional and criminal capital are important. Children of organized crime offenders have a high risk of intergenerational continuity of crime. Factors that promote desistance for most offenders, such as employment, sometimes have different meanings for organized crime participants, as some occupations provide criminal opportunities and some work settings foster offender convergence. Widely used concepts such as specialization and desistance are less applicable because of the distinctive nature of organized crime offenses and careers. The most urgent issue for future research is to incorporate the roles of co-offenders into analyses of individual criminal careers.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"385 - 423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/707318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43128336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Collaboration and Boundaries in Organized Crime: A Network Perspective 有组织犯罪中的合作与边界：网络视角

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/708435

M. Bouchard

{"title":"Collaboration and Boundaries in Organized Crime: A Network Perspective","authors":"M. Bouchard","doi":"10.1086/708435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/708435","url":null,"abstract":"A network approach helps us better specify and model collaboration among people involved in organized crime. The focus on collaboration raises the boundary specification problem: Where do criminal organizations start, where do they end, and who is involved? Traditional approaches sometimes assume the existence of simple, rigid structures when complexity and fluidity are the norms. A network approach embraces this complexity conceptually and provides methodological guidelines for clarifying boundaries. Boundary specification in organized crime helps solve four puzzles. First, social boundaries: a network approach reduces confusion about social boundaries as criminal entrepreneurs interact with criminals and noncriminals in diverse contexts, only some of them illicit. Second, boundaries of group membership: network data and methods obviate the need for formal membership attributions. Third, ethnic boundaries network analyses reveal that the effective boundaries of criminal organizations are based on social relations, not attributes such as ethnicity. Fourth, recruitment: attending to the larger social environments in which organizations are embedded provides a clearer view of how mechanisms of recruitment cross seemingly rigid boundaries between members and prospective members.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"425 - 469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/708435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44994563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28

What Makes Mafias Different? 是什么让黑手党与众不同？

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/708826

L. Paoli

{"title":"What Makes Mafias Different?","authors":"L. Paoli","doi":"10.1086/708826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/708826","url":null,"abstract":"Organized crime, a fuzzy concept, has been defined in many different, sometimes contradictory ways. Five sets of mafia organizations have for decades been considered the core of organized crime: the American Cosa Nostra, the Italian Cosa Nostra and ‘Ndrangheta, Chinese triads, and Japanese yakuza. These organizations—mafias for short—share seven typifying characteristics: longevity and thus premodern roots and, with rare exceptions, male-only membership; large size; a formalized and complex internal structure; an elaborate cultural apparatus meant to generate lifelong commitment, new identity, and fictive kinship ties; multifunctionality; the goal of political dominion and capacity to provide governance services; and long-standing popular legitimacy and power-sharing with local state authorities. The first and the last characteristics point to reasons for the mafias’ consolidation and persistence: except for the American Cosa Nostra, all emerged in contexts of state weakness or absence and benefited from willingness of state representatives to acknowledge their power. Reduced willingness of state authorities and communities to accept mafias’ power, coupled with premodern features of their structure and culture, explain a further common trait: with the partial exception of the ‘Ndrangheta, all have experienced considerable decline in recent decades.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"141 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/708826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44562986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

How Mafias Migrate: Transplantation, Functional Diversification, and Separation 黑手党如何迁移:移植、功能多样化和分离

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/708870

Federico Varese

引用次数: 14

Index 指数

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.1086/703453

引用次数: 0

The Wild West of Sentencing Reform: Lessons from California 量刑改革的狂野西部：加州的经验教训

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/701714

R. Weisberg

引用次数: 3

The Evolution of Sentencing Guidelines in Minnesota and England and Wales 明尼苏达州、英格兰和威尔士量刑指南的演变

2区社会学

Crime and Justice-A Review of Research Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/701797

Julian V. Roberts

{"title":"The Evolution of Sentencing Guidelines in Minnesota and England and Wales","authors":"Julian V. Roberts","doi":"10.1086/701797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/701797","url":null,"abstract":"Sentencing guidelines were an exclusively American enterprise until recently. Since 2004, however, other countries have joined in. Contrasting approaches are exemplified by systems developed by the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission and the Sentencing Council of England and Wales. Minnesota’s guidelines are set out in grids that categorize cases by offense and criminal history. Each cell sets out ranges of sentences that are presumed to be appropriate. The English guidelines are step-by-step decision trees, one for each principal offense category. Each jurisdiction created an approach that fits its sentencing environment. The Minnesota grids are more restrictive and generate high levels of judicial conformity and consistency. The English guidelines allow greater discretion, possibly at the cost of consistency. However, the English approach provides ampler guidance on use of different dispositions, sentencing of multiple crimes, appropriate reductions to reflect guilty pleas, and other subjects. Neither the Minnesota Commission nor the English Council has been particularly self-critical. Minnesota’s main grid has changed little since 1980. England’s guidelines have evolved considerably, but the council has ignored calls to play a more active role in controlling the use of custody and hence the size of the prison population.","PeriodicalId":51456,"journal":{"name":"Crime and Justice-A Review of Research","volume":"48 1","pages":"187 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/701797","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45757633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9