Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023最新文献

{"title":"Zero-emission Fueling Infrastructure for IWT: Optimizing the Connection between Upstream Energy Supply and Downstream Energy Demand","authors":"M. Pourbeirami Hir, A. Kirichek, N. Pourmohammadzia, M. Jiang, M. Van Koningsveld","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.674","url":null,"abstract":"A key challenge in the energy transition for Inland Water Transport is the functional design of bunker networks and first-order dimensioning of individual bunker stations. A fundamental ingredient for this is an improved understanding of how upstream energy supply (‘well-to-bunker-station’) and downstream demand (‘bunker-station-to-tank’) may interconnect. In this paper we discuss an approach to the design of bunkering networks that takes logistic modelling to estimate network scale energy demand as a starting point. Depending on the vessels that use the network and the anticipated fuel mix for the overall fleet, logistical modelling may be used to estimate the magnitude of the energy demand along the network. Estimates of the operational range of vessels per energy carrier help to estimate maximum bunker station inter-distances. Insight into the potential supply chains that connect the source of each energy carrier to a physical bunker facility is needed to close the loop. Energy carriers may be needed on board in a gaseous or liquid form, or in the form of electrons. Transfer may take place in the form of loading (e.g., filling the fuel tank, charging the battery pack) or swapping (e.g., exchanging fuel containers, exchanging battery containers). Depending on the energy carrier, transfer method(s) and demand quantities, functional designs of bunker stations (in terms of required system elements and their order-of-magnitude dimensions) can be made. Depending on service level requirements both the dimensions of individual bunker stations and their spread over the network may be optimized. Key contribution of this work is a thorough overview of aspects that play a role in the design of bunker infrastructure for the decarbonisation of inland shipping. Based on this overview steps for further research are recommended.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method to Enable Reduced Sensor Capacitor Voltage Estimation in Modular Multilevel Converters","authors":"Eugene Tinjinui Ndoh, Seongsu Byeon, Lotz Marc, Soeren Ehlers","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.672","url":null,"abstract":"Bulk power applications such as shipping increasingly consider multilevel converter topologies such as modular multilevel converters (MMC), which offers the advantages of scalability, good power quality, and reconfigurability. The internal functioning of MMC requires complete knowledge of the capacitor voltages that make up their submodules meaning a large number of sensors are needed and thus a high number of potential points of failure exist. To increase reliability and reduce investment costs, state estimation techniques such as KALMAN filters have been employed to replace the physical sensors. Analytical techniques based on the knowledge of arm current, arm voltage, and submodule states have also been developed. These techniques exploit the fact that at an insertion index of 1, the arm voltage equals the capacitor voltage on the submodule which permits the estimation algorithm to refresh periodically with measured data thereby increasing the accuracy. This method requires a long refresher time, especially when many submodules are used per arm. In this study, we propose an improved analytical estimation by not only using unity insertion indices, but also exploiting transitions between two successive insertion indices. The study was carried out on a 4 submodule per arm MMC system. The estimated capacitor voltages were then compared with sensor-based voltage measurements confirming the validity of the proposed method. It was then integrated into a complete MMC controller including the inner controls such as circulating current and capacitor voltage balancing.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"68 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139449120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Full-Electric Ship Energy Management with Multiple Objectives","authors":"Charlotte L ̈offler, R. Geertsma, Despoina Mitropoulou, Henk Polinder, Andrea Coraddu","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.673","url":null,"abstract":"Optimal energy management is still a challenge in full-electric vessels. New degrees of flexibility in the energy management resulting from the load sharing between multiple, heterogenous power sources lead to a suboptimal solution using rule-based control. Therefore, advanced control strategies present a solution to the challenge of finding the optimal control input for a nonlinear multi-objective power and energy problem in sufficient time. As additional benefit, advanced control allows to incorporate multiple objectives in the optimization such as minimization of several emissions, operational costs, and component degradation. Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is a strategy for instantaneous optimization, which is promising for applications in vessels with a high degree of uncertainty in the load profile. It incorporates multiple objectives by assigning equivalent cost factors in the cost function, allowing a flexible expansion of the control problem. In this paper, we present a novel ECMS-based control strategy for a full-electric vessel with the ability to react flexibly to changing mission conditions. First, we define the objectives for the control problem, in this study ce{CO2} production, hazardous emission production, fuel consumption, energy cost, and the degradation of the battery. Second, we develop a pareto-front approach for a-posteriori definition of the equivalent cost factors. To showcase energy consumption reduction, we use a benchmark control based on state-of-the-art control strategies. A full-electric case study vessel with high uncertainty in the load profile is chosen to evaluate the proposed controller. Several different load profiles are generated and tested to evaluate the performance of the ECMS controller in dealing with different types of loads. The results will demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed novel control strategy in reducing energy consumption while minimizing other hazardous emission outputs and preserving the health of the battery.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"27 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paving the Way Towards Zero-Emission and Robust Inland Shipping","authors":"A. Kirichek, J. Pruyn, B. Atasoy, R. R. Negenborn, R. Zuidwijk, J.H.R. Van Duin, K. Tachi, M. Van Koningsveld","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.675","url":null,"abstract":"Several measures have been developed to prevent emissions from inland water transportation. However, it is challenging to weigh all the aspects to identify the pathway that will ultimately result in zero-emission inland shipping. A data-driven virtual representation of the inland shipping system can be used to evaluate zero-emission strategies, effectiveness of policies and technologies, and consequences of their implementation. This multi-level digital twin can realistically represent the system with all relevant components, which needs to be validated using real-world data. Subsequently, future scenarios can be imposed on the digital twin, and the proposed intervention measures can be applied, based on which their efficiency can be assessed together with the inland shipping sector. This study discusses the essential aspects of designing a digital twin for an IWT. Three aspects are considered essential: individual ships, logistics chains, and infrastructure. As these research topics span various scales, ranging from a single vessel to an entire infrastructure network, an agent-based approach is suitable for forming the basis of the digital twin. Consequently, potential interventions can be considered, ranging from the application of new technologies to individual vessels to policy measures implemented for an entire shipping corridor or various bunker infrastructure strategies in the network. Additionally, the impact of the implemented interventions can be evaluated at any desired scale, ranging from the individual ship level and its emissions to the network level and aggregated emissions in an entire area, or the impact on the logistics chain.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139448430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling and Simulation of a Wet Scrubber System","authors":"B. Mestemaker, E. Elmazi, L. Van Biert, H.N. Van den Heuvel, K. Visser","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.664","url":null,"abstract":"Shipping is a relatively clean transport method with low emissions per ton-mile compared with road transport. However, harmful emissions emitted in coastal areas are a concern, as these affect local air quality and health. To reduce sulphur oxide (SOX ) emissions, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented a global sulphur cap of 0.5 wt% and the 0.1 wt% limit in emission control areas (ECAs). Ship owners can opt for either low sulphur fuels or wet scrubber systems. Wet scrubber systems are a reliable method for reducing SOX emissions with capture rates of up to 98%. These systems may use seawater alkalinity or caustic soda (e.g. closed-loop systems) to neutralise the SOX emissions. However, the dynamic loading of engines can cause large fluctuations in the exhaust flow conditions, and it is unknown how these affect the effectiveness of the scrubber. This study explores the impact of dynamic loads on the SOX removal efficiency of closed-loop wet scrubbers. A dynamic model of a closed-loop wet scrubber utilising fresh water and caustic soda is developed and verified using publicly available data. The model applies the two-film theory to model the gas-liquid interface. Billet and Schultes liquid hold-up theory is used to model the liquid film thickness in the packed bed. Maintaining scrubber efficiency with large load fluctuations or high-frequency fluctuations requires an increased liquid flow. The scrubber control system used a set-point of 75% of the equivalent compliance limit to ensure compliance with the 0.1% ECA limit during load fluctuations. The model and results can be used to develop a more advanced control system for improved scrubber operation and integration with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system to demonstrate compliance with the IMO NOX Tier III limit when using high-sulphur heavy fuel oil (HFO).","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-based Parametric Study for Comparison of System Configurations and Control of a Hydrogen Hybrid Cargo Vessel","authors":"Foivos Mylonopoulos, Timon Kopka, Andrea Coraddu, Henk Polinder","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.671","url":null,"abstract":"The current state of research in marine energy systems has concentrated on conventional diesel systems, while limited literature is available on the configuration and control of alternative energy sources such as hydrogen hybrid systems, which have attracted increasing interest recently owing to the energy transition. This paper presents a modelling and control study for conceptual retrofitting of a general cargo vessel to a hydrogen-hybrid version. Generic fuel cell, battery, and converter models are used, enabling easy adaptation to various powerplant sizes and ship types. A robustly coordinated Energy Management Strategy (EMS), which can be implemented for different vessel’s power profiles, was developed for power sharing, DC bus voltage control, and battery State of Charge (SoC) regulation. The total installed fuel cell power and battery capacity were heuristically selected from a range of power profiles of the ship. A database of fuel cells with stacks from different manufacturers was created to test different combinations in terms of fuel consumption, cost, and weight, based on the framework of the problem. Uncertainties in terms of fuel prices are presented using normal distribution graphs. The system configurations and control results are presented for one power profile of the vessel and the average fuel costs. It is demonstrated that with the proposed control method, the power losses are less than 1%, the DC bus voltage fluctuations are less than 0.5%, and the battery SoC remains between 35-65% for the entire duration of the analysed power profile. The configuration with eight stacks of 150 kW has the lowest total fuel cost (730 $) with an average difference of 7.1% from the other solutions, and the lowest total weight (10.54 tons) with an average difference of 15.4% from the other configurations. Overall, this study demonstrates the efficient configuration and control of hybrid energy systems using parameterized components.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"4 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat Pump as an Emission Reduction Measure for Ships","authors":"Fayas Malik Kanchiralla, Selma Brynolf, Dinis Soares Reis de Oliveira","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.668","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse gas regulations from the International Maritime Organization, such as the Carbon Intensity Indicator and the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index are drawing attention to the implementation of energy efficiency technologies in ships to lower emissions. Presently, more attention is paid to energy efficiency measures related to propulsion (e.g. speed management) and auxiliary energy use (e.g. onshore power). This study compares the environmental impact and cost of replacing heat pumps as an energy efficiency measure instead of oil-fired boilers for two case study vessels by comparing the life cycle impact of different strategies to fulfill the thermal load of vessels while at the port. In terms of life cycle emissions, the heat pump operated using onshore power has the potential to reduce global warming potential by 88% compared to an oil-fired boiler. This accounts for saving 3% and 8% of annual greenhouse gas emissions from entire ship operations, including emissions from engines for the respective case study ships. In addition, shifting to a heat pump avoids NOx and SOx emissions, which adversely affect air quality in the populated areas near the port. Cost results show that the heat pump has an overall higher cost of ownership for case study vessel 1 and a lower cost of ownership for case study vessel 2 compared to oil-fired boiler. Depending on the energy use of specific ships, heat pumps can be cost-competitive at existing carbon emission allowance prices (approximately 90€/tCO2) in the European emission trading system. For the assessed cases, with the emission trading scheme, the return on investment is less than six years and three years for case study vessels 1 and 2 respectively. The study also shows that operating a heat pump is more cost-effective than directly using electro-fuel in a boiler for thermal loads.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topology Generation of Naval Propulsion Architecture","authors":"Florian Dugast, St ́ephane B ́enac, Pierre Marty, Pascal Chess ́e","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.667","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing shipping emissions at an affordable cost is critical and can be achieved through propulsion architecture optimization. The multiple choices of components and constraints to be fulfilled (required speed, fuel consumption, maintenance, ...) make architecture design increasingly complex. Some optimization methods have already been used, for example, to optimize diesel generators (number, type and load) for fuel consumption reduction. More complex architectures have been studied by including the absence or presence of some components in a superconfiguration but in the end the number of configurations remains limited. In this study, the ship architecture is not predetermined but is generated by a list of components associated with constraints and rules, making architecture creation more flexible. The algorithm written for this purpose follows the principles found in hybrid vehicle design but with adapted rules and components for naval applications. The main objective of this paper is to explain in detail the topology generation architecture algorithm rather than to find an optimal architecture for a specific ship. From this perspective, the test cases presented are general to demonstrate that the algorithm can be applied to various system configurations. The components are linked together based on their input and output energy type and the architecture is generated to comply with propulsion and hotel load requirements. Next, physical constraints are added to build realistic designs such as avoiding spurious redundant connections or defining the maximal occurrence for each component. All the constraints and the generation algorithm are written in Prolog. Two numerical applications are presented where the list of components covers different types of propulsion (mechanical and/or electrical with gas turbines and/or diesel engines) along with hotel load or heating requirements.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"134 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139387659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Energy Efficiency of Ships: Modelling, Simulation, and Optimization of Cost-effective Technologies","authors":"G. Barone, A. Buonomano, Gianluca Del Papa, C. Forzano, Giovanni Francesco Giuzio, Robert Maka, Giuseppe Russo, Raffaele Vanoli","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.665","url":null,"abstract":"This paper includes a part of the findings of an international research project, called HEMOS, funded by the EU through the Horizon Europe program, with the aim of decarbonizing the maritime sector. This study focuses on the use of dynamic simulation and optimization to identify policies and technologies for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing the energy efficiency of cruise ships. The primary findings of the study, which sought to identify the ideal ship plant topology, are presented with a particular emphasis on the optimization of the thermal and energy behaviour of a case study cruise ship. By exploiting the developed simulation model and the optimization procedure applied to the Allure of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean Group, potential efficiency measures were identified to enhance the overall efficiency of energy utilization. Several scenarios, including diverse energy efficient user technologies, were analysed and optimized with the aim of providing guidelines for the design of future ships. According to the obtained numerical results, the application of thermal devices for the utilization of on-board waste heat and the implementation of a fuel cell powered by bio-LNG can result in significant primary energy savings of up to approximately 17%, demonstrating that workable solutions to improve the energy efficiency of ships are already available.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"33 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139388706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Study on the Heat Pump Integration for Enhanced Efficiency in Battery-Electric Short-Sea Ferries","authors":"Steffen Brötje, Markus Mühmer, Thorben Schwedt, Sören Ehlers, A. Phong Tran","doi":"10.59490/moses.2023.663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59490/moses.2023.663","url":null,"abstract":"This case study investigates the potential of incorporating water heat pumps into onboard thermal systems to utilize low-temperature waste heat for onboard heating and enhance the efficiency and economics of all-electric battery-driven ferries. We analysed a hybrid-driven roll-on/roll-off passenger ferry operating in the Baltic Sea, gathering data on vessel operation, power, and heat provision in low-temperature cycles. We integrated real-time measurement data, energy flow analysis, and thermodynamic calculations to draw conclusions for a potential battery retrofit scenario featuring an all-electric operation and a battery system capacity of 10 MWh. Our results indicate that the integration of heat pumps in battery-electric mode can cover more than 50 % of the onboard nominal heat capacity of HVAC systems, with a seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) of 3.5 during the heating season. The overall electric energy demand of the vessel during the 6-month heating period is reduced by approximately 8 % compared with direct-electric heating.","PeriodicalId":513616,"journal":{"name":"Modelling and Optimisation of Ship Energy Systems 2023","volume":"10 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}