JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE最新文献

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SEMANTICALLY AWARE CONTENT-BASED E-LEARNING RECOMMENDATIONS: ENHANCING PERSONALIZED LEARNING EXPERIENCES 基于内容的语义感知电子学习推荐:增强个性化学习体验
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9007
Bonny Qhaliza, A. J. Kharisma
{"title":"SEMANTICALLY AWARE CONTENT-BASED E-LEARNING RECOMMENDATIONS: ENHANCING PERSONALIZED LEARNING EXPERIENCES","authors":"Bonny Qhaliza, A. J. Kharisma","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.9007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.9007","url":null,"abstract":"E-learning, or electronic learning, is a form of online education exclusively accessible via the internet. With internet connectivity, users can access e-learning materials from any location and at any time. Post-pandemic, e-learning has emerged as a favored mode of remote education, offering flexibility and accessibility to learners worldwide. Since the onset of Covid-19, e-learning has surged in popularity, becoming a preferred platform for educational endeavors. In qualitative research, questionnaires and interviews serve as primary data collection methods. Conducting interviews with individuals connected to the research topic is essential for gathering qualitative data effectively. The aim of this study is to identify the most widely used e-learning resources among students. The study's findings reveal a preference for video content among students utilizing e-learning platforms. Out of the 24 respondents surveyed, 14 (58.3%) reported choosing video-based learning as their preferred method, citing its effectiveness in facilitating comprehension. Utilizing video content in e-learning enhances students' understanding of the material, as indicated by the study's outcomes. To optimize the efficacy of e-learning video content, regular updates are crucial to sustain student engagement and ensure the content remains relevant and compelling.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"54 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141112827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
VERSATILITY IN ALEXANDRE DUMAS’ NOVEL THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO 亚历山大-杜马小说《基督山伯爵》中的多功能性
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8990
Ricky Ricky, M. Manugeren
{"title":"VERSATILITY IN ALEXANDRE DUMAS’ NOVEL THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO","authors":"Ricky Ricky, M. Manugeren","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.8990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.8990","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study is to reveal the versatility of the protagonist and to understand more about the implementation of versatility in daily life to obtain an ease in every path. The whole analysis is conducted by means of descriptive qualitative method, the one commonly used to uncover social phenomena and in this case to uncover how the protagonist revenge those who have ruined his life using his versatility. The data are texts from the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas tending to issues of versatility. The outcomes of the study show the following conclusions. There are three versatilities of the protagonist found in the novel, namely diplomacy, congeniality, and camouflage. Edmond Dantes communicates and creates connections through diplomacy. The forms of diplomacy he does are dialogue, negotiation, and lobbying. Congeniality traits that appear in Edmond Dantes are humility, empathy, belief in action, using words wisely, and patience. To manipulate his enemies, Edmond Dantes performs a variety of camouflage. The camouflage characteristics of Edmond Dantes are arrogance and smartness.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
DEPRESSION IN DANIELLE STEEL’S NOVEL BIG GIRL 丹尼尔-斯蒂尔小说《大女孩》中的抑郁症
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8992
Vira Dhea Anggraini, S. Hariani
{"title":"DEPRESSION IN DANIELLE STEEL’S NOVEL BIG GIRL","authors":"Vira Dhea Anggraini, S. Hariani","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.8992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.8992","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the protagonist's struggle with depression as portrayed in Danielle Steel's novel, Big Girl. Depression, a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition, profoundly impacts one's emotions, cognition, behavior, and perception of the world. It is not uncommon for individuals to experience multiple episodes of depression throughout their lives, highlighting its chronic and recurrent nature. Given its severity, depression demands serious attention and intervention. Regrettably, many older adults grapple with undiagnosed and untreated depression, often hesitating to seek professional assistance. The analysis presented herein focuses on discerning the root causes and consequential effects of the protagonist's depression. Drawing from the theoretical frameworks proposed by Munthe and Dewi, this study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology. The findings illuminate that the protagonist's depression stems from various sources, including internal struggles, familial dynamics, and societal pressures. Specifically, she grapples with the weight of paternal expectations, a diminished sense of self-worth, unfair comparisons, and societal rejection. Moreover, the novel vividly portrays the adverse impacts of depression, encompassing weight loss, disrupted sleep patterns, feelings of profound emptiness, and even suicidal ideation.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141112593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MARY SHELLEY'S FRANKENSTEIN AS A GOTHIC NOVEL 玛丽-谢利的《弗兰肯斯坦》是一部哥特式小说
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9076
Irma Yanti, J. Suhadi, M. Manugeren, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein as a Gothic Novel, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
{"title":"MARY SHELLEY'S FRANKENSTEIN AS A GOTHIC NOVEL","authors":"Irma Yanti, J. Suhadi, M. Manugeren, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein as a Gothic Novel, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.9076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.9076","url":null,"abstract":"Gothic stories have a distinctive feature of presenting suspense and horror elements that make the reader both scared and curious as they read the gothic novel. The Gothic novel does not shy away from the dark side, a battle between good and evil, but the victory is not always clear-cut. This study examines gothic elements in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. The purpose of this study is to analyse the gothic elements in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. This study applies the theory of gothic novel elements from Robert Harris in identifying the gothic elements in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. Descriptive qualitative research is applied in this study. The data are the utterances and quotations that are related to the gothic elements in the novel. The results of this study indicate that there are seven gothic elements found in the novel: setting in a castle or old mansion, an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, omens, portents, visions, supernatural or otherwise inexplicable events, high, even overwrought emotion, women in distress, and the metonymy of gloom and horror.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"58 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CONFLICT IN JOHN RONALD REUEL TOLKIEN’S NOVEL LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING 约翰-罗纳德-鲁埃尔-托尔金的小说《魔戒之王:魔戒使者》中的冲突
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8986
El Nitari Daeli, M. Manugeren
{"title":"CONFLICT IN JOHN RONALD REUEL TOLKIEN’S NOVEL LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING","authors":"El Nitari Daeli, M. Manugeren","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.8986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.8986","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the intricate conflicts experienced by the protagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's epic masterpiece, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. Focused primarily on internal and external conflicts, the narrative follows a fellowship of nine individuals united by their quest to destroy the malevolent Ring, possessed by the dark lord Sauron, in the fiery depths of Mount Doom. Throughout their journey, the protagonist grapples with multifaceted challenges, providing rich material for analysis. Employing a literary psychological approach, this study draws upon Kenney's theory of conflict typologies to explore the protagonist's inner turmoil and the adversities encountered externally. Utilizing a descriptive qualitative method, the research meticulously examines these conflicts to unveil their profound significance within the narrative. The findings of the study underscore the protagonist's dual struggle, comprising internal and external conflicts. Internally, the protagonist contends with the classic conflict of man versus himself, navigating doubts, fears, and moral dilemmas. Externally, a complex web of conflicts unfolds, encompassing interpersonal clashes (man versus man), societal discord (man versus society), and the formidable forces of nature (man versus nature). By dissecting these conflicts, the study illuminates the psychological and narrative depths of Tolkien's work, revealing the protagonist's arduous journey as a reflection of universal human struggles against both inner demons and external adversities.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"61 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ANXIETY DISORDER IN SOPHIE KINSELLA’S FINDING AUDREY 苏菲-金塞拉的《寻找奥黛丽》中的焦虑症
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.8983
Putri Ambar Wulan, Zulfan Sahri
{"title":"ANXIETY DISORDER IN SOPHIE KINSELLA’S FINDING AUDREY","authors":"Putri Ambar Wulan, Zulfan Sahri","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.8983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.8983","url":null,"abstract":"This study delves into the portrayal of anxiety disorder in Sophie Kinsella’s novel, Finding Audrey. It aims to comprehensively analyze how anxiety disorder is depicted, as well as to explore the underlying causes and resulting effects on the protagonist. Employing psychoanalytic theories pioneered by Sigmund Freud (1964), this research intertwines the realms of psychology and literature to unravel the complexities of the protagonist's condition. Using a descriptive method outlined by Creswell, the study meticulously examines the novel's narrative to extract pertinent data. Through this approach, the research sheds light on various facets of anxiety disorder as portrayed in the novel. Notably, the analysis uncovers instances where the protagonist grapples with manifestations of anxiety, including feelings of threat and fear, as well as corresponding behavioral responses. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of anxiety disorder, elucidating its nuanced effects on the protagonist's daily life. For instance, the protagonist’s coping mechanism of wearing sunglasses to evade eye contact serves as a tangible representation of her struggle with social interactions. Furthermore, the narrative elucidates how the protagonist’s anxiety manifests in her reluctance to attend school and her pervasive fear of leaving the safety of her home environment. By meticulously examining the interplay between psychological theories and literary representation, this study enriches our understanding of anxiety disorders while illuminating the narrative intricacies of Kinsella’s work.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"54 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141111360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN THE LYRICS OF THE CALUM SCOTT’S SONGS IN THE ALBUM, BRIDGES 专辑《桥梁》中卡伦-斯科特歌曲歌词中的语气词
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9188
Paramita Kusumawardhani, Eklesia Sihombing
{"title":"INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN THE LYRICS OF THE CALUM SCOTT’S SONGS IN THE ALBUM, BRIDGES","authors":"Paramita Kusumawardhani, Eklesia Sihombing","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.9188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.9188","url":null,"abstract":"Inflectional morphology is part of morphology which is the smallest significant unit of grammar. Morphology itself means the study of morphemes which are the smallest significant units of grammar. There are two parts in morphology here are: derivational morphology which is related to affixes such as suffixes, infixes, prefixes, ablaut and reduplication, meanwhile inflectional morphology which is related to plural, possessive, past time, progressive, and comparative and superlative. There are two kinds of morpheme; they are free morpheme and bound morpheme. Morpheme that can stand on their own are called free, and ones that cannot are bound. This research focused on inflectional morpheme in the lyrics of the Calum Scott’s Songs in the album Bridges. The lyrics in the album Bridges were used as the data of the research. Qualitative method was used as the method and the results were some inflectional morphemes found in the lyrics of the Calum Scott’s Songs in the album Bridges.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"62 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141113383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
DYSTOPIA IN PUTU WIJAYA’S SHORT STORY PROTES 普图-维贾亚短篇小说《抗议》中的乌托邦
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9001
Hidayati Hidayati, W. Anayati, Mayasari Mayasari, Misla Geubrina, Muhammad Kiki Wardana
{"title":"DYSTOPIA IN PUTU WIJAYA’S SHORT STORY PROTES","authors":"Hidayati Hidayati, W. Anayati, Mayasari Mayasari, Misla Geubrina, Muhammad Kiki Wardana","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.9001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.9001","url":null,"abstract":"Dystopia paints a grim portrayal of the future, spotlighting threats to individual freedom, human rights, and core human values. Putu Wijaya's short story Protes employs the dystopian concept to provoke critical examination of society's trajectory and to caution against the potential adverse outcomes of unsustainable policies or behaviors. This study adopts a literary sociology approach, an interdisciplinary method blending sociological principles with literary analysis to unravel the social significance embedded within the text. Supported by pertinent concepts and theories, the research employs qualitative methods, generating descriptive data from the written words of the short story Protes, which serve as the primary data source. The researchers themselves serve as the research instruments. Data collection employs a tabulation system structured around discussion points pertaining to dystopian aspects. Analysis involves thorough reading and comprehension of the text, selection and categorization of relevant data, identification of key problem areas, description of observations based on the data, compilation of a research report, and ultimately, drawing conclusions. The findings reveal that Protes encompasses dystopian elements manifested in the forms of poverty, social conflict, and environmental degradation.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"41 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141109452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANDREA HIRATA’S AYAH 安德里亚-平田的阿亚中的智力发展
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9071
Dwi Desiyanti, M. A. Pawiro, Ely Ezir
{"title":"INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANDREA HIRATA’S AYAH","authors":"Dwi Desiyanti, M. A. Pawiro, Ely Ezir","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.9071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.9071","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates the intellectual development of Sabari, the protagonist in Andrea Hirata's novel, Ayah, applying the theoretical framework proposed by Zubaedi (2013). Zubaedi outlines that character formation, as per the Ministry of National Education's grand design (2010), is a complex interplay of psychological and socio-cultural factors, encompassing cognitive, affective, conative, and psychomotor potentials. Within this framework, intellectual development is characterized by core traits such as intelligence, creativity, fondness for reading, and curiosity. Drawing upon theories of cognitive development and literature on intelligence, creativity, reading habits, and curiosity, the study aims to deepen understanding of Sabari's growth. Employing qualitative analysis, Sabari's actions and interactions within the narrative are examined to identify themes related to intelligence, creativity, fondness for reading, and curiosity. The analysis reveals Sabari's multifaceted intelligence, demonstrated through adept problem-solving, linguistic proficiency, emotional intelligence, and social awareness. Sabari's creativity is showcased in his resourceful problem-solving and innovative communication methods, such as using a turtle as a messenger. Additionally, Sabari's fondness for reading and curiosity drive his intellectual exploration and engagement with the world. Through thematic exploration, the research sheds light on the interconnectedness of intelligence, creativity, reading habits, and curiosity in shaping human cognition and behavior, with implications for education, psychology, and literature studies.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"36 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141109816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE AND METADISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BEAUTY PAGEANT-WINNING ANSWERS 选美获奖答案的图式结构和元话语分析
JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.30743/jol.v6i1.9104
Shana Makhmood Khan, S. Suprayogi
{"title":"SCHEMATIC STRUCTURE AND METADISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BEAUTY PAGEANT-WINNING ANSWERS","authors":"Shana Makhmood Khan, S. Suprayogi","doi":"10.30743/jol.v6i1.9104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30743/jol.v6i1.9104","url":null,"abstract":"This research delves into the schematic structure and metadiscourse markers utilized in the winning responses of prominent Beauty Pageants. Through qualitative investigation, it explores how candidates strategically organize their answers and employ language to effectively convey their perspectives. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks from schematic structure theory and metadiscourse classification, the study analyzes transcripts of final question and answer segments from Beauty Pageant events spanning from 2015 to 2023. Utilizing 36 transcribed texts sourced from YouTube archives and transcription, the study sheds light on the nuanced structure of responses, highlighting patterns in linguistic expression. Despite the extensive data from Beauty Pageants, differences in format and accessibility across events were observed. This study contributes to understanding the intricacies of communication within beauty pageants, elucidating the structural elements of successful responses. Ultimately, it advances our comprehension of pageant competitions on both large and small scales. Furthermore, this research provides valuable insights for individuals interested in participating in beauty pageants, offering guidance on the effective use of metadiscourse markers for practice and application.","PeriodicalId":513432,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE","volume":"36 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141109749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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