Ecosystem Services最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying spatially explicit LCA midpoint characterization factors to assess the impact of specific farming practices on ecosystem services","authors":"Sara Lago-Olveira,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Moreira,&nbsp;Sara González-García","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is a scientifically sound tool, endorsed by the European Commission, for conducting environmental assessments. Despite its standardized approach, certain areas require improvement, particularly concerning impacts on ecosystem structure, function, and associated ecosystem services. Given the significant pressure of agriculture on global ecosystems, research has attempted to establish characterization factors (CFs) that reflect the impact of agricultural practices on ecosystem services. However, the current CFs lack precision and are unable to differentiate between the various types and intensities of agricultural management. This study aims to contribute to the evolving LCA field by introducing novel CFs that allow for the assessment of the impacts and benefits of growing wheat under different agricultural practices on three ecosystem services: water purification, soil erosion control, and carbon sequestration. Spatially explicit, nonlinear models (InVEST and RothC) were used, with the Galician region of northwestern Spain as the spatial setting. The quantified CFs indicated that wheat cultivated with conventional tillage, straw removal and without cover crop exhibited the least favorable outcomes in terms of ecosystem service supply, specifically water purification (13.29 kg N·ha⁻¹·y^-1), soil erosion control (11.71 t soil·ha⁻¹·y^-1), and carbon sequestration (45.41 t C·ha⁻¹·y^-1). In contrast, the combination of conservation tillage, straw return and cover crop resulted in the highest ecosystem services gains (−0.46 kg N·ha⁻¹·y^-1, 2.64 t soil·ha⁻¹·y^-1, 7.05 t C·ha⁻¹·y^-1, respectively). The geographical specificity of the CFs presented here, combined with the detailed classification of agricultural land use, offers essential insights into the potential gains and losses of ecosystem services resulting from various farming practices. This information can assist industry stakeholders and policymakers in making well-informed agricultural management decisions, and in developing strategies that prevent unintended environmental burden shifting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101686"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative assessment of ecosystem services in diverse land uses within the forest-grassland transition zone of southern Great Plains, USA","authors":"Ally M. Whiteis ,&nbsp;Chris B. Zou ,&nbsp;Omkar Joshi ,&nbsp;Benedict Ferguson ,&nbsp;Sophie Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ecosystem services, essential for supporting life, are increasingly being altered by anthropogenic activities. This study focuses on the Cross Timbers ecoregion of the southern Great Plains, USA, where oak woodland and grassland co-exist. However, grasslands are rapidly transitioning to woodlands through a process known as woody plant encroachment, or are being considered for switchgrass biofuel production. Our objectives were to quantify the supporting (plant biodiversity, aboveground net primary productivity), provisioning (water quantity, forage production), regulating (soil organic carbon, flood regulation), and cultural services (hunting-based recreation, aesthetics) of four land use types—tallgrass prairie, oak woodland, eastern redcedar woodland, and switchgrass biofuel production—using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework. We integrated these services into an ecosystem sustainability index. Results showed that tallgrass prairie provided balanced services and ranked highest in this index. Eastern redcedar and switchgrass exhibited an imbalance in services, while oak woodland’s ranking varied with normalization methods. Our results highlight the need for grassland conservation by curtailment of eastern redcedar expansion. While oak woodland ranks high in cultural services, its restoration is recommended to enhance multiple ecosystem services. This study provides a roadmap for quantitatively evaluating ecosystem services to inform management decisions for ecosystem transitions and promote regional sustainability. Future research should broaden stakeholder engagement and explore integrated land use strategies within large watersheds encompassing multiple land uses to enhance regional environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101697"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143183203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using georeferenced text from social media to map the cultural ecosystem services of freshwater ecosystems","authors":"F. Comalada ,&nbsp;O. Llorente ,&nbsp;V. Acuña,&nbsp;J. Saló,&nbsp;X. Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are vital for enhancing human well-being, including those provided by freshwater ecosystems such as recreation, aesthetic values, and education. However, assessing these services is challenging due to their intangible nature and personal perception. Text-based social media data offers a valuable source of information for assessing CES. In this study, we developed a novel methodological framework using georeferenced text from social media to map CES of specific ecosystems. This framework is implemented through <em>TweetMyRiver</em>, a tool designed to extract, analyze, and classify posts from Twitter/X related to freshwater CES. By combining expert knowledge with artificial intelligence (AI) models, we ensured robustness and scalability. We developed the tool in the Ter River basin and tested it in three other river basins: the Fluvià basin in Catalonia, the Forth basin in Scotland, and the Scarce basin between France and Belgium. The results of the tool are analyzed descriptively and statistically to verify its accuracy, reliability, and applicability in different contexts. Our tool enables the analysis of CES across large areas and over time, providing insights into their distribution, drivers, and dynamics. It has the potential to inform decision-making, support conservation efforts, and contribute to sustainable ecosystem management. Future research should focus on customizing the tool for the analysis of CES in other ecosystem types, leveraging more accessible georeferenced text data, and incorporating different machine learning approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101702"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability assessment of agricultural practices integrating both LCA and ecosystem services approaches","authors":"V. Martínez-García ,&nbsp;J.M. Martínez-Paz ,&nbsp;F. Alcon","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2025.101698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a pressing need to deal with the sustainability of agricultural management practices to adapt and mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture, while ensuring the food provision. Sustainable intensification emerges as a feasible alternative while the sustainability assessment of agriculture is still unclear in the scientific literature. The most widely comprehensive assessment tools are the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and the Ecosystem Services (ES) approaches, being them frequently employed isolated. Despite there are several proposals to integrate both approaches, none of them are focus on economic valuation for policy analysis.</div><div>This study proposes a methodology for the sustainability assessment of agricultural practices that considers the relationship between society and ecosystems, integrating both LCA, ES approaches within the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) causal framework. ES is considered as the driving approach based on human well-being as the ultimate objective of sustainability. Thereby monetary valuation would quantify the net contribution of agricultural practices to human well-being.</div><div>The proposed methodology is employed for the sustainability assessment of a set of Best Management Practices (BMPs) for sustainable intensification in intensively irrigated agriculture, with the lemon crop in the Campo de Cartagena (Region de Murcia, Spain) serving as an illustrative example, constituting a useful guide for application in other contexts. The obtained results underscore the need to integrate both positive and negative impacts of agriculture on human well-being through monetary valuation and highlight the dominance of market values over non-market values in highly intensive agroecosystems. The regulated deficit irrigation and incorporation crop residues to the soil practices emerge as the BMPs with the highest total economic value, surpassing the conventional management due to the relevance of its contributions to human well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101698"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade-offs in ecosystem services under various river management strategies of the Rhine Branches","authors":"Sien Kok ,&nbsp;Solen Le Clec'h ,&nbsp;W. Ellis Penning ,&nbsp;Anthonie Dirk Buijse ,&nbsp;Lars Hein","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To make river basins more climate resilient, provide a better living environment for people and other organisms, the EU encourages integrated river and floodplain management (RFM) and calls for restoration of 25,000 km of EU rivers to a free-flowing state in the EU Nature Restoration Law. To support decision making in this domain, there is a need for a holistic assessment framework. However, most policy appraisal studies in river management to date have a limited scope and focus on impacts of measures in a single domain, such as flood risk reduction or water quality. In this study we address this gap by using quantitative models to analyse the supply of 13 ecosystem services under various RFM strategies for the Rhine Branches in the Netherlands. We use a mix of biophysical and monetary indicators to quantitatively assess ecosystem services and the trade-offs involved in different RFM strategies. The results show that strongly regulated, mono-functional RFM has overall lower ES supply than more integrated, multifunctional RFM strategies with rehabilitated floodplains. The latter generally increase ES supply across all domains (provisioning, regulating, cultural), with the exception of crop and fodder production in the floodplains. Overall, our results can inform formulation and communication on RFM strategies in the Netherlands and elsewhere. Also, our approach serves as a demonstration of how the ES framework can be used to support quantitative impact assessment in this domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 101692"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143180824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Benefit analysis of urban nature-based solutions: A systematic review of approaches and scales with a focus on benefit valuation","authors":"Alessia Chelli ,&nbsp;Luke Brander ,&nbsp;Davide Geneletti","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban nature-based solutions (NBS) are increasingly recognized as an effective strategy to address urban sustainability challenges. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a widely used method for assessing the economic feasibility of NBS interventions and supporting decision-makers in comparing different investment alternatives. Performing a CBA, however, is complex and requires making methodological choices and assumptions, such as choosing the discount rate and the temporal horizon, which can significantly affect the outcome estimates. Moreover, the inclusion of the full range of costs and benefits can be challenging due to difficulties and uncertainties in estimating their monetary value and accounting for their spatial and temporal dynamics. The objective of this research is to critically analyze current applications of CBA on urban NBS in the scientific literature, identifying trends, limitations, and research gaps. To achieve this, we conducted a systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2022, resulting in 114 observations of CBAs for urban NBS. The review compared CBA approaches and scales, focusing on the monetary valuation of costs and benefits, as well as the spatial and temporal dynamics of benefits. Our results indicate a predominance of CBAs with a social, as opposed to private, perspective, and with a focus on building solutions and small-scale NBS interventions. Moreover, we found a general lack of consideration for environmental externalities among the costs, and an incomplete inclusion of the full range of benefits, often due to difficulties in estimating their monetary values. We also found that CBA studies usually do not consider the variability in NBS performance over time. Finally, most studies reported a positive CBA outcome, suggesting that NBS are generally economically advantageous.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101684"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem service supply and (in)equality archetypes","authors":"Felipe Benra ,&nbsp;Manuel Pacheco-Romero ,&nbsp;Joern Fischer","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overall patterns of ecosystem services (ES) supplied by a landscape often hide distributional (in)equalities that condition how the benefits from nature are provided and used by people. This is evident in landscapes dominated by private ownership and composed of a mosaic of property sizes, across which ES supply can vary substantially. So far, the distributional inequalities in ES supply have been assessed only implicitly through the identification of ES bundles that yield hotspots and coldspots, whereas explicit analyses of how ES supply is shaped by distributional (in)equalities are lacking. Taking southern Chile as a case study, we applied a clustering approach at the municipality scale (n = 177), using data at the property level to identify archetypes in (i) the supply of eight ES and (ii) the (in)equalities of that supply using the Gini coefficient. We then analyzed the spatial co-occurrence between ES supply and (in)equality archetypes, to identify which patterns of (in)equality intersect with the supply of ES. We obtained six ES supply archetypes and ten (in)equality archetypes that showed characteristic spatial patterns. Supply archetypes were spatially dominated by a single archetype, which had below average values in the supply of all ES. Contrarily, (in)equality archetypes presented a more heterogeneous distribution across the study area. ES supply archetypes were defined by regulating and cultural ES, whereas (in)equality archetypes were shaped by provisioning and regulating ES. Spatial co-occurrence analysis showed that the dominant ES supply archetype encompassed all (in)equality archetypes – suggesting that property structure can modulate the (in)equality at which ES are supplied. We discuss the policy and management implications arising from the different co-occurring levels of ES supply and (in)equalities. Understanding the linkages between ES supply and distributional (in)equalities at large spatial scales and high resolution can help to prioritize spatial interventions seeking to improve equitable and sustainable ES supply.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101683"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling cultural ecosystem services co-production in urban green spaces through social media reviews","authors":"Christin Busch ,&nbsp;Kathrin Specht ,&nbsp;Luis Inostroza ,&nbsp;Matthias Falke ,&nbsp;Harald Zepp","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban green spaces (UGS) are vital for providing cultural ecosystem services (CES) that enhance well-being in cities. CES are co-produced through human interactions with the environment and involve natural, built, human, and social capital. Assessing CES through textual social media reviews on platforms such as Google Maps, offers insights into the intricate relationships between UGS characteristics, human activities, and well-being. However, research gaps regarding the role of co-production factors in the final delivery of CES persist, necessitating an improved conceptualization of CES co-production. This study provides a comprehensive exploration of the co-production of CES in UGS by analyzing 15,450 Google Maps reviews in the German cities of Bochum and Gelsenkirchen. The research assesses both the “use clause” and “ecological clause” of CES, offering a nuanced understanding of user perceptions and the contributions of UGS characteristics. Key findings highlight the entangled significance of CES categories, such as “aesthetic experiences,” “active or immersive interactions,” and “passive or observational interactions,” revealing that aesthetic value acts as a catalyst for both active and passive interactions within UGS. The study also demonstrates the intricate relationship between CES and the (perceived) biophysical environment, suggesting tangible and material connections to the natural and built environment, contrary to existing intangibility claims. The analysis of low-intensity and experience-oriented recreational activities highlights the reliance on specific UGS characteristics. The study concludes by acknowledging the strengths of utilizing textual social media reviews for CES assessment, particularly in their ability to cover a broad range of UGS classes in urban contexts. Our research enhances understanding of CES co-production in UGS, emphasizing the interplay between UGS characteristics, user experiences, and CES co-production. This provides insights for UGS planning and guides research on material aspects of CES co-production and capital interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101675"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem services and cost-effective benefits from the reclamation of saline sodic land under different paddy field systems","authors":"Tairan Zhou ,&nbsp;Hao Hu ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Hu ,&nbsp;Ziye Yang ,&nbsp;Qilin Lv ,&nbsp;Yajun Wang ,&nbsp;Binwei Yan ,&nbsp;Xueqin Ren ,&nbsp;Shuwen Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reclamation of saline-sodic soils can unlock vast potential resources, relieve food shortages, and increase valuable ecosystem services. While previous investigations have focused on the current ecosystem service (ES) value of reclaimed paddy fields, the potential long-term costs and benefits of reclamation are still largely unknown. To fill this important research gap, we assessed ES values of reclaimed paddies at the field scale, using primary data collected from 15 different paddy management systems. We assessed the market and non-market benefits, costs, and benefit-cost ratios (BCR) of three different reclamation models and two coculture models across a chronosequence of paddy sites (cultivated for up to 50 years). Our results demonstrate that the addition of cellulose sulfonated modified composite (CSMC) and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) substantially increased the net ecosystem service value (NESV) by 16.53 % and 52.21 %, respectively, compared to control paddy cultivation sites. Additionally, integrated rice-crab and rice-fish coculture systems presented great increases in market value (48.48 % and 51.39 %, respectively) compared with that of monoculture systems. Ecosystem provisioning and gas regulating services increased alongside market benefits over longer cultivation periods, indicating potential advantages of long-term paddy cultivation. After 50 years of operation, the cumulative benefit of the CSMC system was approximately 455058.88 ¥ ha⁻¹, which was approximately 1.6 times greater than the control. These results indicate that additional investment in the CSMC system can produce a high margin benefit-cost ratio (MBCR). Given appropriate management models and policies, CSMC inputs and rice-fish co-culture represent the best-performing reclamation system in this study. Our study lays the foundation for associated studies on related government policy, corporate investments, and agricultural production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101682"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural ecosystem services and disservices in protected areas: Hotspots and influencing factors based on tourists’ digital footprints","authors":"Qiaochun Gan ,&nbsp;Lingyun Liao ,&nbsp;Xin Kang ,&nbsp;Zhenduo Xu ,&nbsp;Tianqi Fu ,&nbsp;Yue Cao ,&nbsp;Yunshuang Feng ,&nbsp;Jianwen Dong ,&nbsp;Siren Lan","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protected areas provide invaluable cultural ecosystem services, attracting increased attention. However, standardized evaluation criteria for cultural ecosystem services (CES) are still lacking, and the influencing factors remain largely unknown, making it difficult to fully understand the CES of protected areas. To address these limitations, we established a comprehensive framework for assessing the CES and selected Wuyishan National Park as a case study, a famous world heritage site attracting large numbers of visitors. A grounded approach was employed to analyze the composition of CES from visitors’ digital footprints data (N = 13,738), and kernel density estimation (KDE) and Geodetector were used to analyze spatial distribution and influencing factors. Results showed that recreation and leisure accounted for the highest proportion (47.63 %) of all the ten CES types derived from the coding of digital footprint data, while four categories of cultural ecosystem disservices (CEDS) constituted 13.15 % of the digital footprint coding count. Hot spots of CES were identified, which exhibited a pattern of higher values in the east and lower in the west. This pattern was primarily influenced by socio-economic factors such as GDP (q = 0.477), regional recreational popularity (q = 0.380), and population density (q = 0.363). The interaction between GDP and distance from the town center contributed significantly (q = 0.641). In the study, we expanded the methodology for quantitatively assessing CES in protected areas, revealing the spatial difference between CES and CEDS, offering scientific and well-founded references to achieve effective conservation and sustainable management for protected areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51312,"journal":{"name":"Ecosystem Services","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 101680"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}