Biomass Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4020014

Hisham Ahmed, Rasaq S. Abolore, S. Jaiswal, Amit K. Jaiswal

{"title":"Toward Circular Economy: Potentials of Spent Coffee Grounds in Bioproducts and Chemical Production","authors":"Hisham Ahmed, Rasaq S. Abolore, S. Jaiswal, Amit K. Jaiswal","doi":"10.3390/biomass4020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass4020014","url":null,"abstract":"With growing concern over environmental sustainability and dwindling fossil resources, it is crucial to prioritise the development of alternative feedstocks to replace fossil resources. Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are an environmental burden with an estimated six million tons being generated on a wet basis annually, globally. SCGs are rich in cellulose, lignin, protein, lipids, polyphenols and other bioactive compounds which are important raw materials for use in industries including pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Furthermore, the energy sector has the potential to capitalize on the high calorific value of SCGs for biofuel and biogas production, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. SCGs are readily available, abundant, and cheap, however, SCGs are currently underutilized, and a significant amount are dumped into landfills. This review explores the potential of SCGs as a source of a value-added compound through various conversion technologies employed in the valorisation of SCGs into biochar, biofuel, and important chemical building blocks. The state-of-the-art, current knowledge, future research to stimulate the creation of sustainable products, and the challenges and economic feasibility of exploring SCGs in a biorefinery context are presented.","PeriodicalId":512848,"journal":{"name":"Biomass","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study of Compost Based on Sewage Sludge and Different Structural Materials 基于污水污泥和不同结构材料的堆肥研究

Biomass Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4020013

Przemysław Kosobucki

引用次数: 1

A Review on Biochar as an Adsorbent for Pb(II) Removal from Water 生物炭作为吸附剂去除水中铅(II)的综述

Biomass Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4020012

P. Kumkum, Sandeep Kumar

{"title":"A Review on Biochar as an Adsorbent for Pb(II) Removal from Water","authors":"P. Kumkum, Sandeep Kumar","doi":"10.3390/biomass4020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass4020012","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal contamination in drinking water is a growing concern due to its severe health effects on humans. Among the many metals, lead (Pb), which is a toxic and harmful element, has the most widespread global distribution. Pb pollution is a major problem of water pollution in developing countries and nations. The most common sources of lead in drinking water are lead pipes, faucets, and plumbing fixtures. Adsorption is the most efficient method for metal removal, and activated carbon has been used widely in many applications as an effective adsorbent, but its high production costs have created the necessity for a low-cost alternative adsorbent. Biochar can be a cost-effective substitute for activated carbon in lead adsorption because of its porous structure, irregular surface, high surface-to-volume ratio, and presence of oxygenated functional groups. Extensive research has explored the remarkable potential of biochar in adsorbing Pb from water and wastewater through batch and column studies. Despite its efficacy in Pb removal, several challenges hinder the real application of biochar as an adsorbent. These challenges include variability in the adsorption capacity due to the diverse range of biomass feedstocks, production processes, pH dependence, potential desorption, or a leaching of Pb from the biochar back into the solution; the regeneration and reutilization of spent biochar; and a lack of studies on scalability issues for its application as an adsorbent. This manuscript aims to review the last ten years of research, highlighting the opportunities and engineering challenges associated with using biochar for Pb removal from water. Biochar production and activation methods, kinetics, adsorption isotherms, mechanisms, regeneration, and adsorption capacities with process conditions are discussed. The objective is to provide a comprehensive resource that can guide future researchers and practitioners in addressing engineering challenges.","PeriodicalId":512848,"journal":{"name":"Biomass","volume":"20 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Antioxidant Properties of Citrus limon (Lemon) Peel Ultrasound Extract after the Cloud Point Extraction Method 探索云点萃取法提取柠檬皮超声提取物的抗氧化特性

Biomass Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4010010

V. Athanasiadis, Theodoros G. Chatzimitakos, Martha Mantiniotou, Eleni Bozinou, S. Lalas

{"title":"Exploring the Antioxidant Properties of Citrus limon (Lemon) Peel Ultrasound Extract after the Cloud Point Extraction Method","authors":"V. Athanasiadis, Theodoros G. Chatzimitakos, Martha Mantiniotou, Eleni Bozinou, S. Lalas","doi":"10.3390/biomass4010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass4010010","url":null,"abstract":"Each year, a substantial amount of food is discarded around the globe. A significant portion of this waste consists of by-products derived from Citrus fruits such as lemons. The purpose of this research is to examine the polyphenol extraction and the antioxidant ability of lemon peel using cloud point extraction (CPE), a sustainable approach. CPE was conducted using three steps with a 20% w/v concentration of Span 20 as the surfactant, which has a critical micellar concentration of 6.13 × 10−5 mol/L. The pH was set at 7 and a salt concentration of 20% was maintained at 45 °C for 20 min. The subsequent outcomes of the analysis were obtained: total polyphenol content (TPC): 526.32 mg gallic acid equivalents per liter; total flavonoid content (TFC): 90.22 mg rutin equivalents per liter; FRAP, DPPH, and hydrogen peroxide assays: 2.40, 2.68 and 1.03 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents per liter, respectively, and 168.63 mg/L ascorbic acid content. The quantification of the polyphenolic compounds through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography showed that the most abundant compounds in the lemon peels are eriocitrin (159.43 mg/L) and hesperidin (135.21 mg/L). The results indicate that the proposed CPE technique is successful in extracting antioxidant compounds from lemon peels. The generated extracts have the potential to be exploited as dietary additives to enhance human health and can also be utilized for nutraceuticals or pharmaceutical purposes.","PeriodicalId":512848,"journal":{"name":"Biomass","volume":"85 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140086624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Techno-Economic Analysis of Hemp Production, Logistics and Processing in the U.S 美国大麻生产、物流和加工的技术经济分析

Biomass Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4010008

Asmita Khanal, Ajay Shah

{"title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Hemp Production, Logistics and Processing in the U.S","authors":"Asmita Khanal, Ajay Shah","doi":"10.3390/biomass4010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass4010008","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial hemp is a versatile crop, and its products have important applications in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, textile, paper and composite industries. Since its legalization in the U.S. in 2018, interest in growing and using hemp has been increasing. This study evaluated the techno-economics of hemp grain and fiber production, harvest and post-harvest logistics, the drying and storage of hemp grain, and the decortication of fiber stalks. The analysis was performed using a process modeling approach with data obtained from the literature considering a farm size of 162 ha (average U.S. farm size). The input parameters were used as distributed functions and the results obtained are reported as interquartile ranges after 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations. The total cost of producing and processing hemp grain and fiber was estimated to be in the interquartile range of USD 2911–3566 Mg−1 and USD 1155–1505 Mg−1, respectively. The costs of seed and fertilizer along with grain and fiber yields were found to be the major factors influencing field production costs, while costs associated with facilities and labor were the main costs in fiber processing. Despite the high resource requirements and processing costs, high-value applications of hemp grain and fiber show great potential to produce net incomes of USD 426–3701 Mg−1 and USD 1570–2016 Mg−1, respectively.","PeriodicalId":512848,"journal":{"name":"Biomass","volume":"28 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140086475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Termite Microbial Symbiosis as a Model for Innovative Design of Lignocellulosic Future Biorefinery: Current Paradigms and Future Perspectives 白蚁微生物共生作为木质纤维素未来生物精炼创新设计的模型：当前范例与未来展望

Biomass Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4010009

M. Dar, Rongrong Xie, H. Zabed, Shehbaz Ali, Daochen Zhu, Jianzhong Sun

{"title":"Termite Microbial Symbiosis as a Model for Innovative Design of Lignocellulosic Future Biorefinery: Current Paradigms and Future Perspectives","authors":"M. Dar, Rongrong Xie, H. Zabed, Shehbaz Ali, Daochen Zhu, Jianzhong Sun","doi":"10.3390/biomass4010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass4010009","url":null,"abstract":"The hunt for renewable and alternative fuels has driven research towards the biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) into biofuels, including bioethanol and biohydrogen. Among the natural biomass utilization systems (NBUS), termites represent a unique and easy-to-access model system to study host–microbe interactions towards lignocellulose bioconversion/valorization. Termites have gained significant interest due to their highly efficient lignocellulolytic systems. The wood-feeding termites apply a unique and stepwise process for the hydrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose via biocatalytic processes; therefore, mimicking their digestive metabolism and physiochemical gut environments might lay the foundation for an innovative design of nature-inspired biotechnology. This review highlights the gut system of termites, particularly the wood-feeding species, as a unique model for future biorefinery. The gut system of termites is a treasure-trove for prospecting novel microbial species, including protists, bacteria, and fungi, having higher biocatalytic efficiencies and biotechnological potentials. The significance of potential bacteria and fungi for harnessing the enzymes appropriate for lignocellulosic biorefinery is also discussed. Termite digestomes are rich sources of lignocellulases and related enzymes that could be utilized in various industrial processes and biomass-related applications. Consideration of the host and symbiont as a single functioning unit will be one of the most crucial strategies to expedite developments in termite-modeled biotechnology in the future.","PeriodicalId":512848,"journal":{"name":"Biomass","volume":"124 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140090674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Orange Peel Waste as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Valuable Products: Insights Based on Chemical Composition and Biorefining 作为生物活性化合物和有价值产品来源的橘子皮废弃物：基于化学成分和生物精炼的见解

Biomass Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4010006

M. Ortiz-Sanchez, C. A. Cardona Alzate, J. Solarte-Toro

{"title":"Orange Peel Waste as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Valuable Products: Insights Based on Chemical Composition and Biorefining","authors":"M. Ortiz-Sanchez, C. A. Cardona Alzate, J. Solarte-Toro","doi":"10.3390/biomass4010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass4010006","url":null,"abstract":"Few valorization pathways have been implemented as alternatives to reduce the orange peel waste (OPW) disposal in landfills. OPW can be a source of income or economic savings in juice production factories since this waste is a potential source of value-added products (e.g., bioactive compounds) and energy vectors (e.g., biogas). Valorization alternatives should be based on (i) orange peel chemical composition, (ii) market analysis, and (iii) availability. Nevertheless, few literature papers have highlighted the chemical composition change caused by the different juice production schemes as a potential opportunity to obtain different value-added products and biorefinery schemes. Thus, the aims of this review paper are related to (i) reviewing different orange fruit processing pathways, (ii) analyzing several OPW chemical compositions reported in the open literature, (iii) providing a summary of OPW extraction pathways for bioactive compounds production, and (iv) evaluating the effect of applying different extraction methods on bioactive compound extraction performance. This review includes a description of the OPW matrix, market insights, packaging, physicochemical characterization, processing technologies, and suggested biorefinery approaches. Finally, different extraction methods for obtaining bioactive compounds from OPW are compared. As a result, the supercritical fluid extraction process has the highest extraction performance and selectivity since this method extracted a high amount of hesperidin (8.18 g/kg OPW db.). In conclusion, OPW is a source of bioactive compounds and valuable products that can be introduced in juice-producing factories to increase product portfolio or economic savings by changing the energy matrix.","PeriodicalId":512848,"journal":{"name":"Biomass","volume":"31 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139809102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

State of the Art Review of Attributes and Mechanical Properties of Hempcrete 大麻混凝土属性和机械性能的最新进展综述

Biomass Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/biomass4010004

Nima Asghari, A. Memari

{"title":"State of the Art Review of Attributes and Mechanical Properties of Hempcrete","authors":"Nima Asghari, A. Memari","doi":"10.3390/biomass4010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass4010004","url":null,"abstract":"The global surge in environmental pollution, largely attributed to industrialization, has fueled a pressing need for sustainable solutions. In response, the construction sector is increasingly focusing on bio-based materials such as hemp, recognized for its low environmental footprint and prominent carbon-negative quality. As designers, housebuilders, and an environmentally conscious society pivot towards ecological alternatives to standard building materials, hempcrete emerges as a promising candidate. As a composite material mainly made from hemp hurd/shiv, water, and lime, hempcrete offers the ability to sequester carbon long after its incorporation into structures. As a result, the hemp cultivation process—which can be completed within less than four months—ensures that more carbon is absorbed during production and deployment than emitted, e.g., per one study, sequestration on the order of 300 kg of CO2 per m3 of hempcrete. In comparison to concrete, hempcrete offers a more sustainable footprint, given its recyclability post life cycle. This state-of-the-art review paper delves deep into different aspects of hempcrete, summarizing its multifaceted attributes, particularly its compressive strength. Based on the study conducted, the paper also suggests strategies to augment this strength, thereby transitioning hempcrete from a non-load-bearing material to one capable of shouldering significant weight. As architects and designers consistently strive to align their projects with high ecological standards, focusing not just on aesthetic appeal but also environmental compatibility, hempcrete becomes an increasingly fitting solution for the future of construction.","PeriodicalId":512848,"journal":{"name":"Biomass","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139869231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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