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Paleosyndemics: A Bioarchaeological and Biosocial Approach to Study Infectious Diseases in the Past 古传染病学:研究过去传染病的生物考古学和生物社会学方法

IF 1.2 1区哲学

Centaurus Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1484/j.cnt.5.130031

C. Larsen, F. Crespo

{"title":"Paleosyndemics: A Bioarchaeological and Biosocial Approach to Study Infectious Diseases in the Past","authors":"C. Larsen, F. Crespo","doi":"10.1484/j.cnt.5.130031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/j.cnt.5.130031","url":null,"abstract":"Skeletons drawn from archaeological contexts provide a fund of data for assessing disease in general and timing of epidemics in particular in past societies. The bioarchaeological record presents an especially important perspective on timing of some of the world's most catastrophic diseases, such as leprosy, tuberculosis, plague (Black Death), and treponematosis. Application of new developments in paleogenomics and paleogenetics presents new opportunities to document ancient pathogens' DNA (for example, Black Death), track their history, and assess their beginning and end points. Paleopathological documentation of disease terminus is complex, in part owing to circumstances where past communities experienced overlapping epidemics, such as leprosy and plague. For most settings, these syndemics-whereby there is an interaction between two or more epidemic diseases-both exacerbate and enhance the burden of morbidity in a community or region. Fundamental to understanding the severity and duration of epidemics is the consideration of multiple factors that simultaneously influence the severity and duration of the specific infectious diseases in a community or region, including poor oral health, under-nutrition, iron deficiency anemia, and elevated parasite load. In our view, comprehending the beginning, the middle, and the end of epidemics requires understanding the wider context of syndemics, the multiple challenging circumstances that undermine health and community stability, and how biosocial factors differentially affect the immune competence of individuals. This article provides several examples of the application of bioarchaeology and syndemics theory in achieving an understanding of how epidemics end. Pathogens continue to circulate, even after what appears to be the end. In effect, then, there is no \"end,\" just evolution of opportunistic pathogens and our ability (or not) to mitigate them.","PeriodicalId":51282,"journal":{"name":"Centaurus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45421211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Ends and Means: Typhus in Naples, 1943–1944 目的与手段:1943-1944年那不勒斯的斑疹伤寒

IF 1.2 1区哲学

Centaurus Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1484/j.cnt.5.129944

Roderick Bailey

引用次数: 0

Epidemics that End with a Bang 以砰的一声结束的流行病

IF 1.2 1区哲学

Centaurus Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1484/j.cnt.5.128785

Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.

引用次数: 0

The Multiple Temporalities of Epidemic Endings 流行病结局的多重时间性

IF 1.2 1区哲学

Centaurus Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1484/j.cnt.5.129943

Einar Wigen

{"title":"The Multiple Temporalities of Epidemic Endings","authors":"Einar Wigen","doi":"10.1484/j.cnt.5.129943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1484/j.cnt.5.129943","url":null,"abstract":"The beginnings of epidemics are often told as if they are simple to locate in time. They take the form of a crisis, and as such, function as great synchronisers of different temporalities, bringing social temporalities \"in line\" with biological ones. In the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, political processes that are usually slow were accelerated in order to \"catch up with\" the fast pace of the virus's reproduction, as policymakers saw a need to contain the virus. The end of an epidemic, on the other hand, is more difficult to pinpoint. This can be attributed to the fact that the myriad actors involved in and affected by an epidemic operate on diverging time scales. Although seemingly synchronised from its outset, these lifetimes become unsynchronised as the epidemic unfolds. Some effects of an epidemic outbreak are easily observed, such as infection rates and the number of deceased. Others-psychological or medical aftereffects, or the lasting memory in a population-may be harder to spot. Declaring that an epidemic has \"ended\" usually relies on the ceasing of the former, not the latter. However, as this article argues, the ending(s) of an epidemic should be regarded in the plural, each operating within its own rhythm and scale. This article explores the multiplicity of lifetimes involved in epidemics-human, microbial, institutional-and tries to give an explanation as to how epidemics end (or linger on) using an approach of multiple temporalities.","PeriodicalId":51282,"journal":{"name":"Centaurus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49127657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Johan P. Mackenbach, A History of Population Health: Rise and Fall of Disease in Europe 约翰·麦肯巴赫，《人口健康史：欧洲疾病的兴衰》

IF 1.2 1区哲学

Centaurus Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1484/j.cnt.5.128583

D. Apedaile

引用次数: 0

Chikungunya in Brazil, an Endless Epidemic 巴西的基孔肯雅病，一种无休止的流行病

IF 1.2 1区哲学

Centaurus Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1484/j.cnt.5.129635

Jean Segata

引用次数: 1

“The Last Time that We Can Say the Plague Raged”: Historicizing Epidemics “我们能说瘟疫肆虐的最后一次”：流行病的历史化