Orthodoxia最新文献

{"title":"Sergius (Stragorodsky), War and Homeland: From the Holy Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II to Stalin","authors":"I. N. Utkin","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-80-127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-80-127","url":null,"abstract":"During the First World War, Sergius (Stragorodsky) served as the Archbishop of Finland and was a member of the Holy Governing Synod. He participated in the preparation of all church acts aimed at organizing assistance to the wounded, families of soldiers called to war, and orphans. Under his leadership, the diocese conducted active social work. The prayer for victory over the enemy, approved in 1914 with the direct participation of Archbishop Sergius, was subsequently used in abbreviated form during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. During the First World War, the church press actively participated in shaping the image of the enemy. The Russian Orthodox Church acted similarly during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. One of the peculiarities of the church discourse during the First World War was the formation of the image of the internal enemy. By the end of 1916, the church press spoke of a universal derogation from the ideals of Holy Rus, greed, and selfishness that had engulfed all classes of the population. In his “Declaration” of 1927, Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky), the Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens, once again addressed the military and patriotic theme.The turning point in church-state relations was the events of 1939– 1940, related to the reunification of Western Ukraine, Belarus and Baltic countries with the USSR.On June 22, 1941, Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) wrote a message to the believers, calling for support for the Soviet state’s fight against the Nazis. From the first days of the war, the Church began active patriotic work. Funds were collected for the Defense Fund and for the wounded. Unusually, funds were also collected directly for armaments — a tank column named after Dmitry Donskoy.An important stage in the church’s activities under Metropolitan Sergius was the publication of the book “The Truth about Religion in Russia”, intended for translation into foreign languages and mass distribution abroad.","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"34 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sergius (Stragorodsky), Archbishop of Finland and Vyborg — features of pastoral service in political and sociocultural contexts","authors":"Т. I. Shevchenko","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-128-173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-128-173","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of the “Finnish period” of the pastoral service of Sergius (Stragorodsky), future Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. The period covers the years 1905–1917, during which there was an exacerbation of Russian-Finnish relations. In Finnish historiography, these years are referred to as another period of russification (1908–1917), while in Russian historiography, they are marked by attempts to Finnize and Lutheranize Russian Karelia. Formed in 1892 as the vicariate of the St. Petersburg diocese, the Vyborgand Finnish diocese of the Orthodox Russian Church united the parishes of the Grand Duchy of Finland, to which the Vyborg province (Old Finland) belonged, annexed to the Grand Duchy by Alexander I in 1811. In 1913, the Serdobolsk vicariate was established in the diocese for Karelian parishes. Archbishop Sergius was tasked with countering “pan-Finnish propaganda” in Karelia and defending the interests of the Russian Church in the Grand Duchy, the vast majority of whose population adhered to   Lutheranism. The Karelians inhabited the eastern part of the Grand Duchy of Finland, Olonets and Belomorsk Karelia. Through joint efforts of church and provincial authorities in these regions, the process of Lutheranization of Karelians directed by Finnish nationalists was stopped. However, Archbishop Sergius policy in the Grand Duchy caused rejection from local elites and church figures. Relations with Russian politicians were also complicated for the Archbishop of Finland. This was largely due to the exacerbation of Finnish and Karelian issues. The article analyzes the political and socio-cultural contexts of the pastoral service of Archbishop Sergius, emphasizes important facts of his biography that help understand the logic of his decisions, presents preliminary conclusions based on a review of the modern historiography of the issue, which has not received sufficient attention from Russian researchers to date.","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"70 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metropolitan Sergius and the “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” in 1931–1935","authors":"A. N. Kashevarov","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-234-255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-234-255","url":null,"abstract":"After the end of the civil war, the Moscow Patriarchate could only publish annual calendars, which were published until 1925. This was the only and very limited opportunity for the highest church authorities to publish some of their decrees and orders. Therefore, Metropolitan of Nizhny Novgorod Sergius (Stragorodsky), who assumed the duties of Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens on December 14, 1925, regarded the publication of the official periodical of the Patriarchate as one of the top priorities in organizing church life. One of Metropolitan Sergei’s main achievements during this time was obtaining permission from the authorities to publish the “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate”, which was published from 1931 to 1935. It was small in volume — from 8 to 14 pages including calendar materials and was published in a small edition — only three thousand copies. In reality, the journal was published once every 2–4 months. Metropolitan Sergius himself acted as the publisher. A large part of the materials published in the “Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate” in the 1930s are related to the activities of the Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens and the Temporary Patriarchal Holy Synod under his guidance. An important place in the journal was rightfully occupied by the sermons, letters, and resolutions of Metropolitan Sergius on various issues of church life. The materials published in the journal allow us to identify and study the main directions of the activitie and mechanisms of functioning of the highest church authority in the late 1920s to the first half of the 1930s. The analysis of these materials convincingly shows that, firstly, Metropolitan Sergei, who presented important issues of church life for consideration by the Supreme Church Administration, led the work of the Temporary Patriarchal Synod. Secondly, despite all the pressures, church life continued. The Patriarchate, represented by the Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius and members of the Temporary Patriarchal Holy Synod, remained the only legalized body of church administration, doing everything possible in those incredibly difficult conditions to maintain some order and discipline in the Church on canonical grounds and prevent it from falling apart. ","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"27 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patriarch Alexy I (Simansky) as the Successor of Patriarch Sergius (Stragorodsky)","authors":"A. A. Kopylov","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-1-184-203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-1-184-203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky): Ministry and Destiny","authors":"O. Yu. Vasilieva","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-10-45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-10-45","url":null,"abstract":"The article delves into the biography of the future Patriarch Sergius (Stragorodsky) and the circumstances of his life that shaped the personality of the primate, making him one of the most prominent church figures of the twentieth century. The article examines the principal milestones of his pastoral ministry, theological contributions, missionary efforts, and administrative endeavors undertaken for the benefit of the Church. The article also outlines the circumstances surrounding Metropolitan Sergius’ dramatic involvement in the Renovationist schism and his eventual departure from it through a public act of repentance. The focus of the article is the history of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Soviet government in the 1920s and 1930s, with Metropolitan Sergius playing a pivotal role as one of the key participants. The most challenging period for the Church in the twentieth century was the span from 1925 to 1943, marked by the absence of patriarchal authority and characterized by numerous intrigues and administrative pressure from the Bolshevik government. The article argues that the policy of Metropolitan Sergius was a direct continuation of the path that Patriarch Tikhon embarked on in the last years of his tenure. The author of the article concludes that Metropolitan Sergius deliberately chose a compromise with the authorities, embracing the path of martyrdom and self-abasement for the sake of preserving the Church. In 1927, Metropolitan Sergius, along with members of the convened Provisional Patriarchal Holy Synod, signed the “Message to Pastors and Believers”, which served as a memorandum of the Church’s political loyalty to the Soviet government. The article pays significant attention to Sergius’ press conference in front of Soviet and foreign journalists, which served as a response to numerous accusations leveled against the Soviet government for its oppression of the Church. The author of the article concludes that Metropolitan Sergius’ ministry is primarily characterized by martyrdom. Consciously opting for personal dishonor to safeguard the Church stands as a genuine act of courage by Patriarch Sergius, an undeniable merit appreciated by all believers.","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"105 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patriarch Sergius and the Patriarchal Conciliar System","authors":"S. A. Tutunov","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-46-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-46-53","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the positive role of Patriarch Sergius (Stragorodsky) as the successor of Patriarch Tikhon (Bellavin) in the restoration of the patriarchal conciliar system of governance within the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia. Ecclesiological and administrative regulation of the Church’s life was disrupted under Peter the Great. The institution of the patriarchate briefly revived after the 1917 revolution, but this process was interrupted by the actions of the new Bolshevik government. Becoming the helmsman of the Church after 1925, Sergius, as the locum tenens of the patriarchal see, continued to revive the canonical administrative church system despite severe pressure from state authorities. This included overcoming the renovationist schism, strengthening church discipline, and restoring the order of worship. These efforts resulted in the second revival of the institution of the Patriarchate, which occurred during the Great Patriotic War at the Bishops’ Council in 1943. Patriarch Sergius’ works laid the foundation for subsequent stages in the restoration of the patriarchal conciliar system of Church administration in 1945 and 1988.","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"22 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140982243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"His Holiness Patriarch Sergius, Metropolitan Gregory and the Theological Schools of the Moscow Patriarchy from 1944 to 2024","authors":"L. K. Aleksandrova-Chukova","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-174-205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-174-205","url":null,"abstract":"The article commemorates two significant events marking the 80th anniversary of the Russian Orthodox Church in 2024: the passing of His Holiness Patriarch Sergius and the establishment of the first theological schools in Moscow during the Soviet era. The question of establishing theological schools was raised by Patriarch Sergius following the Council of Bishops in 1943 and his subsequent election as patriarch. These schools were inaugurated just a month after his passing. It’s emphasized that the swift preparation for the opening of the Theological Institute and Theological and Pastoral courses was facilitated by the quarter-century journey of the patriarch’s long-time faithful colleague, Archpriest Nikolay Chukov (Archbishop Gregory of Saratov and Stalingrad), who authored the project for spiritual educational institutions of the Moscow Patriarchate. He had substantial experience in establishing and overseeing higher theological institutions in Petrograd-Leningrad from 1920 to 1925. For the first time, a diary detailing the activities of Archpriest Nikolay Chukov is published in the appendix. His endeavors, undertaken with the support of Metropolitan Sergius  and the Synod from 1928 to 1930, aimed to establish a Theological Institute in Leningrad. Unfortunately, his plans were thwarted by his arrest in 1930. The entries in the published diary confirm Olga Vasilyeva’s assertion that Metropolitan Sergius’ interview, which sparked widespread protests due to its denial of Church persecution in the USSR, was a quid pro quo for allowing him to submit a memo to Pyotr Smidovich. One of the memo’s points emphasized the necessity of opening a theological school. This memo played a pivotal role in obtaining permission, which, in turn, significantly hastened the process of opening theological schools in Moscow in 1943–1944. The article concludes with excerpts from books and articles by a professor from the Department of Church History at Saint Petersburg Theological Academy. This academic offers a negative and ironic assessment of both the ascetic work of Metropolitan Gregory of Leningrad and Novgorod, and the martyrdom of Patriarch Sergius, who endured humiliation primarily to preserve a legalized church organization, which was essential for the establishment of theological schools within the Patriarchate. This aspect became particularly significant when considering the pivotal choice by the authorities between the patriarchal Church and the Renovationists in 1943.","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus’ Sergius and the Soviet State","authors":"V. A. Tsypin","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-54-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-54-79","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of 1925, Metropolitan Sergius of Nizhny Novgorod assumed the position of Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens. He undertook the task of formulating the Church’s position in relation to state authorities. Its authentic expression was the draft “Appeal”. which was rejected by the government, leading to the arrest of its author. After his release, Metropolitan Sergius, together with the Synod, issued a Message referred to as a “Declaration” in journalism. It emphasized the loyalty of the clergy and the Orthodox people to the Soviet government. Some clergymen criticized the Declaration, but a significant majority of the episcopate, clergy, and church people reacted with understanding to its publication. At the end of 1936, Metropolitan Sergius assumed the position of Locum Tenens following a false report of the death of Locum Tenens Peter. In fact, the holy Martyr Peter was still alive at that time, but in October 1937, he was shot. 1937 marked the peak of the terror. A new blow struck the Orthodox Church. On September 1, 1939, the Second World War began. As a result of the expansion of the borders of the Soviet state to the west, the Moscow Patriarchate effectively gained control over the dioceses of the Baltic States, Western Belarus, Western Ukraine, and Moldova. In the new territories, churches were closed only in exceptional cases. On June 22, 1941, Germany attacked the USSR. On the first day of the war, the Locum Tenens composed a Message in which he blessed the Orthodox people for the defense of the Fatherland. From October 1941 to August 1943, the Patriarchate was located in Ulyanovsk. After its return to Moscow, Stalin and Molotov met with Metropolitans Sergius, Alexy, and Nikolai in the Kremlin. At the meeting, permission was given to convene the Council of Bishops, the most important act of which was the election of Sergius as Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus’. Patriarch Sergius died on May 15, 1944.","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“What Kind of Antichrist Is This? I Don't Recognize Him”: Patriarch Tikhon and Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) in Their Struggle Against the Notion of a “Spiritual Antichrist”","authors":"I. N. Utkin","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-1-152-183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-1-152-183","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“The Patriarchal Authority Always Remains Present in the Church in its Entirety”: Patriarch Tikhon, Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) and the Ideas of Church Democracy","authors":"I. N. Utkin","doi":"10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-206-233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2024-2-206-233","url":null,"abstract":"The sharp criticism expressed by opponents towards Patriarch Tikhon and Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) was not so much related to their complimentary statements towards the Soviet government (Patriarch Tikhon’s such statements have been known since 1923), but rather to their methods of governance. Opponents believed that Patriarch Tikhon and Metropolitan Sergius were dismantling the established church democracy that had emerged as a result of the Local Council of 1917–1918. In the early 20th century, such democracy was called conciliarity, which implied church representation, a system of elections from the bottom up with a periodicity of several years. The ideas of intrachurch republicanism were actively developing throughout the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The system of representative church institutions established after the spiritualschool reform at the deanery and diocesan levels served as a school of democracy for the Russian clergy for half a century. Republican ideas were still strong at the Local Council of 1917–1918. They were the main basis for opposing the plans to introduce patriarchy. The ordinations of married priests to bishops without taking monastic vows by the renewalists, and then the recognition of a married episcopate at the so-called Second All-Russian Local Council of 1923, led the R.O.C. (Russian Orthodox Church) of the renewalists beyond the canonical field, which the renewalists were well aware of. Therefore, they sought to superimpose the church democratic system that had formed within their structures after the “abolition” of patriarchy in 1923 to a universal level. Together with the Greeks, the renewalists developed plans for the periodic regular holding of representative assemblies of Local Churches, which they called Universal Councils. These councils were envisaged as a radical transformation of both the canonical structure and, subsequently, the dogmatic teachings of the Orthodox Church. Thus, under favorable historical circumstances, the development of Russian church republicanism could fundamentally undermine the foundations of Universal Orthodoxy. However, patriarchal authority in post-revolutionary Russia stood in the way of these plans. Such actions by the patriarchal authority require a closer look at the perception of the Moscow metropolitan, and then the patriarch in the Russian church consciousness of the 15th-17th centuries, where the fact of repeated episcopal ordination indicates that the Head of the Church was not simply one of the bishops.","PeriodicalId":512431,"journal":{"name":"Orthodoxia","volume":"91 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}