Journal of Arachnology最新文献_第3页

A new genus of Zalmoxoidea from Colombia (Arachnida: Opiliones: Grassatores)

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-21-070

A. Kury, Andrés F. García, Daniela Ahumada-C.

引用次数: 1

Thermal tolerances of different life stages, sexes, and species of widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) 不同生命阶段、性别和种类的寡妇蜘蛛的耐热性(蜘蛛目:蛛科)

3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1636/joa-s-21-044

Cody L. Barnes, Nicholas W. Blay, Shawn M. Wilder

{"title":"Thermal tolerances of different life stages, sexes, and species of widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae)","authors":"Cody L. Barnes, Nicholas W. Blay, Shawn M. Wilder","doi":"10.1636/joa-s-21-044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/joa-s-21-044","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature strongly shapes the physiology and distributions of ectotherms. Environmental extremes and the range of temperatures encountered can limit persistence. Further, thermal tolerance limits are thought to be one of the factors limiting the distributions of invasive species. The critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and critical thermal minimum (CTMin) are metrics frequently applied for defining upper and lower thermal tolerances, respectively. Temperatures contained within the boundaries of the CTMax and CTMin comprise the thermal tolerance range. In this study, we tested whether thermal tolerances differed between two native (Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 and L. mactans (Fabricius, 1775)) and one invasive (L. geometricus CL Koch, 1841) widow species (Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805). We separately tested if thermal tolerances differed by life stage and sex. Using species distribution modelling, we also tested if thermal extremes or temperature range most accurately correspond with current species occurrences in the United States. We hypothesized that Latrodectus geometricus would have lower thermal tolerance range and that minimum temperatures would most influence their present distributions since they presumably originated from a more equatorial climate. We found that CTMin did not vary by developmental stage, but was highest in males. We found that the CTMin and CTMax of L. geometricus (3.2, 51.5 °C) and L. mactans (1.9, 52.4 °C) were higher than L. hesperus (-1.9, 49.6 °C). Males also had the narrowest thermal tolerance range in the three species examined. Lastly, we found that the highest performing distribution model was the one correlating minimum temperature with L. geometricus occurrences.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135647948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fungus and fruit consumption by harvestmen and spiders (Opiliones, Araneae): the vegetarian side of two predominantly predaceous arachnid groups 收割机和蜘蛛(蜘蛛目，蜘蛛目)对真菌和水果的消耗:两种主要的食肉蛛形纲动物的素食者

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-22-015

M. Nyffeler, G. Machado, Arik M. Hartmann, C. N. Keiser

{"title":"Fungus and fruit consumption by harvestmen and spiders (Opiliones, Araneae): the vegetarian side of two predominantly predaceous arachnid groups","authors":"M. Nyffeler, G. Machado, Arik M. Hartmann, C. N. Keiser","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-22-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-22-015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this review, we report on harvestmen and spiders feeding on fungi, fruits, and seeds. Fungivory in harvestmen is widespread, with most reports referring to tropical species in the family Sclerosomatidae, which consume mainly small forest mushrooms (families Marasmiaceae and Mycenaceae). In contrast, consumption of fungal material by spiders apparently occurs only if airborne spores trapped in the viscid threads of orb-webs (e.g., Araneidae and Tetragnathidae) are ingested along with old webs prior to the construction of new webs. Consumption of fruit pulp by harvestmen is also widespread, with several records of Leiobunum spp. (Sclerosomatidae) feeding on Rubus spp. berries and other lipid-poor fruits in the Holarctic region. In Neotropical forests, harvestmen in the families Cosmetidae and Gonyleptidae feed on lipid-poor pulp of fallen fruits. Among spiders, we document several cases of synanthropic species opportunistically feeding on fruit waste (e.g., pieces of banana, papaya, watermelon, or orange pulp) inside houses or disposed in yards. Only one case of a spider feeding on a wild fruit in the field was found in our search. Finally, we report several cases of harvestmen and spiders feeding on elaiosomes or arils (i.e., lipid-rich seed appendages). In conclusion, harvestmen consume mushrooms, fruit pulp, seeds, and seed appendages more frequently than spiders probably because they are “solid food feeders”, which means they can ingest solid tissues by biting off small pieces. In turn, spiders are “fluid feeders” and feed on vegetable matter most frequently in the form of fluids (e.g., nectar, stigmatic exudate, plant sap, and honey dew), rather than fungal or plant tissues.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"51 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48387731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS (revised April 2022) 作者须知（2022年4月修订）

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1636/0161-8202-50.3.385

引用次数: 0

Orb web traits typical of Uloboridae (Araneae) 网蛛科典型的球网特征

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-21-050

W. Eberhard, B. Opell

{"title":"Orb web traits typical of Uloboridae (Araneae)","authors":"W. Eberhard, B. Opell","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-21-050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-21-050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Web designs have long been used to characterize spider taxa and to deduce the relations between them; but systematic documentation of the amount of variation in webs within and between taxonomic groups is rare. This study, based on previously published observations and new observations of 15 species in the family Uloboridae, including two genera, Octonoba Opell, 1979 and Siratoba Opell, 1979, whose webs were previously undocumented, reviews the taxonomic distribution and variation in 22 orb web traits in at least 43 species in 11 genera in uloborids. These traits appear to occur in all orb-weaving genera in which reasonable samples are available, though only small samples are available for many species. Larger samples of the webs of three species of Uloborus Latreille, 1806, two of Hyptiotes Walckenaer, 1837, and one each of Zosis Walckenaer, 1841, Siratoba, Octonoba, Waitkera Opell, 1979 and Philoponella Mello-Leitão, 1917, revealed greater intra-specific consistencies in some traits than others. Hub traits were especially consistent. Variations in three traits may represent adjustments to the size of the space in which the orb is built. “Primary” webs, which combine orb and sheet-web traits, are built by spiderlings newly emerged from the egg sac and by adult males in at least five genera of orb-weaving uloborids and may be unique to this family. Preliminary comparisons between uloborid and araneoid orbs suggest that uloborid orbs may also differ from araneoid orbs in combining several other traits.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"351 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46614393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The primary webs of Uloboridae (Araneae) Ulobordae的初级网（蜘蛛目）

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-22-001

W. Eberhard, S. Zschokke

{"title":"The primary webs of Uloboridae (Araneae)","authors":"W. Eberhard, S. Zschokke","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-22-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-22-001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. “Primary” webs of uloborids have large numbers of very fine lines and usually lack sticky cribellum silk. This paper reviews their taxonomic distribution (19 species in 5 genera) and the ontogenetic stages in which primary webs are built (spiderlings newly emerged from the egg sac, older juveniles, mature males, and normal and senile females), expands the knowledge of construction behavior, and describes several previously unnoticed design details. Primary webs differ from typical uloborid orbs in several ways: large numbers of fine radial and non-radial lines; facultative hub removal and replacement; usually closely spaced temporary spiral loops; and lines beyond the frame lines. Construction of supplemental radii in primary webs is distinctive in several respects: break and reel construction; tendencies to lay successive radii either on opposite sides of the web or close together in the same sector; high frequencies of aborted trips from the hub to the frame; production of multiple lines during a single trip from the hub to the frame and back; long pauses during the production of single radii; and variation in the sequences in which radial lines are added to a given sector. Some aspects of primary web construction resemble araneoid rather than typical uloborid behavior. The relation between primary webs and the evolution of orb webs, and the mechanism that spiders use to produce abundant non-radial lines despite making only radial movements during web construction remain uncertain. We speculate that primary webs are favored when spiders are unable to afford the costs of producing cribellate silk for a typical orb.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"335 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48872005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Social pseudoscorpion nest architecture provides direct benefits to group members and rivals the efficiency of honey bees 社会性伪蝎子的巢结构为群体成员提供了直接的利益，并与蜜蜂的效率相媲美

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-21-017

K. Chapin, Anna Kittle, A. Dornhaus

{"title":"Social pseudoscorpion nest architecture provides direct benefits to group members and rivals the efficiency of honey bees","authors":"K. Chapin, Anna Kittle, A. Dornhaus","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-21-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-21-017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Animals may build nests socially to minimize the energy required for nest construction. Paratemnoides spp. pseudoscorpions evolved sociality independently from all other social groups, and colonies create silken multi-chambered nests in which they molt and raise young, analogous in form to the nests of some wasps and bees. Here we describe these nests and examine pseudoscorpion construction efficiency. Silk is generally energetically expensive and as such, we hypothesized that P. elongatus build nests of a structure that minimizes silk use, thereby maximizing nest construction efficiency. We measured the number of nest chambers, their perimeter, and their area, for 31 nests, calculated several metrics of nest architecture, and developed five alternative mathematical models describing other possible nest geometries. We found that real social pseudoscorpion nests are constructed with high efficiency, measured as wall length per internal area, approaching that of mathematical optima. We also found that these nests use less silk per capita than if the same chambers were built separately, i.e., if they were solitary. This indicates a direct benefit to group members. We compared observed nest architecture with five mathematical models of nest geometry and found that pseudoscorpion construction efficiency outperformed all non-cooperative models and rivaled that of a cooperative one approximating the honeycomb conjecture - a mathematical proof describing the most efficient way possible to divide a 2-dimensional plane. In summary, social pseudoscorpions design group nests with multiple chambers in a way that minimizes wall length per internal area and approaches the efficiency of honey-bee-like hexagon constructcion.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"323 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44674348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microhabitat conditions affect web-building spider communities and their prey independent of effects of short-term wildlife fencing on forest vegetation 微栖息地条件影响结网蜘蛛群落及其猎物，与短期野生动物围栏对森林植被的影响无关

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-21-046

F. Arvidsson, Melanie S Montes, K. Birkhofer

{"title":"Microhabitat conditions affect web-building spider communities and their prey independent of effects of short-term wildlife fencing on forest vegetation","authors":"F. Arvidsson, Melanie S Montes, K. Birkhofer","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-21-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-21-046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Spiders play a key role in forest food webs, where they regulate decomposer populations and may act as predators of pests and disease vectors. Spider community composition is determined in part by vegetation structure. Therefore, the exclusion of large mammals, such as deer and wild boar, through wildlife fencing may affect the composition of spider communities and their prey in forest ecosystems. Web-building spiders and their prey were hand-collected in plots that had been fenced for three years, as well as adjacent unfenced plots in a mixed temperate forest in north-eastern Germany. Additionally, spiders in the leaf litter were sampled in fenced and unfenced subareas by sieving litter. Wildlife fencing did not significantly affect spider densities or community composition per microhabitat. However, fencing affected the cover of different microhabitats significantly as there was a higher density of larger trees and higher leaflitter cover in fenced plots while there was a higher percentage of bare ground and deadwood in unfenced plots. Spider communities and their prey composition differed significantly between microhabitats (deciduous trees, coniferous trees, dead wood, understory vegetation, leaf litter) independent of fencing. Thysanoptera prey was mainly caught by spiders on coniferous trees and in the understory vegetation. Heteroptera prey were captured most frequently in the understory vegetation while Hymenoptera (excl. Formicidae) prey were mostly caught on deciduous trees. Several spider species showed a preference between deciduous and coniferous trees in the mixed forest. Wildlife fencing alters the vegetation structure of mixed forests and has indirect effects on spider communities and their role in forest food webs due to alteration of microhabitat availability.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"308 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46580742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Molecular and morphological species delimitation suggest a single species of the beetle-spider genus Ballus in Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae) 分子和形态学的物种划分表明斯里兰卡的甲虫蜘蛛属Ballus的单一种(蜘蛛目:蜘蛛科)

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-21-040

D. Bopearachchi, J. Eberle, S. Benjamin

引用次数: 0

Lustrochernes grossus (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) associated with decaying wood in riparian cloud forests 与河岸云雾林中腐烂的木材有关的毛拟蝎（假蝎目：蝎科）

IF 1 3区农林科学

Journal of Arachnology Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-21-032

G. Villegas-guzman, Alfredo Ramírez-Hernández, F. Escobar, Sandra Almendarez

{"title":"Lustrochernes grossus (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) associated with decaying wood in riparian cloud forests","authors":"G. Villegas-guzman, Alfredo Ramírez-Hernández, F. Escobar, Sandra Almendarez","doi":"10.1636/JoA-S-21-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-21-032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We analysed the dead-wood characteristics that determine the presence of saproxylic pseudoscorpion species in remnants of riparian cloud forest. We examined 98 dead-wood pieces (70 logs and 28 stumps), and recorded tree species, decaying wood stages, presence of the pseudoscorpion Lustrochernes grossus (Banks, 1893) (Chernetidae) and the Bess beetle Helicus tropicus. In these wood samples we found 24 L. grossus and one chela. We recorded the highest number of individuals in Clethra mexicana (11), followed by Quercus corrugata (6) and Liquidambar styraciflua (6). In Annona cherimola and Trema micrantha, one chela and one female were recorded, respectively. The presence of this pseudoscorpion is likely due to its relationship with the Bess beetle, which coexists in decaying wood. The distribution of L. grossus in dead wood may also be influenced by tree species and stage of decay. Forest fragmentation and the extraction of firewood from the remnant riparian fragments of cloud forest are factors that could jeopardize the saproxylic pseudoscorpion species and other arthropod diversity associated with decaying wood in this threatened ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":51076,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arachnology","volume":"50 1","pages":"301 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47523703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1