Journal of Cancer and Tumor International最新文献

{"title":"Antibody-drug Conjugates in Cancer Treatment: An Overview","authors":"Nikita Gupta, L. S. Geethika, Payavula Sneha","doi":"10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i3259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i3259","url":null,"abstract":"The development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has significantly impacted cancer therapy, progressing from foundational discoveries in the late 19th century to contemporary clinical applications. With the approval of the first ADC in 2000 and subsequent advancements, including over 30 ADCs in advanced clinical development, the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients has undergone a notable transformation. From initial cleavable linker technologies to the latest third-generation ADCs, continuous innovation in ADC design has been evident. Novel conjugation and linker technologies, alongside the identification of specific target antigens in solid cancers, have reinvigorated prospects for treating challenging malignancies. However, challenges such as off-target toxicity and heterogeneous antigen expression persist. The prevailing empirical approach to systemic cancer therapy administration presents challenges, including potential under-treatment of aggressive disease and over-treatment of indolent conditions, along with frequent adverse effects. Robust prognostic markers are essential to differentiate disease aggressiveness levels, guide treatment decisions, and anticipate adverse effects. Companion diagnostics for targeted therapies, such as HER-2 status for trastuzumab in breast cancer and BCR–ABL mutations for imatinib resistance in CML, enable personalized treatment strategies. Similarly, BRCA mutations predict response to PARP inhibitors in breast and ovarian cancers, while BRAF mutations guide treatment with BRAF inhibitors in melanoma. Patient selection strategies for clinical trials involving ADCs rely on prospective selection or retrospective analysis, each with its merits and challenges.","PeriodicalId":509152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer and Tumor International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Early Detection of Cancer: Present and Prospective Challenges for Future Research","authors":"Yvanne Komenan","doi":"10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1249","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Records have been reported on the inflicting attributes of cancer in society and how early detection is necessary for preventive measure and as a proactive step. The use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been proved as an effective and proficient diagnostic method for the early detection of cancer. This paper is an eye-opener for future researchers willing to investigate the use of magnetic resonance imaging in early detection of cancer. It critically discusses the present and prospective challenges in this area.\u0000Objectives: In this paper, historical records of cancer and the application of MRI in the early detection of cancer are presented. The mechanism of MRI operation together with comprehensive concepts behind its application for early cancer detection are also presented. Recent challenges regarding the subject matter are presented for the benefits of future researchers.\u0000Methodology: Literature review on recent studies conducted between 2009 and 2024 on using MRI for early cancer detection was discussed revealing the objectives, methodologies, results and conclusions from various studies.\u0000Conclusions: Several limitations and constraints from previous studies and those perceived are presented in this paper for future consideration of research studies in this area. In conclusion, twenty research limitations are stated therein which are gaps that should be bridged by future researchers.","PeriodicalId":509152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer and Tumor International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140686069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of PD-1 / PD-L1 Blockade to Increase NK Cells Cytotoxicity in Killing Cancer Cells: Article Review”","authors":"Joko Wibowo Sentoso, Agung Putra, I. Alif","doi":"10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1248","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 are therapies that have shown success in cancer treatment. However, while treating cancer with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is similar, the clinical response rate is still low in certain cancers at around 40%. Therefore, therapeutic strategies are needed to increase PD-L1 expression and optimize PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy, so as to improve satisfactory therapeutic results. In tumors, IFNγ induces the expression of PD-L1 which is a cytokine secreted by Natural Killer cells. A study showed that PM21-NK cells induced large amounts of IFNγ and transfected PM21-NK cells adaptively induced PD-L1 expression. In in vitro experiments, anti-PD-L1 treatment had no direct effect on cytotoxicity or cytokine secretion by PD-1 negative PM21-NK cells in response to PD-L1+ targets. However, in vivo a significant increase in the antitumor effect of Natural Killer cells was found when combined with anti-PD-L1. PD-L1 blockade also resulted in increased persistence of Natural Killer cells in vivo and retention of their cytotoxic phenotype. These results support the use of anti-PD-L1 in combination with Natural Killer cell therapy regardless of baseline tumor PD-L1 status and suggest that Natural Killer cell therapy will likely increase the applicability of anti-PD-L1 treatment. In this review article, the author will discuss the method of optimizing PD-L1 blockade combined with Natural Killer cell therapy to increase the efficacy of treatment on cancer stem cells in the dormant phase.","PeriodicalId":509152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer and Tumor International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140730071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Unique Features of Quiescent Cancer Stem Cells to Overcome Resistance and Recurrence in Cancer Therapy: A Review","authors":"Joko Wibowo Sentoso, Agung Putra, I. Alif","doi":"10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1247","url":null,"abstract":"Quiescent cancer stem cells (QCSC) are non-proliferating cells that survive in the G0 phase and have low ki-67 expression and high p27 expression. QCSCs have the ability to evade most chemotherapy, and some subsequent treatments may result in a higher proportion of quiescent cancer stem cells in the tumor. QCSCs are also associated with cancer recurrence rates because they can re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate when tumor environmental conditions are favorable. QCSCs cause high rates of drug resistance and tumor recurrence, therefore it is necessary to understand the properties of QCSCs. QCSCs have a mechanism that regulates the transition between the proliferative phase and the stationary phase in cancer cells, therefore it is necessary to find new treatments to eliminate QCSCs in tumors. In this review, the authors discuss the mechanisms of QCSCs in inducing drug resistance and tumor recurrence as well as therapies to target QCSCs so that the rate of drug resistance and tumor recurrence can be reduced, including in this review: (i) identifying reactive quiescent cancer cells and eliminating them through anticancer reagents. cell cycle dependent; (ii) modulating the transition from the quiescent to the proliferative phase; and (iii) eliminate QCSC by targeting its unique features. Targeting cancer cells that are in proliferating and stationary phase may ultimately be used as a more effective therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":509152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer and Tumor International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Present State and Recent Developments of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Gastric Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Systematic Review","authors":"Rushin Patel, Mrunal Patel, Zalak Patel, Himanshu Kavani, Afoma Onyechi, Jessica Ohemeng-Dapaah, Dhruvkumar Gadhiya, Darshil Patel, Chieh Yang","doi":"10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jcti/2024/v14i1241","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of this study is to thoroughly investigate the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques for diagnosing and predicting prognosis in gastric cancer, utilizing the latest available data.\u0000Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)guidelines, a systematic review investigated AI and ML applications in gastric cancer diagnosis and prognostic prediction. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched from February 2019 to January 2024 using specific syntax. Eligible trials were selected based on inclusion criteria including recent publication, focus on AI and ML in gastric cancer, and reporting diagnostic or prognostic outcomes. Data were extracted and quality assessed independently, with discrepancies resolved through discussion. Due to design heterogeneity, detailed analysis was omitted, and descriptive summaries of included articles were provided.\u0000Results: This review included a total of 8 articles. AI and ML techniques, including  convolutional neural networks (CNN) and deep learning models, have played pivotal roles in accurately diagnosing chronic atrophic gastritis, predicting postoperative gastric cancer prognosis, and identifying peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients. These technologies offer potential advantages such as streamlining diagnostic procedures, guiding treatment decisions,  and enhancing patient outcomes in gastric cancer management.\u0000Conclusion: In the near future, AI applications may have a significant role in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of gastric cancer.","PeriodicalId":509152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer and Tumor International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140434284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictivity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (h-TERT) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Immunohistochemical Study","authors":"Eman Mosaad, H. Elhendawy, Mina Mahfouz Elias Shenouda, N. El-sissy","doi":"10.9734/jcti/2023/v13i3237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jcti/2023/v13i3237","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Determine the potential role of h-TERT as a prognostic marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma by evaluating its immunohistochemical expression in different OSCC histologic grades in comparison with normal oral mucosa. Study Design: A retrospective study. Place and Duration: Oncology Center, Mansoura University, and Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University. The worked sample selected from the years (2015-2019). Methodology: Our study was accomplished on 30 OSCC cases and a control group of normal oral mucosa. Histopathologic grading of OSCCs was made using the WHO grade and Anneroth`s grading systems. Immunohistochemical expression of h-TERT was assessed in relation to different clinicopathological parameters. The data was analyzed using Pearson`s chi-square test to compare the differences between groups. Spearman's correlation co-efficiency test was used to test the association between different variables. A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: A significant increased h-TERT expression was recorded from normal to OSCC groups (P=0.000). Additionally, elevated h-TERT expression was significantly correlated with the higher carcinoma histologic grade (P =0.025). There were high statistically significant differences in h-TERT expression concerning the parameters; Anneroth pattern of invasion (P= 0.049), depth of invasion (DOI, P=0.024), and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration (LPI, P=0.009). There were no statistically significant differences in h-TERT immunoexpression considering the clinical parameters; patient age, gender, anatomical sites, clinical shape of lesion, T, N, M, and TNM stages (Chi-square test, P values were > 0.05). Conclusions: Increased h-TERT immunoexpression from normal to OSCC groups suggests its involvement in malignant transformation. Additionally, the significant differential expression of h-TERT among different OSCC histologic grades signaling its valuable use as a biomarker for assessing the cellular malignant progression of oral carcinomas, but unreliable as a clinical tumor progression marker. Moreover, the significant correlation of h-TERT expression with LPI, DOI and pattern of invasion indicating its possible reliable role in tumor host relation during multistage carcinogenesis.","PeriodicalId":509152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer and Tumor International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139161980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anterior Thigh Myxofibrosarcoma with Management of Wide Excision and Modified Anterior Thigh Compartment Resection: A Case Report","authors":"Joko Wibowo Sentoso, K. Yarsa","doi":"10.9734/jcti/2023/v13i3238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jcti/2023/v13i3238","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a type of malignancy from the group of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Myfxofibrosarcoma is a type of soft tissue neoplasm that is aggressive. The clinical symptoms are not pathognomonic and the histological picture is very heterogeneous, often receiving delayed treatment and causing misdiagnosis. Complementary histochemical and immunohistochemical staining is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis of MFS. Extensive surgical treatment and followed by radiotherapy is the first choice of myxofibrosarcoma treatment. Case Presentation: A 54-years old woman complained of a lump on her left thigh that had been getting bigger for the past 2 years. The lump initially looked the size of a marble, then grew to the size of a tennis ball in the last 7 months. On physical examination, a mass was found in the left thigh area, a hard, fixed mass, the size of a tennis ball. Fine needle aspiration examination showed suspicious results for myxofibrosarcoma. The patient underwent a Magnetic Resonance Imaging examination in the left lower extremity area and underwent wide excision and anterior thigh compartment resection surgery. Discussion: Wide resection is the standard treatment for MFS [4]. The choice of procedure for each patient is different and should be based on tumor size, location, stage, surrounding neurovascular and bony elements, as well as functional and cosmetic considerations [4]. The minimum resection margin in MFS is at least 1 cm which aims to minimize the risk of local recurrence [4]. The recommended resection margin is at least 2 cm for MFS resection [4]. We had plan a 2 cm margin of the entire preoperative MRI enhancement area. It should be noted that the local recurrence rate for MFS in margin-negative resections is relatively high compared with other STS subtypes. Conclusion: We recommend Wide Excison and Modified Anterior Thigh compartment Resection is recommended procedure for anterior thigh myxofibrosarcoma. This procedure involves preserving uncontaminated thigh neurovascular, and only resecting one of the sarcoma-infiltrated muscle heads and preserving the other quadriceps muscle head of the thigh to maintain knee extension function. This paper is the first report on the successful treatment of anterior thigh myxofibrosarcoma without weakness of knee extension complication.","PeriodicalId":509152,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cancer and Tumor International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139163144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}