Przegląd Psychologiczny最新文献

{"title":"Różne reakcje rodziców na przejawy złości dwu- i trzyletnich dzieci","authors":"J. Szczęsna, Małgorzata Wójtowicz-Szefler","doi":"10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9243","url":null,"abstract":"Cel: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie różnych reakcji rodziców na przejawy złości dwu- i trzyletnich dzieci (reaktywnych metod wychowawczych) oraz ustalenie, które z czynników (wiek, płeć, wykształcenie i miejsce zamieszkania) różnicują reakcje rodziców na zachowania dziecka. Ponadto celem badania było ustalenie, jakie reaktywne metody wychowawcze stosują rodzice ze względu na rodzaj sytuacji, które odzwierciedlają behawioralne przejawy autonomii małych dzieci. Metoda: Badanie kwestionariuszowe, które przeprowadzono na próbie 120 rodziców mających dwu- i trzyletnie dzieci (po 60 kobiet i mężczyzn). Wykorzystano autorski kwestionariusz, stworzony na podstawie teorii kryzysu trzeciego roku życia Lwa Wygotskiego (2002). Zadaniem osób badanych było opisanie swojej reakcji na behawioralne przejawy złości małego dziecka w siedmiu sytuacjach z życia codziennego (negatywizm, upór, krnąbrność, samowola, sprzeciw – bunt, deprecjacja i despotyzm). Wyniki: Rodzice deklarowali korzystanie ze wszystkich reaktywnych metod wychowawczych – zarówno indukcyjnych, jak i imperatywnych (punitywnych i agresji psychologicznej) w reakcji na przejawy złości swoich dwu- i trzyletnich dzieci. Istotnymi predyktorami metod indukcyjnych i punitywnych okazały się wiek i poziom wykształcenia rodzica, natomiast dla agresji psychologicznej – jego płeć i miejsce zamieszkania. Z badania wynika, iż wyłącznie kobiety posługują się w relacji z dwu- i trzylatkiem agresją psychologiczną, której stosowanie jest tym częstsze, im bardziej zagrożony jest autorytet matki, a sprzeciw dziecka wobec jej woli staje się coraz bardziej wyraźny. Konkluzje: Behawioralne przejawy autonomii dwu- i trzylatków są uwarunkowane naturalnym rozwojowo kryzysem trzeciego roku życia. To wyraz frustracji małego dziecka,  nie zaś przejaw zachowań agresywnych, który wymaga zastosowania przez rodziców odpowiednich metod wychowawczych. Na podstawie badania ustalono, że rodzice w głównej mierze deklarują równoczesne korzystanie z metod indukcyjnych i punitywnych, jednak im częściej dziecko przejawia autonomię, tym deklarowana skłonność rodziców do stosowania metod karzących wzrasta.","PeriodicalId":508615,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Psychologiczny","volume":"22 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139164593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Metascience: A New Approach to the Study of Theories","authors":"Marcin Miłkowski","doi":"10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9682","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the recent credibility crisis in psychology, this paper argues for a greater emphasis on theorizing in scientific research. Although reliable experimental evidence, preregistration, methodological rigor, and new computational frameworks for modeling are important, scientific progress also relies on properly functioning theories. However, the current understanding of the role of theorizing in psychology is lacking, which may lead to future crises. Theories should not be viewed as mere speculations or simple inductive generalizations. To address this issue, the author introduces a framework called “cognitive metascience,” which studies the processes and results of evaluating scientific practice. This study should proceed both qualitatively, as in traditional science and technology studies and cognitive science, and quantitatively, by analyzing scientific discourse using language technology. By analyzing theories as cognitive artifacts that support cognitive tasks, this paper aims to shed more light on their nature. This perspective reveals that multiple distinct theories serve entirely different roles, and studying these roles, along with their epistemic vices and virtues, can provide insight into how theorizing should proceed. The author urges a change in research culture to appreciate the variety of distinct theories and to systematically advance scientific progress.","PeriodicalId":508615,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Psychologiczny","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139313532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A credibility crisis in psychology?","authors":"Jerzy Marian Brzeziński","doi":"10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9680","url":null,"abstract":"The interest in the global result obtained by B. Nosek’s team increased significantly, not only among psychologists, after an article presenting the results of a large-scale international replication of psychological empirical research had been published in Science (cf. Open Science Collaboration, 2015). While 97% of the original research yielded statistically significant results (p <. 05), only 36% of the results were significant in the replication. The author of the present article postulates that this result laid the ground for unjustified generalizations about the methodological weaknesses of psychology as an empirical science. Psychology is an empirical science, but it also has its peculiarities due to the specificity of the subject matter and the method (e.g. Orne, 1962, 1973; Rosenthal, 1966/2009; Rosenzweig, 1933). Equally importantly, psychology is not practiced in social or cultural isolation. Finally, psychological research is bound by rigorous ethical standards/constraints, and psychologists (as well as researchers in other fields) who publish the results of empirical research to be analyzed statistically are constrained by the editorial practices of scientific journals. Journals have an interest only in papers that present statistically significant results (where “p < .05”!), which leads to the so-called file-drawer effect (Rosenthal, 1979). As strongly emphasized by the author, the debate cannot be limited to the statistical significance of psychological research (in particular the power of statistical test which has emerged as a popular trend in recent years). In this article, the author discusses (and presents his point of view) the following problems: 1) the methodological specificity of psychology as an empirical science, 2) the triad of statistical significance (the problematic criterion of “p < .05”), effect size, and the power of a statistical test, 3) the socio-cultural context of psychological research, 4) researchers' failure to follow methodological and ethical guidelines, and 5) possible precautions and remedies.","PeriodicalId":508615,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Psychologiczny","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139313416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Few Remarks on the State of Research in Social Sciences. A Conversation with Professor Jarosław Górniak","authors":"Jarosław Górniak, A. Białek, Piotr Wolski","doi":"10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9681","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract","PeriodicalId":508615,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Psychologiczny","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139313221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Voices on the Credibility Crisis in Psychology","authors":"A. Białek, Piotr Wolski","doi":"10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9679","url":null,"abstract":"While various shortcomings and flaws in the conduct of research and analysis of results in psychology and other social sciences have been recognized for a long time, recent years have witnessed greater prevalence and wider scope of this criticism. There are also more proposals for improvement. In this article, we focus on selected, key areas of the credibility crisis in psychology. Piotr Wolski discusses those related to the improper understanding and application of significance tests, while Arkadiusz Białek characterizes some of the research practices that undermine the credibility of psychological studies and demonstrates how to counteract them. Although the use of good research practices can improve the reproducibility and replicability of research results, the proposed reform should also encompass the way theories are developed. The discussed proposal for theory development in psychology leads to a series of practical steps. Unlike the hypothetico-deductive model, it starts with the identification and description of the phenomenon. The explanation of the phenomenon formulated through abduction is then formalized in mathematical equations or computer simulations and verified. Adhering to good research practices and proper theory development has the potential to provide psychology with more solid foundations and make it a cumulatively evolving science.","PeriodicalId":508615,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Psychologiczny","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139313286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Causal Inference for Psychologists: Testable and Non-Testable Causal and Statistical Assumptions","authors":"B. Paulewicz","doi":"10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9731","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of basic research is to answer causal questions. Generally, only the statistical part of this process tends to proceed in a partially formal way and according to clearly defined rules. At the same time, the causal relations are often treated informally or implicitly in a way that is prone to difficult-to-detect errors. This introduction aims to show psychology researchers some of the great benefits of approaching causal issues using a formal theory of causal inference. In this part, I discuss the non-obvious status and role of causal and statistical assumptions in causal inference. After covering, in a simple setting, the general shape of inference from causal assumptions, statistical assumptions, and data to causal effects, I outline, from a contemporary perspective, the limits of applicability of the general linear model. Then, I introduce the formal part of Pearl’s theory that relies on graphs. Using these tools, I show how one can analyze and interpret the results of an experiment on short-term memory search, and I discuss the back-door and front-door adjustments. To present the mathematical part of the theory in an accessible way without overly simplifying it, I illustrate some issues by using simulations written in R.","PeriodicalId":508615,"journal":{"name":"Przegląd Psychologiczny","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139313630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}