Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research最新文献

{"title":"Economic implications of COVID-19 for the HIV epidemic and the response in Zimbabwe.","authors":"Charles Birungi,&nbsp;Markus Haacker,&nbsp;Isaac Taramusi,&nbsp;Amon Mpofu,&nbsp;Bernard Madzima,&nbsp;Tsitsi Apollo,&nbsp;Owen Mugurungi,&nbsp;Martin Odiit,&nbsp;Michael A Obst","doi":"10.2989/16085906.2022.2154231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2022.2154231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the economic implications of COVID-19 for the HIV epidemic and response is critical for designing policies and strategies to effectively sustain past gains and accelerate progress to end these colliding pandemics. While considerable cross-national empirical evidence exists at the global level, there is a paucity of such deep-dive evidence at national level. This article addresses this gap. While Zimbabwe experienced fewer COVID-19 cases and deaths than most countries, the pandemic has had profound economic effects, reducing gross domestic product by nearly 7% in 2020. This exacerbates the long-term economic crisis that began in 1998. This has left many households vulnerable to the economic fallout from COVID-19, with the number of the extreme poor having increased to 49% of the population in 2020 (up from 38% in 2019). The national HIV response, largely financed externally, has been one of the few bright spots. Overall, macro-economic and social conditions heavily affected the capacity of Zimbabwe to respond to COVID-19. Few options were available for borrowing the needed sums of money. National outlays for COVID-19 mitigation and vaccination amounted to 2% of GDP, with one-third funded by external donors. Service delivery innovations helped sustain access to HIV treatment during national lockdowns. As a result of reduced access to HIV testing, the number of people initiating HIV treatment declined. In the short term, there are likely to be few immediate health care consequences of the slowdown in treatment initiation due to the country's already high level of HIV treatment coverage. However, a longer-lasting slowdown could impede national progress towards ending HIV and AIDS. The findings suggest a need to finance the global commons, specifically recognising that investing in health care is investing in economic recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"21 4","pages":"330-344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10474255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"<i>I didn't support PrEP because I didn't know what it was</i>\": Inadequate information undermines male partner support for young women's pre-exposure prophylaxis use in western Kenya.","authors":"Kawango Agot,&nbsp;Miriam Hartmann,&nbsp;Sophie Otticha,&nbsp;Alexandra Minnis,&nbsp;Jacob Onyango,&nbsp;Marylyn Ochillo,&nbsp;Sarah T Roberts","doi":"10.2989/16085906.2022.2049831","DOIUrl":"10.2989/16085906.2022.2049831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The HIV infection rate is higher among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Africa than men in the same age range. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can be used by women discreetly; however, for most AGYW, male partner approval is desired. We explored PrEP use in the context of relationship violence and power dynamics through focus group discussions and support club sessions with AGYW, in-depth interviews and male sensitisation sessions with male partners of AGYW, and joint sessions with AGYW and their male partners. Many male partners reported hesitancy in supporting partner's PrEP use without sufficient information; most of these became supportive following their engagement in study activities; and most preferred participation in decisions around PrEP use. For AGYW, male involvement minimised partner violence around their PrEP use. The findings support the need for correct PrEP information to be provided to male partners of AGYW and to involve them early on, in decision-making about PrEP use. This is likely to improve uptake of and adherence to PrEP.</p>","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"21 3","pages":"221-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10102710/pdf/nihms-1885538.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9676430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of mortality among people living with HIV in the test and treat era within rural Uganda: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Anacret Byamukama,&nbsp;Pauline M Golding","doi":"10.2989/16085906.2022.2056062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2022.2056062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: Uganda adopted the test and treat strategy in 2016 where all people living with HIV are initiated on antiretroviral drugs irrespective of CD4 count and WHO clinical stage, as one of the major strategies to end the HIV epidemic by 2030. Despite these measures, there are still more than 2 000 HIV-related death annually. The study aim was to determine the mortality rate and factors predictive of mortality in the test and treat era among people living with HIV in rural Uganda.<i>Methods</i>: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among people living with HIV enrolled into care between January 2016 and December 2020 at Kabwohe Clinical Research Centre in south-western Uganda. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analysis and Cox regression analysis at bivariate and multivariable levels was used to determine the adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) and identify predictors of death during the study period.<i>Results</i>: Of the 976 participants included in the study, 57.1% (557) were females while 42.9% (419) were males. The median age of the participants was 35 years. The average follow-up period was 2.9 years with an overall mortality rate of 0.99 per 100 person-years at risk. In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors for mortality were: CD4 < 200cells/mm³ (AHR 3.68; 95% CI 1.7-8.1), viral load ≥ 1 000 copies/ml (AHR 5.22; 95% CI 2.4-11.4) and a non-optimised antiretroviral regimen (AHR 4.08; 95% CI 1.5-0.8).<i>Conclusion</i>: There was a low mortality rate observed in this study with a higher risk of death associated with advanced HIV disease and unsuppressed initial viral load. The findings of the study therefore support efforts in early antiretroviral therapy initiation as it increases the likelihood of people living with HIV surviving and can accelerate efforts in ending the HIV epidemic by 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"21 3","pages":"231-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9713784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF NET PROFIT, ACCOUNT PAYABLE, CASH TURNOVER AND INVENTORY TURNOVER ON OPERATIONAL CASH FLOW IN PT. MULIA","authors":"Henny Permata Sari, Sunarji Harahap, Elidawati Elidawati, T. Goh","doi":"10.35129/ajar.v5i02.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35129/ajar.v5i02.343","url":null,"abstract":"The company's financial statements are the final result of accounting activities (accounting cycle) that reflect the financial condition and results of the company's financial operations. are outside (external) the company. Therefore, financial statements can be used as a tool to communicate with the parties with the company's financial data (The dan Sugiono, 2015). Users of financial information include: investors, employees, creditors, suppliers, governments and the general public. The company's published financial statements are an important source of information for investors and creditors to be able to analyze the work of management in making profits and cash flows in the future (Simangunsong, et al, 2018). Users of financial statements such as investors and creditors are more interested in what will happen in the future. The company's performance parameters of concern are the components of cash flow and profit. The cash flow statement is one type of financial statement that has the entity's ability to generate cash flows in the future, the cash flow statement can be used as a tool to predict the company's future cash flows. \u0000Analysis of research data used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis model. Primary data were collected and obtained through observational interviews, documentation studies and literature studies, while secondary data were obtained from literature related to the research topic. The financial statements used as the object of research. \u0000The results showed that Net Profit had no effect on the Operating Cash Flow of PT. Mulia, Accounts Payable has a significant effect on the Operational Cash Flow of PT. Mulia, Cash Turnover has a significant effect on the Operational Cash Flow of PT. Mulia, Inventory Turnover has no effect on the Operational Cash Flow of PT. Mulia Mulia Abadi and Net Profit, Accounts Payable, Cash Turnover and Inventory Turnover have a significant effect on the Operational Cash Flow of PT. Mulia.","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75778566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMPLEMENTATION MODEL OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN INCREASING SOCIAL CAPITAL ON PT JEMARI KARYA MANDIRI","authors":"Halim Usman, S. Sumarno, A. Ap","doi":"10.35129/ajar.v5i02.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35129/ajar.v5i02.347","url":null,"abstract":"Social capital is a set of informal values ​​or norms that are shared among members of a community group that are interrelated. A good measurement of social capital is when there is an agreement between the two parties, both the vision and goals of the organization have in common. Corporate Social Responsibility can be implemented through alternative models that can increase the social capital of the community, both from the economic, social, and cultural aspects in a sustainable manner. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between CSR implementation and increasing social capital of the community around the PT Jemari Karya Mandiri mine, as well as to find out the CSR implementation model of PT JKM in increasing the social capital of the community around the mine. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the CSR model carried out by PT JKM is categorized as social capital because of one of the company's successes in business sustainability. Business sustainability can be seen from the organization's internal and external parties. The implementation of CSR which is categorized as social capital is when the company can convince the community that with the establishment of the company it can contribute to the community. A good measurement of social capital is when there is an agreement between the two parties, both the vision and goals of the organization have in common.","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78364455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANALYSIS OF OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO FORMATION USING SINGLE INDEX MODEL ON STOCKS INCLUDED IN THE LQ 45 MARKET INDEX ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE","authors":"E. Febrianti, Muchriana Muchran, Asri Jaya","doi":"10.35129/ajar.v5i02.345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35129/ajar.v5i02.345","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the optimal stock portfolio using a single index model that is included in the LQ 45 index in the 2017 - 2021 period using the Single Index Model method. This study also aims to calculate the amount of return that will be generated when forming an optimal stock portfolio. The sample used in this study consisted of 28 fixed stocks that were included in the LQ 45 index between 2017 and 2021. The type of research used was descriptive quantitative. The data used in this research is quantitative data. The data used in this research is secondary data. Data analysis was performed using a single index model and calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel program. The data collection method used in this study uses documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that: There are eight stocks included in the optimal stock portfolio based on the Single Index Model method, namely ADRO, BBRI, EXCL, ICBP, PGAS, PTPP, UNVR, WIKA. The ratio of funds worth investing in these stocks is ADRO 8%, BBRI 32%, EXCL 10%, ICBP 13%, PGAS 30%, PTPP 67%, UNVR 59%, WIKA 7%.","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84618666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL ATTITUDE ON THE USE OF DIGITAL WALLETS AMONG STUDENTS IN SURAKARTA CITY","authors":"Brian Sutatama Kusumapradana, S. Aisyah","doi":"10.35129/ajar.v5i02.346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35129/ajar.v5i02.346","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to determine the effect of financial literacy and financial attitude on the use of digital wallets among students in Surakarta City. This research is a quantitative research using primary data. Sampling was obtained by non-probability sampling method with purposive sampling technique. The sample used in this research was 100 students in the city of Surakarta. Research data obtained from the collection of questionnaires. The data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that (1) Financial Literacy and Financial Attitude had a positive effect on the Use of Digital Wallets among students, and (2) Financial Literacy and Financial Attitude together had a positive effect on the Use of Digital Wallets among students in Surakarta.","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"95 14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90221349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE IDENTIFICATION OF INCOME CONTINGENT TRANSACTION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENTITIES","authors":"Yusram Yusram, Fransiskus Randa, Sherly E Tanamal","doi":"10.35129/ajar.v5i02.338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35129/ajar.v5i02.338","url":null,"abstract":"This study is intended to identify contingent income transactions in local government entities. The research was conducted using qualitative methods through in-depth interviews and field observations. The key informants in this study were BPKAD staff in East Luwuk district. The results show that the local government revenue account indicated as a contingent transaction is due to a formal engagement through a contract or engagement. Recognition of revenue that is tied to the contact requires that new revenue be recognized if the engagement is fulfilled, but if it is not fulfilled, it cannot be recognized as revenue. The income transactions in question are; Road Lighting Tax Revenues, Land and Building Rights Acquisition Tax Revenues, Non-Rock Minerals Tax, Retribution Revenues, Other Legitimate Revenues include sales of official vehicles, late fees, receipt of health insurance), income Central transfer of funds for Special Allocations and Other Legislative income under regional grant agreements. The results of the identification are expected to be the basis of prudence for the management of regional assets transactions in recognizing income transactions in order to avoid future uncertainties which result in the resulting financial statements knowing the element of uncertainty","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76316880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FRAUD PENTAGON AND POTENTIAL BANKRUPTCY AT PROPERTY & REAL ESTATE COMPANY","authors":"Justin Axel Irawan, Weli Weli","doi":"10.35129/ajar.v5i02.341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35129/ajar.v5i02.341","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of indicators on pentagon fraud on potential bankruptcy in property & real estate companies for the 2018 - 2020 reporting year. Pentagon fraud consists of indicators of pressure, rationalization, capability, arrogance, and opportunity while potential bankruptcy uses the Zmijewski model. Data was collected using content analysis methods from financial reports and annual reports obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and the company's official website. The method of data analysis was carried out using regression analysis with the help of SPSS software. The results of the analysis of 129 company report data show that only one indicator of the fraud pentagon has an effect on the potential for bankruptcy, namely pressure. There is no empirical support for other indicators, namely Rationalization, Capability, Arrogance and Opportunity for potential bankruptcy. This study provides a theoretical contribution to the study of the fraud pentagon and the potential for bankruptcy. A better understanding of indicators of fraud enables companies to prevent potential bankruptcy.","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85768887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sexual and reproductive health needs of school-going young people in the context of COVID-19 in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","authors":"Natsayi Chimbindi, Ursula Ngema, Nothando Ngwenya, Andrew Gibbs, Candice Groenewald, Guy Harling, Nondumiso Mthiyane, Busisiwe Nkosi, Janet Seeley, Maryam Shahmanesh","doi":"10.2989/16085906.2022.2095921","DOIUrl":"10.2989/16085906.2022.2095921","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: The impact of school closures due to COVID-19 raised widespread concerns about children's health and well-being. We examine the impact on the sexual health needs of learners in the context of COVID-19 related lockdowns in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.<i>Methods</i>: In july-November 2020 and August-November 2021 we conducted 24 in-depth interviews and 8 group discussions with teachers and learners from 4 schools, community members and key education stakeholders. All interviews were conducted by telephone. We used a thematic analysis approach and Nvivo 12 software to manage the data.<i>Results</i>: Four main themes related to the COVID-19 pandemic emerged from the data: the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of learners in the lead-up to the pandemic; the impact of COVID-19 on learners' SRH and wellbeing; the opportunities schools provided to support sexual well-being of learners during the pandemic; and the role of schools in supporting SRH for learners during the pandemic. Learners and stakeholders reported that the SRH of young people was affected by alcohol misuse, poor SRH knowledge and few pathways to link learners with services. Stakeholders working with schools reported that a lack of access to biomedical interventions (e.g., contraception) increased learner pregnancies. Gender-based violence in learners' households was reported to have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic related to loss of income. School closures disrupted the provision of a safe space to provide SRH and HIV-education through Life Orientation lessons and school nurse talks. This loss of a safe space also left learners vulnerable to sexual and physical violence. However, once schools re-opened, daily COVID-19 screening in schools provided the opportunity to identify and support vulnerable children who had other social needs (food and uniforms).Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic may have increased SRH needs and vulnerability of school-going children in a high HIV-burden rural setting. School shutdowns reduced the opportunity for schools to provide a vital safe space and information to enhance SRH for adolescents. Schools play a vital health promotion and social protection role.</p>","PeriodicalId":50833,"journal":{"name":"Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research","volume":"21 2","pages":"162-170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10710956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10835949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}