Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine最新文献_第3页

Confounding by Indication, Confounding Variables, Covariates, and Independent Variables: Knowing What These Terms Mean and When to Use Which Term 指示性混杂、混杂变量、共变因素和独立变量：了解这些术语的含义以及何时使用这些术语

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/02537176241227586

Chittaranjan Andrade

{"title":"Confounding by Indication, Confounding Variables, Covariates, and Independent Variables: Knowing What These Terms Mean and When to Use Which Term","authors":"Chittaranjan Andrade","doi":"10.1177/02537176241227586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176241227586","url":null,"abstract":"The terms independent variables, covariates, confounding variables, and confounding by indication are often imprecisely used in the context of regression. Independent variables are the full set of variables whose influence on the outcome is studied. Covariates are the independent variables that are included not because they are of interest but because their influence on the outcome can be adjusted for, leaving a more precise understanding of how the single remaining independent variable influences the outcome. Confounding variables are variables that are associated with both independent variables and outcomes; so, the relationship identified between independent variables and outcomes may be due to the confounding variable rather than to the independent variable. Potential confounders should be identified, measured, and adjusted for in regression, just as other covariates are. Confounding by indication occurs when the presence of the independent variable is driven by the confounding variable. Confounding by indication is a special kind of confounding; a confounding variable is a special kind of covariate; and a covariate is a special kind of independent variable in regression analysis. These terms and concepts are explained with the help of examples.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139845948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive Functioning Among Community-dwelling Older Adults in Rural Population of Lucknow and Its Association with Comorbidities 勒克瑙农村人口中居住在社区的老年人的认知功能及其与合并症的关系

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231225838

Pratyaksha Pandit, Reema Kumari, A. Tripathi, Prabhakar Mishra

{"title":"Cognitive Functioning Among Community-dwelling Older Adults in Rural Population of Lucknow and Its Association with Comorbidities","authors":"Pratyaksha Pandit, Reema Kumari, A. Tripathi, Prabhakar Mishra","doi":"10.1177/02537176231225838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231225838","url":null,"abstract":"The transitional state between normal aging and dementia is known as Cognitive impairment (CI) where a person has memory complaints and objective evidence of CI but no evidence of dementia. With the globe undergoing a “demographic transition,” the magnitude of neurodegenerative disorders is rising. In India, 27.3% of older persons with comorbidities had CI. Early identification of CI will likely help initiate proper remedial intervention, leading to better overall outcomes. In order to determine the prevalence of CI in older persons and whether it is associated with co-morbid conditions, this study was designed. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 older adults aged ≥60 residing in rural areas of Lucknow, selected using multistage cluster sampling. The Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE) scale was used to assess cognitive function. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidity status. Among 350 participants, with mean ± SD age 70.66 ± 9.53 years, the prevalence of CI as per HMSE (<23) was 24.9%. Overall, the mean HMSE score was less in individuals with (25.2) than without (27.19) comorbidities. Those with comorbidities had significantly lower mean scores in all individual domains of HMSE. CI affects one-fourth of the older adult population. Risk increases with the presence of comorbidities. Hence, screening, and early treatment are recommended.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"106 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cognitive Functioning Among Community-dwelling Older Adults in Rural Population of Lucknow and Its Association with Comorbidities 勒克瑙农村人口中居住在社区的老年人的认知功能及其与合并症的关系

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231225838

Pratyaksha Pandit, Reema Kumari, A. Tripathi, Prabhakar Mishra

{"title":"Cognitive Functioning Among Community-dwelling Older Adults in Rural Population of Lucknow and Its Association with Comorbidities","authors":"Pratyaksha Pandit, Reema Kumari, A. Tripathi, Prabhakar Mishra","doi":"10.1177/02537176231225838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231225838","url":null,"abstract":"The transitional state between normal aging and dementia is known as Cognitive impairment (CI) where a person has memory complaints and objective evidence of CI but no evidence of dementia. With the globe undergoing a “demographic transition,” the magnitude of neurodegenerative disorders is rising. In India, 27.3% of older persons with comorbidities had CI. Early identification of CI will likely help initiate proper remedial intervention, leading to better overall outcomes. In order to determine the prevalence of CI in older persons and whether it is associated with co-morbid conditions, this study was designed. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 older adults aged ≥60 residing in rural areas of Lucknow, selected using multistage cluster sampling. The Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE) scale was used to assess cognitive function. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidity status. Among 350 participants, with mean ± SD age 70.66 ± 9.53 years, the prevalence of CI as per HMSE (<23) was 24.9%. Overall, the mean HMSE score was less in individuals with (25.2) than without (27.19) comorbidities. Those with comorbidities had significantly lower mean scores in all individual domains of HMSE. CI affects one-fourth of the older adult population. Risk increases with the presence of comorbidities. Hence, screening, and early treatment are recommended.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"76 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Substance Use Among People Seeking Health Care Services in Primary Health Care Settings in Coastal Karnataka 卡纳塔克邦沿海地区初级医疗机构就医者中的药物使用情况

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231225640

Anusha Viswanathan, Akhila Doddamani, S. Praharaj, Akhil Pandey, Priyanka Bantwal, Muralidhar M. Kulkarni

{"title":"Substance Use Among People Seeking Health Care Services in Primary Health Care Settings in Coastal Karnataka","authors":"Anusha Viswanathan, Akhila Doddamani, S. Praharaj, Akhil Pandey, Priyanka Bantwal, Muralidhar M. Kulkarni","doi":"10.1177/02537176231225640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231225640","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with substance use disorders are common in general medical practice and are a major risk factor for several non-communicable diseases. Appropriate screening is a vital step for providing brief interventions which can provide a good opportunity to tackle this crisis and in achieving target 3.5 of the sustainable development goal which includes strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse. To study the magnitude of substance use and factors associated with it among people seeking health care services at primary care settings. The cross-sectional study recruited people seeking services at primary care settings to screen for substance users (SU) and determine the associated factors. The data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, health status and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test tool. The study showed that 43.4% of the participants were SU. The current use of smokeless tobacco was higher compared to tobacco smoking (21.3% and 4.7%). The multivariate logistic regression showed that advancing age (AOR: 2.61 and 95% CI of 1.01–6.79), male gender (AOR: 705 and 95% CI of 4.25–11.70), primary and middle school (AOR: 3.24 and 95% CI of 1.52–6.92) literacy status, unemployed (AOR: 0.49 and 95% CI of 0.25–0.95), religion and other backward caste (AOR: 2.42 and 95% CI of 1.37–4.30) were significant correlates of SU. Substance use was reported by two-fifths of the participants seeking services at primary care centres in our study and stresses the need for incorporating brief interventions to prevent higher degrees of dependence and its complications.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"37 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139805958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Substance Use Among People Seeking Health Care Services in Primary Health Care Settings in Coastal Karnataka 卡纳塔克邦沿海地区初级医疗机构就医者中的药物使用情况

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231225640

Anusha Viswanathan, Akhila Doddamani, S. Praharaj, Akhil Pandey, Priyanka Bantwal, Muralidhar M. Kulkarni

{"title":"Substance Use Among People Seeking Health Care Services in Primary Health Care Settings in Coastal Karnataka","authors":"Anusha Viswanathan, Akhila Doddamani, S. Praharaj, Akhil Pandey, Priyanka Bantwal, Muralidhar M. Kulkarni","doi":"10.1177/02537176231225640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231225640","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with substance use disorders are common in general medical practice and are a major risk factor for several non-communicable diseases. Appropriate screening is a vital step for providing brief interventions which can provide a good opportunity to tackle this crisis and in achieving target 3.5 of the sustainable development goal which includes strengthening the prevention and treatment of substance abuse. To study the magnitude of substance use and factors associated with it among people seeking health care services at primary care settings. The cross-sectional study recruited people seeking services at primary care settings to screen for substance users (SU) and determine the associated factors. The data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics, health status and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test tool. The study showed that 43.4% of the participants were SU. The current use of smokeless tobacco was higher compared to tobacco smoking (21.3% and 4.7%). The multivariate logistic regression showed that advancing age (AOR: 2.61 and 95% CI of 1.01–6.79), male gender (AOR: 705 and 95% CI of 4.25–11.70), primary and middle school (AOR: 3.24 and 95% CI of 1.52–6.92) literacy status, unemployed (AOR: 0.49 and 95% CI of 0.25–0.95), religion and other backward caste (AOR: 2.42 and 95% CI of 1.37–4.30) were significant correlates of SU. Substance use was reported by two-fifths of the participants seeking services at primary care centres in our study and stresses the need for incorporating brief interventions to prevent higher degrees of dependence and its complications.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"76 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139865982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Zolpidem-induced Brief Psychotic Reactions Zolpidem-induced Psychotic Reactions: A Case Series 唑吡坦诱发的短暂精神反应唑吡坦诱发的精神反应：病例系列

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231222573

S. Chahal, Aarti Karahda, N. Govil, Arun Kumar Pandey

引用次数: 0

Course and Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescents from a Tertiary-level Mental Health Setting in India: A Retrospective Chart Review 印度三级心理健康机构青少年厌食症的病程和结果：回顾性病历

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231222574

L. Sravanti, A. Velusamy, U. Karki, J. Kommu, S. Girimaji

{"title":"Course and Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescents from a Tertiary-level Mental Health Setting in India: A Retrospective Chart Review","authors":"L. Sravanti, A. Velusamy, U. Karki, J. Kommu, S. Girimaji","doi":"10.1177/02537176231222574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231222574","url":null,"abstract":"Anorexia nervosa is one of the least studied mental health conditions in the Indian setting. The objective of this study was to assess the course and outcome of anorexia nervosa in adolescents who had presented to a tertiary care child and adolescent psychiatry center over a period of 10 years. The present study is a retrospective chart review of adolescents (up to the age of 18 years) with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, coded as F50.0 or F50.1 according to ICD 10, from 1st April 2009 to 31st March 2019. Data were extracted from the case records using standardized abstraction forms and evaluated using descriptive and nonparametric statistics. The average age at presentation and the average age at onset were 14.1 years and 13.1 years, respectively. The male-to-female ratio of the sample who got admitted was 1:9. The average duration of hospital stay was about 30 days. The duration of in-patient care and weight gain were positively correlated, with severe to extremely ill adolescents improving even in less than one month of in-patient care. Seventy per cent of the admitted adolescents followed up. The functional outcome as measured by a ‘return to school’ improved in 57.1% of the sample. The present study highlights the collaborative multidisciplinary and individualized treatment approach employed for adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa within an inpatient mental health facility in India. Adolescents who presented with more severe illness at the initial assessment, such as an early onset of symptoms and a low BMI, experienced substantial weight gain that exhibited a positive correlation with the length of their stay in the inpatient facility.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139806331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Common Mental Disorders and Their Correlates: A Community-based Survey Among Women in Southern Karnataka, India 常见精神障碍及其相关因素：印度南部卡纳塔克邦妇女社区调查

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231220543

Rakshitha R Shenoy, Divya Arvind Prabhu, A. Pandey, S. Praharaj, RS Shetty

{"title":"Common Mental Disorders and Their Correlates: A Community-based Survey Among Women in Southern Karnataka, India","authors":"Rakshitha R Shenoy, Divya Arvind Prabhu, A. Pandey, S. Praharaj, RS Shetty","doi":"10.1177/02537176231220543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231220543","url":null,"abstract":"About 10% of Indians have common mental disorders (CMDs) which include depression and anxiety. These disorders are common in women, which not only impacts on their quality of life but also their family members. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of CMDs, and factors associated with them among women residing in coastal Karnataka. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 980 women aged between 18 and 60 years from 2019 to 2021. Women were administered a baseline questionnaire along with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalised Anxiety Disorder questionnaire-7 (GAD-7) and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4). Data were collected using Epi-info and were analysed using SPSS version 15.0. Association between CMDs and socio-demographic, reproductive health and behavioural factors were expressed as crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The prevalence of CMDs among women was 5.7%, with 4.6% having depression and 3.37% with anxiety disorders. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that residing in urban areas (OR = 2.15; 95% CI:1.10–4.17), having a chronic illness (OR = 2.38; 95% CI:1.14–4.97), history of recent bereavement in the family (OR = 2.20; 95% CI:1.02–4.75), early marriage (OR = 2.63; 95% CI:1.09–6.33), history of abortion (OR = 2.89; 95% CI:1.42–5.92), and exposure to domestic violence (OR = 3.08; 95% CI:1.14–8.33) were significantly correlated with CMDs in this sample. The study revealed that CMDs were prevalent among the surveyed women, which calls for routine screening of women for CMDs in primary care settings for early identification and appropriate interventions.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"2004 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Zolpidem-induced Brief Psychotic Reactions Zolpidem-induced Psychotic Reactions: A Case Series 唑吡坦诱发的短暂精神反应唑吡坦诱发的精神反应：病例系列

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231222573

S. Chahal, Aarti Karahda, N. Govil, Arun Kumar Pandey

引用次数: 0

Common Mental Disorders and Their Correlates: A Community-based Survey Among Women in Southern Karnataka, India 常见精神障碍及其相关因素：印度南部卡纳塔克邦妇女社区调查

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231220543

Rakshitha R Shenoy, Divya Arvind Prabhu, A. Pandey, S. Praharaj, RS Shetty

{"title":"Common Mental Disorders and Their Correlates: A Community-based Survey Among Women in Southern Karnataka, India","authors":"Rakshitha R Shenoy, Divya Arvind Prabhu, A. Pandey, S. Praharaj, RS Shetty","doi":"10.1177/02537176231220543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176231220543","url":null,"abstract":"About 10% of Indians have common mental disorders (CMDs) which include depression and anxiety. These disorders are common in women, which not only impacts on their quality of life but also their family members. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of CMDs, and factors associated with them among women residing in coastal Karnataka. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 980 women aged between 18 and 60 years from 2019 to 2021. Women were administered a baseline questionnaire along with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalised Anxiety Disorder questionnaire-7 (GAD-7) and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4). Data were collected using Epi-info and were analysed using SPSS version 15.0. Association between CMDs and socio-demographic, reproductive health and behavioural factors were expressed as crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The prevalence of CMDs among women was 5.7%, with 4.6% having depression and 3.37% with anxiety disorders. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that residing in urban areas (OR = 2.15; 95% CI:1.10–4.17), having a chronic illness (OR = 2.38; 95% CI:1.14–4.97), history of recent bereavement in the family (OR = 2.20; 95% CI:1.02–4.75), early marriage (OR = 2.63; 95% CI:1.09–6.33), history of abortion (OR = 2.89; 95% CI:1.42–5.92), and exposure to domestic violence (OR = 3.08; 95% CI:1.14–8.33) were significantly correlated with CMDs in this sample. The study revealed that CMDs were prevalent among the surveyed women, which calls for routine screening of women for CMDs in primary care settings for early identification and appropriate interventions.","PeriodicalId":507849,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139867078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0