Ciencias Marinas最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the microbial community and biotechnological potential of the sponge Xestospongia sp. from an anchialine cave in the Yucatán Peninsula","authors":"Pablo Suárez-Moo, Ninette C García-Martínez, Norma A Márquez-Velázquez, M. Figueroa, Eric E. Allen, Alejandra Prieto-Davó","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2024.3442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2024.3442","url":null,"abstract":"Sponge-associated microorganisms are key influencers of nutrient biogeochemistry and important sources of bioactive natural products. This study provides the first insights into the taxonomic diversity of the microbial community associated with the sponge Xestospongia sp. from an anchialine cave in the coastal area of the underground river of the Yucatán Peninsula in Xcalak, Quintana Roo, Mexico, and the potential antimicrobial activity of its cultivable bacteria. High abundances of Sulfurospirillum and Desulfovibrio were detected with 16S rRNA amplicons, suggesting that the microbial community of Xestospongia sp. plays an important role in the geochemical sulfur cycle. Analysis with crude extracts of Nocardiopsis dasonvillei NCA-454 revealed antimicrobial activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25913 (MSSA) and methicillin-​resistant ​S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA). Studies of the microbiomes of sponges from the anchialine cave system in the Yucatán Peninsula can help elucidate the biogeochemical cycles of these poorly studied environments. Moreover, the microorganisms of these microbial communities represent an untapped source of secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescence patterns and diversity of hydrozoans from Bocas del Toro, Panama","authors":"Lara M Beckmann, Bridget A Vincent, Alexandra De León, Jessica Masterman, Emily S Lau, Steven HD Haddock","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2024.3409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2024.3409","url":null,"abstract":"Many metazoans contain molecules capable of fluorescence, the absorption and re-emission of light. Since the anatomical distribution, or patterning, of these molecules is variable across taxa, patterns of fluorescence may serve as a powerful diagnostic tool in taxonomy and ecology. However, species-specific fluorescence patterns among marine invertebrates are poorly understood. Here, we show that hydrozoans have diverse fluorescence patterns, which may result from molecules that are produced intrinsically or obtained from dietary sources. We surveyed hydrozoans including siphonophores, hydromedusae, and hydroids across 5 orders from pelagic and benthic marine environments in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Our findings show that fluorescence patterns are highly prevalent and may vary across hydrozoan species and throughout development. Most of the examined hydrozoan taxa exhibited some form of fluorescence, with variation observed between life stages and body parts. Fluorescence was documented in 88% of  hydromedusae (Leptothecata, Anthoathecata, Limnomedusae and Narcomedusae), 50% of hydroid, and 75% of siphonophore taxa that were observed in this study. Our results illustrate how fluorescence patterns may serve as a useful diagnostic tool to explore marine biodiversity, highlighting the need for further documentation of fluorescence patterns across marine diversity and research into the molecules that underlie this phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140725212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age and growth of larval Pacific flagfin mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) in coastal Ecuador based on otolith analysis","authors":"Michelle Schuiteman, Andre R Dos Santos, Luis E Domínguez-Granda, A. Kinziger, José R. Marín Jarrín","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2024.3448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2024.3448","url":null,"abstract":"The flagfin mojarra (Eucinostomus currani) is an important subsistence fishery resource in local Ecuadorian markets; however, very little is known about the early life history and reproductive biology of this species. In 2016 and 2017, E. currani larvae were collected at 3 sandy beaches in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, and identified using DNA barcoding. Standard lengths ranged from 4.00–15.78 mm. We also collected otoliths to better understand the early life history of E. currani. Otoliths were used to estimate the age, population growth rate (±SE), hatch dates, and reproductive period. On average, the fish were 16.5 ± 4.5 days old, while the average growth rate was 0.70 ± 0.05 and 0.22 ± 0.16 mm per day in March and May, respectively. In the Gulf of Guayaquil, most hatch dates and the presumed reproductive activity of E. currani occurred during the wet season (December–April) when warmer water prevailed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the hatch dates and larval growth rate for a species of the family Gerreidae in the Pacific Ocean.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140213849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uso de macroalgas intermareales como bioindicadores de disturbio antropogénico por nutrientes en las costas rocosas del Pacífico mexicano central tropical","authors":"Careli Vergara-Carranza, Norma López, Alejandra Piñón-Gimate","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2024.3416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2024.3416","url":null,"abstract":"La Bahía de Zihuatanejo, México, presenta disturbios en sus costas rocosas debido a la cantidad de nutrientes que llegan al mar por la urbanización y el turismo masivo. Estos nutrientes han sido trazados por las macroalgas mediante el uso de isótopos estables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar 4 especies de macroalgas como bioindicadores para inferir las fuentes de nutrientes al sistema a través de la señal de δ15N y el contenido elemental de nitrógeno (N). Se realizaron 2 muestreos en las temporadas de lluvias y secas de 2021 en 3 localidades en la región: La Madera, Las Salinas y La Majahua. Se tomaron muestras de agua por localidad y temporada para determinar las concentraciones de nitratos (NO3) y fosfatos (PO4) y se evaluaron las señales isotópicas y el contenido de N en Hypnea spinella, Padina gymnospora, Ulva intestinalis y Ulva lactuca. Las concentraciones de NO3 y PO4 fueron más altas en Las Salinas, no presentaron diferencias entre La Madera y La Majahua y fueron similares a las reportadas previamente para la región. Las señales más altas de δ15N se encontraron en H. spinella y U. intestinalis en Las Salinas (16.12‰ y 15.38‰, respectivamente) y La Madera (15.12‰ y 13.58‰, respectivamente) y resultaron cercanas a la señal isotópica de aguas residuales. En La Majahua, se obtuvieron señales bajas para H. spinella (13.54‰), P. gymnospora (9.24‰) y U. lactuca (8.24‰), cuyos valores resultaron cercanos a la señal isotópica de aguas oceánicas ricas en nutrientes. El contenido de N varió dependiendo de la especie y la localidad, siendo más alto en Las Salinas. Las señales isotópicas encontradas coinciden con aquellas reportadas para costas enriquecidas con nutrientes de tipo antropogénico y natural. Hypnea spinella y U. intestinalis pueden ser empleadas como bioindicadores de disturbio antropogénico debido a la descarga de aguas residuales.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140218795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efecto de la comunidad bacteriana en el crecimiento, pigmentos y toxinas paralizantes en el dinoflagelado Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham)","authors":"Dulce V Ramírez-Rodíguez, Christine J Band-Schmidt, Bárbara González-Acosta, F. Hernández-Sandoval, Aldo Aquino-Cruz, Sonia I Quijano-Scheggia, J. J. Bustillos-Guzmán","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2024.3415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2024.3415","url":null,"abstract":"Gymnodinium catenatum, un dinoflagelado productor de toxinas paralizantes, es una de las especies de dinoflagelados más estudiadas, sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre sus interacciones con bacterias. En este estudio se determinó el efecto de un consorcio bacteriano en cepas de G. catenatum. Se emplearon 4 cepas de G. catenatum aisladas de Bahía de Santiago, Colima; Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán; Bahía Concepción y Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur. De la cepa originaria de la costa de Colima se aisló un consorcio bacteriano compuesto de 3 bacterias empleando placas de agar con medio GSe. Se incubaron a una salinidad de 34, a 24 °C y en un ciclo de 12:12 h L:O. Gymnodinum catenatum se cultivó en medio GSe líquido en las mismas condiciones que las bacterias. La interacción entre los microorganismos se evaluó inoculando el consorcio bacteriano en las cepas de G. catenatum. Se determinó la abundancia máxima, las tasas de crecimiento, la longitud de cadenas y el perfil de pigmentos y toxinas paralizantes en G. catenatum en presencia y ausencia del consorcio bacteriano. En presencia de las bacterias no se observó la misma respuesta en el crecimiento de las cepas de G. catenatum, ni en el perfil y contenido de toxinas, pero sí se observó un incremento significativo en el número de células en cadena. También se notaron cambios en la morfología de G. catenatum. Además, en presencia del consorcio bacteriano, en la mayoría de las cepas incrementó el contenido de pigmentos accesorios. Los resultados sugieren que el consorcio bacteriano pudiera ser un agente estresante para G. catenatum proporcionando nuevas perspectivas de interacción entre las bacterias y G. catenatum.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140445522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mean size at sexual maturity of female Cynoscion reticulatus along the Pacific coast off Mexico","authors":"Joel Fernando Sanchez-Valdez, J. A. Maldonado-Coyac, M. A. Maldonado-Amparo, J. Ramírez‐Pérez, Concepción Enciso-Enciso, Marcelino Ruiz-Domínguez","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2024.3385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2024.3385","url":null,"abstract":"Drums and croakers (Sciaenidae) are important to the species composition of coastal catches in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Among these species, the striped corvina (Cynoscion reticulatus) stands out because of its high fishery potential, high demand, and increased market value. The striped croaker has been under constant fishing pressure over the past 20 years. Still, there needs to be current biological information or reference points to allow the establishment of management measures for fisheries. The objective of the present study was to estimate the mean standard length at sexual maturity (SL50) of females using various models and to suggest a minimum catch size (MCS) for C. reticulatus off the southern coast of Sinaloa. Monthly samplings of coastal fishery landings were done from December 2020 to December 2021 on the south coast of Sinaloa. The SL50 was evaluated based on 3 candidate models (Gompertz, Lysack, and White) through a binomial approach. Confidence intervals for SL50 were estimated using likelihood profiles and contours, and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best model. A total of 284 individuals were examined, of which 131 were used in calculations. White’s model was the most adequate; however, based on AIC weights, all 3 models performed similarly, and SL50 (24.48 cm; C.I. 95% 12.9–70 36.0 cm) was estimated as their average. As a management measure, we propose a precautionary MCS of 36 cm SL for C. reticulatus off southern Sinaloa.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139793745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mean size at sexual maturity of female Cynoscion reticulatus along the Pacific coast off Mexico","authors":"Joel Fernando Sanchez-Valdez, J. A. Maldonado-Coyac, M. A. Maldonado-Amparo, J. Ramírez‐Pérez, Concepción Enciso-Enciso, Marcelino Ruiz-Domínguez","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2024.3385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2024.3385","url":null,"abstract":"Drums and croakers (Sciaenidae) are important to the species composition of coastal catches in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Among these species, the striped corvina (Cynoscion reticulatus) stands out because of its high fishery potential, high demand, and increased market value. The striped croaker has been under constant fishing pressure over the past 20 years. Still, there needs to be current biological information or reference points to allow the establishment of management measures for fisheries. The objective of the present study was to estimate the mean standard length at sexual maturity (SL50) of females using various models and to suggest a minimum catch size (MCS) for C. reticulatus off the southern coast of Sinaloa. Monthly samplings of coastal fishery landings were done from December 2020 to December 2021 on the south coast of Sinaloa. The SL50 was evaluated based on 3 candidate models (Gompertz, Lysack, and White) through a binomial approach. Confidence intervals for SL50 were estimated using likelihood profiles and contours, and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to select the best model. A total of 284 individuals were examined, of which 131 were used in calculations. White’s model was the most adequate; however, based on AIC weights, all 3 models performed similarly, and SL50 (24.48 cm; C.I. 95% 12.9–70 36.0 cm) was estimated as their average. As a management measure, we propose a precautionary MCS of 36 cm SL for C. reticulatus off southern Sinaloa.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139853681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where are resilience-based management strategies appropriate for coral reefs? Mapping environmental conditions and trends in coral cover in Guam and American Samoa","authors":"M. Moritsch, Miranda Foley","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2023.3384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2023.3384","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience-based management strategies are gaining attention as tools to improve coral survival and recovery under increasingly stressful conditions. Prioritizing locations to implement these strategies depends on knowing where corals already show potential signs of resilience and how environmental conditions may shift with climate change. We synthesized environmental conditions and coral cover trends in Guam and American Samoa using present-day climate conditions and 2 future climate scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5. We examined the spatial overlap between favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions and locations where coral reefs have maintained or increased coral cover over the past decade. Locations representing 4 combinations of the aforementioned characteristics may be subject to different management strategies: (1) conservation and restoration of robust corals, (2) restoration of declining corals, (3) conservation of genetic material of robust corals and stressor mitigation, and (4) no clear strategy for declining corals. We estimated areas in which multiple management actions could be performed based on these combinations. Under present-day climate conditions, the conservation of genetic material and stressor mitigation were overrepresented in Guam, comprising 23% of the study area; this declined to 15% in future climate scenarios. Coral restoration was at first underrepresented (0%). In American Samoa, the proportional area for each strategy remained consistent regardless of climate. Coral restoration was overrepresented, comprising 54% to 56% of the study area, whereas the conservation of genetic material and stressor mitigation were underrepresented (9% to 11%, respectively). Our approach offers a rapid way to assess where potential management actions could be applied based on data aggregated over large spatial extents, which can complement more detailed, labor-intensive assessments of reef community dynamics, particularly if distinct coral communities inform the boundaries of aggregation units. These results may guide managers in selecting ecologically suitable locations for implementing resilience-based management strategies for coral reefs.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139149671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variación espaciotemporal del fitoplancton nocivo en playas recreativas de Campeche, sureste del golfo de México","authors":"Carlos Antonio Poot-Delgado, Alfredo Pérez-Morales","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2023.3389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2023.3389","url":null,"abstract":"Se monitorearon las aguas costeras de 6 playas recreativas en la costa de Campeche en el golfo de México de marzo a octubre de 2019. Los rangos de temperatura, salinidad y pH variaron según la temporada y probablemente estuvieron influenciados por la hidrografía local y la poca profundidad del área de estudio. Los taxones nocivos identificados en este estudio incluyeron 3 especies de diatomeas, 5 dinoflagelados y 2 cianobacterias, con abundancias que oscilaron entre 102 y 105 cél·L–1. Dentro de la comunidad de fitoplancton, los fitoflagelados (nanofitoplancton <20 μm) exhibieron una abundancia máxima de 1.6 × 106 cél·L–1 en Boca del Río en Champotón. El microfitoplancton (>20 μm), incluidas diatomeas, dinoflagelados y cianobacterias, fue un componente secundario con densidades que oscilaron entre 103 y 106 cél·L–1. El dinoflagelado Pyrodinium bahamense, identificado como tóxico para los humanos en la costa de Campeche, mostró una abundancia máxima de 2.0 × 105 cel·L–1 en mayo en Boca del Río. La diatomea tóxica Pseudo-nitzschia exhibió una abundancia máxima de 105 cél·L–1 en Payucan en mayo. Los géneros de cianobacterias Anabaena y Trichodesmium exhibieron abundancias que oscilaron entre 102 y 104 cél·L–1. En todas las estaciones y meses se presentaron fitoplancton y cianobacterias potencialmente dañinos, lo que indica que es necesario un monitoreo continuo para evaluar la calidad de las playas y garantizar la seguridad de las playas recreativas.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The good and the better, sampling tropical intertidal rock pool fishes: a comparison between visual census vs. rock pool bailing method","authors":"S. González-Murcia, Raquel Alvarado-Larios, Jennifer Guerra, Murray Logan","doi":"10.7773/cm.y2023.3404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.y2023.3404","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous sampling methods have been applied to study intertidal rock pool fishes. There is limited information comparing the performance and suitability of such methods, which complicates comparisons between studies. We compared the performance of the bailing and visual census methods in 10 rock pools to quantify abundance, species richness, and structure of fish assemblages in rock pool intertidal systems considering fish residency affinities, rock pool volume, and substratum rugosity. Sampling was conducted 13 times across the complete set of 10 rock pools from June to December, 2018. Each of the pools was sampled with a visual census and then the bailing method. A sampling event was defined as the process of conducting both a visual and a bailing survey in a single rock pool. In total, 1,749 individuals of 14 species were detected using the bailing method, whereas 438 individuals of 8 species were recorded via visual census. The bailing method yielded higher abundance and species richness of resident, opportunist, and transient fish than the visual census. The detection of individuals and species showed a positive association with rock pool volume and negative association with substratum rugosity for both methods. In 32 sampling events, the bailing method detected fish correcting reports of fish absence (false negatives) recorded with the visual census. For the bailing method, resident fishes dominated the fish assemblage, whereas, for the visual census, resident and opportunist fishes contributed similarly to the community.","PeriodicalId":50702,"journal":{"name":"Ciencias Marinas","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138963112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}