Continental Shelf Research最新文献

{"title":"Assessing spatiotemporal changes in the benthic habitats of the West Gironde Mud Patch through the analyses of surface sediments, benthic macrofauna and sediment profile images","authors":"Bastien Lamarque ,&nbsp;Bruno Deflandre ,&nbsp;Sabine Schmidt ,&nbsp;Nicolas Lavesque ,&nbsp;Guillaume Bernard ,&nbsp;Frédéric Garabetian ,&nbsp;Christophe Fontanier ,&nbsp;Sylvain Rigaud ,&nbsp;Florent Grasso ,&nbsp;Mélanie Diaz ,&nbsp;Aldo Sottolichio ,&nbsp;Dominique Poirier ,&nbsp;Martin Danilo ,&nbsp;Alicia Romero-Ramirez ,&nbsp;Antoine Grémare","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims to refine the current assessment of spatiotemporal changes in the benthic habitats of the West Gironde Mud Patch. It follows a survey based on the analysis of surface sediment characteristics and benthic macrofauna composition at 5 stations located along a depth gradient, which was achieved between 2010 and 2018. The present work extends this observation period to 2021 and includes the indirect assessment of bioturbation through the analysis of sediment profile image characteristics. Temporal changes in surface sediment characteristics were essentially seasonal with strong increases in chloropigment concentrations in spring. Temporal changes in benthic macrofauna composition were mostly interannual with a major difference between 2010 and 2016–2021 currently attributed to the impact of a major physical disturbance during 2013–2014. In this study, extending the observation period shows that full recovery of benthic macrofauna composition had not yet been achieved by 2021. Sediment profile image characteristics (tube and organisms numbers, area of subsurface structures, oxic void depth and aRPD thickness) showed: (i) clear seasonal changes at the two deepest stations, mostly associated with a spring increase in tube numbers; and (ii) no significant difference between 2010 and 2016–2021, except at the deepest station. The discrepancy between benthic macrofauna composition and sediment profile image characteristics may result from differences in the recovery dynamics of benthic macrofauna composition and functionalities. Overall, results clearly call for a further extension of the WGMP observation period, which could consist in a yearly sampling at only two stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"298 ","pages":"Article 105637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoplankton assemblage in a cyclonic eddy confined to a coastal region of the Gulf of California","authors":"Elizabeth Durán-Campos ,&nbsp;María Adela Monreal-Gómez ,&nbsp;David Alberto Salas-de-León ,&nbsp;Carlos Mauricio Torres-Martínez ,&nbsp;Erik Coria-Monter","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2026.105647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2026.105647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study characterizes the phytoplankton assemblage within a cyclonic eddy confined in the Bay of La Paz, Gulf of California, integrating high-resolution hydrographic data and water samples collected in August 2017 complemented by satellite observations. The eddy featured a distinct cold core with elevated chlorophyll-<em>a</em> concentrations and supported a diverse phytoplankton community of 151 species, dominated by dinoflagellates (37,780 cells L⁻¹) and diatoms (35,780 cells L⁻¹). Notable taxa included <em>Planktoniella sol</em>, <em>Pseudo-nitzschia subfraudulenta</em>, <em>Coscinodiscus asteromphalus</em>, <em>Protoperidinium punctulatum</em>, <em>Gyrodinium fusiforme</em>, <em>Protoperidinium robustum</em>, <em>Dictyocha fibula, Mesodinium rubrum</em>, and <em>Trichodesmium hildebrandtii</em>. Horizontal distribution patterns revealed significant spatial heterogeneity, with species composition diverging between the eddy core and periphery in response to temperature and density gradients. Multivariate analysis identified temperature as the primary driver of community abundance. Furthermore, our findings suggest that a previously undocumented predator-prey dynamic between autotrophic and heterotrophic species may exert an additional influence on these patterns. These findings clarify how cyclonic eddies structure phytoplankton communities and provide critical insight into regional primary production, biogeography, and the distribution of species, some of which capable of forming harmful algal blooms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"298 ","pages":"Article 105647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a novel hybrid deep learning model for extratropical storm surge forecasting: A case in the Bohai Sea","authors":"Zhicheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Chengqing Ruan ,&nbsp;Qinrong Liu ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Jinsheng Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storm surges pose persistent threats to coastal communities, endangering both human lives and infrastructure. While numerical models remain computationally intensive, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches have emerged as efficient alternatives for storm surge forecasting through their superior accuracy and computational efficiency. However, most existing site-specific forecasting models rely on single-point wind and pressure measurements, neglecting the role of regional wind fields that limit the precision of extratropical storm surge forecasts. To address this gap, we developed a novel end-to-end multi-station forecasting framework designed to establish mapping relationships between wind-pressure fields and observational stations. We employ a 3D UNet for spatiotemporal feature extraction from atmospheric fields, followed by Multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) to project these features onto multiple monitoring sites, with integrated Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for temporal sequence modeling. Validation experiments in the Bohai Sea demonstrate the model's dual capability in multiscale feature abstraction and temporal dynamics capturing, enabling comprehensive storm surge process forecasting. The proposed model achieves significant reductions across multiple error metrics in 48- and 72-h prediction tasks compared to baseline models. This study provides theoretical and practical insights for advancing multi-step storm surge forecasting systems and hybrid models for coastal disaster prevention, particularly for extratropical storm surge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural desalination of marine-affected subsurface sediments and its impact on pH along the Western Bohai Sea coast","authors":"Lizhu Tian ,&nbsp;Wei Guo ,&nbsp;Rafaela Paulo Teixeira ,&nbsp;Mingzheng Wen ,&nbsp;Yunzhuang Hu ,&nbsp;Fu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In time defined by environmental transformation and anthropogenic pressure, understanding the natural geochemical evolution of coastal zones has never been more urgent. The Western Bohai Sea Coast (WBSC) offers a natural archive of significant land-sea evolution, comprising extensive subsurface deposits formed under marine influence during the progradation of the mid-to-late Holocene Yellow River delta. Over time, natural processes such as meteoric water infiltration and groundwater movement have altered the geochemical characteristics of these sediments. This study uses Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH measurements, combined with environmental indicators such as foraminiferal analysis, to explore the desalination of marine-affected subsurface sediments and its impact on pH along the WBSC. Under long-term percolation of meteoric water and groundwater, a spatially continuous low EC zone, or “desalination corridor”, has developed in marine-affected sediments. It narrows seaward from a broad range of active leaching to a restricted depth around the coastal groundwater table, and eventually to in the upper intertidal zone. Along with desalination, marine-affected sediments commonly develop high pH values, with the underlying mechanisms varying depending on distance from the coastline. In the central areas, the alkalinity increase is likely driven by the leaching of the Ca²⁺ in the sediments, whereas near the coast, the pronounced alkalization around the groundwater table is probably induced by geochemical reactions under high-Na⁺, low-flux groundwater conditions. These findings highlight a critical environmental dynamic between desalination and pH increase, with implications for soil health, agricultural viability, and ecosystem functioning in coastal regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of nutrient dynamics and chlorophyll-a variability: The role of freshwater input, upwelling, and tropical cyclones near Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh","authors":"Mohammad Sadman Alam ,&nbsp;Subrata Sarker ,&nbsp;Nabanita Das ,&nbsp;Shashowti Chowdhury Riya ,&nbsp;Myung Hwangbo ,&nbsp;Jongsun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bay of Bengal (BoB) receives significant amounts of discharge from river runoff as the largest delta in the world, which affects the dynamic of coastal and estuarine systems. Thus, Saint Martin Island (SMI), located in the northeastern part of the BoB, faces a significant influx of sediments and numerous contaminants from upstream sources, which are affecting the biogeochemistry of SMI. It is hypothesized that both river influx and frequent tropical cyclones that occur in the BoB significantly influence the coastal ecosystem of the Island. Therefore, to understand the coastal ecosystem of SMI, the spatiotemporal variability of nutrients and chl-a (July 2022–June 2023) was explored. This study identified the northeast (NE) monsoon as an important season for primary productivity with the concentration of chl-a, inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate as 1.03 μg L-1, 64.09 μmol L-1, 3.86 μmol L-1, 86.17 μmol L-1, respectively. Seasonal and regional nutrient ratios were near-Redfield (N:P:Si ≈ 17–18:1:17–18), with modest monsoonal shifts and comparatively stronger N-Si supply toward the estuary. The correlation of rain, wind stress, river discharge, Ekman transport, salinity, nutrients, temperature, chl-a, and dissolved oxygen was evaluated by using a coast-normal wind and Ekman framework together with structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM indicated positive effects of discharge, rainfall, and Ekman transport on nutrients. Especially, chl-a was positively associated with salinity and DIP and negatively with DIN and temperature, while the direct Ekman-to-chl-a path was not significant. After the cyclone Sitrang, the mixed-layer was deepened (∼1.33 m), and a narrowed temperature-salinity pattern toward higher salinity, DIP, and DIN increases in the upper 50 m was observed. During the southwest (SW) monsoon, river discharge dominated nutrient supply, whereas the reduced rainfall was correlated with wind- and eddy-assisted vertical inputs that sustained productivity near the estuary during the NE monsoon. This study highlighted monthly horizontal and vertical variations of hydrological parameters and their interrelationship with algal growth and nutrient dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105624"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fossil evidence for accelerated growth and shorter lifespan in the harvested bivalve Arca noae in the Adriatic Sea","authors":"Rafał Nawrot ,&nbsp;Melita Peharda ,&nbsp;Saskia Macharia ,&nbsp;Hana Uvanović ,&nbsp;Adam Tomašových ,&nbsp;Martin Zuschin","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in life history of marine species in response to harvesting and human-induced environmental changes are frequently observed in modern ecosystems, but the true magnitude of these shifts is difficult to evaluate without robust information on the pre-impact state of the affected populations. The edible bivalve Noah's Ark shell (<em>Arca noae</em> L.) was extensively harvested in the eastern Adriatic Sea in the late 19th and early 20th century until its fishery collapsed following mass mortality in the late 1940s. The lack of data on growth parameters of this species prior to that event biases our understanding of its life history and complicates establishing sustainable levels of harvesting. To provide a baseline for assessment of the current state of populations of <em>A. noae</em> in the Adriatic Sea, we compared growth rates and lifespan, estimated based on annual shell growth lines, between live-collected individuals and fossil (Holocene) specimens sampled from sediment cores. The maximum age observed in our modern samples was 35 years whereas the ontogenetically oldest fossil specimen lived for at least 85 years, extending the longest recorded lifespan for the Arcidae family by over three decades. Our results indicate that individuals of <em>A. noae</em> collected in the 21st century grow faster and have much shorter lifespan compared to their Holocene counterparts, suggesting that intensive harvesting in the past combined with increasing water temperatures and eutrophication of the northern Adriatic Sea had a significant impact on the population dynamics of this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrofauna of soft sediments associated with cold seeps from the offshore Sinú basin, Colombian Caribbean","authors":"Maria Isabel Aguilar Pérez ,&nbsp;Paula Andrea Zapata Ramirez ,&nbsp;Aaron Micallef","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold seeps in the offshore Sinú Basin, Colombian Caribbean, sustain macrofaunal communities in soft sediments, driven by chemosynthetic energy from methane and sulfide. This study investigated macroinfaunal assemblages at 19 stations within a seepage field off the Gulf of Morrosquillo, at depths of 47–166 m. Sampling utilized a Box Corer and ROV assessments, with stations categorized by seepage signal intensity (High, Medium, Low, Blank) and sediment type (Mud, Sandy Mud, Muddy Sand, Sand). A total of 1414 individuals from 115 taxa across four phyla (Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata) were recorded, with Annelida (33 %) and Crustacea (39 %) dominating. Key families, including Ampeliscidae (9.3 %), Syllidae (5.1 %), and Maldanidae (4.5 %), exhibited patchy distributions influenced by sediment grain size and geological features such as mud volcanoes and faults. Ecological indices revealed high richness (Margalef: 5.8), diversity (Shannon-Weaver: 4.1), and uniformity (Pielou: 0.9), indicating a resilient ecosystem. Cluster and ordination analyses identified two main station groups based on mud content (Group 1: 93–99 %; Group 2: 40–55 %), with significant dissimilarities driven by families like Syllidae and Caridea (ANOSIM R = 0.849, p = 0.1 %). BIO-ENV analysis highlighted mud percentage as the primary environmental driver (Rho = 0.747), with salinity, temperature, and depth as secondary factors. Methane concentration showed a moderate influence (Rho = 0.517). These findings underscore the role of sediment texture and local geomorphology in structuring macrofaunal communities, with implications for understanding cold seep biodiversity in the Caribbean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of epibiotic ciliates on crustacean zooplankton in the Southeastern Arabian Sea","authors":"Aishwarya Purushothaman ,&nbsp;Sanu V. Francis ,&nbsp;Lathika Cicily Thomas ,&nbsp;K.B. Padmakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ciliate-zooplankton associations in marine ecosystems remain largely understudied, despite their ecological significance within the planktonic community. In this study, copepods and ostracods were identified as the primary hosts for various ciliate epibionts, <em>Lecanophryella satyanandani, Paracineta karunakarani, Acineta karamani, Acineta euchaetae, Ephelota coronata</em> and <em>Ephelota crustaceorum,</em> along the coastal and offshore waters of the southeastern Arabian Sea. Detailed observations on the morphology, distribution, host specificity, sex preference, and attachment sites of the ciliate epibionts enhance existing knowledge. Female zooplankton were more frequently colonised than males, and epibiotic associations were more pronounced in offshore regions, except for ostracod-ciliate interactions, which were more prevalent in coastal waters. Temperature, salinity, and nutrients were found to be the key physicochemical factors influencing the epibiotic associations. The relationship between ciliate colonisation and chlorophyll <em>a</em> concentrations revealed that oligotrophic offshore waters of the southeastern Arabian Sea supported higher incidences of epibiotic associations. The study provides the first comprehensive dataset on the zooplankton-ciliate association across the entire southeastern Arabian Sea, contributing valuable insights into animal interactions in marine systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay of habitat heterogeneity and sampling gear in structuring nekton communities: Insights from niche overlap and biomass spectra in a mangrove estuary","authors":"Yuming Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Gao ,&nbsp;Jiakang Liu ,&nbsp;Yutong Ma ,&nbsp;Miaozhi Lin ,&nbsp;Tuohui Ye ,&nbsp;Jianxiang Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To obtain the relationship between mangrove habitats and fisheries production, a seasonal investigation of the status of nekton communities in the Zhangjiang estuary was conducted using gillnet and unbaited centipede cage from September 2020 to May 2021. The index of relative importance (IRI), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′), Pielou evenness index (J’), and Margalef richness index (D) were used to study the dominant species and species diversity of the nekton community. A total of 83 species of nektons were identified in the survey, including 55 species of fish belonging to 11 orders and 22 families, mainly warm-water demersal fishes, accounting for 66.27 % of the total species, and 28 species of crustaceans belonging to 2 orders and 9 families, accounting for 33.73 % of the total species. The results of the NMDS analysis revealed that catches varied seasonally, that the BPUE of catches per unit effort in autumn was significantly higher than in other seasons. The spatial niche overlaps of nekton were generally high and seasonal variations in the biomass size spectra were noticeable. The species pairs with niche overlap over 0.3 (Qik&gt;0.3) caught by gill nets and cages represented 73.3 % and 86.81 % of the total pairs, respectively. In general, the resources of nektons in Zhangjiang Estuary were relatively low, and the spatial distribution was uniform. The season was the main factor affecting the resources and community structure of nektons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamics of the inner shelf east of the Amazon River mouth","authors":"Carlos A.F. Schettini ,&nbsp;Nils E. Asp","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csr.2025.105626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrodynamics of the inner shelf east of the Amazon River mouth in the Southeastern Amazon Coastal Zone (SACZ) are examined based on 1.5 years of observations of wind and currents. A meteorological station was established onshore to record the wind data, while an acoustic Doppler current profiler was moored offshore at a depth of 22 m. This is the first observational dataset of such length and quality east of the Amazon River mouth off SACZ. The results reveal two primary modes of hydrodynamic variation associated with the zonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which significantly influences the regional wind regime. The first mode, termed “wet”, occurs when the ITCZ shifts southward, leading to brief periods (hours to days) of wind relaxation. In contrast, the second mode, referred to as “dry”, is characterized by a northward displacement of the ITCZ, resulting in more intense and consistent wind conditions. Throughout the year, the hydrodynamics are predominantly controlled by semidiurnal meso (neap) and macro (spring) tidal regimes, accounting for more than 98 % of the variance in cross-shelf currents and more than 90 % of longitudinal currents. This dominance is especially pronounced during the dry mode. In the wet mode, the current regime exhibits greater vertical variability, with low-frequency currents near the surface potentially dominating (&gt;80 %). These low-frequency currents are associated with periods of wind relaxation and the eastward advance of the Amazon River plume. During the dry mode, low-frequency currents are influenced primarily by wind action, with a secondary contribution from the synodic modulation of tidal amplitude.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50618,"journal":{"name":"Continental Shelf Research","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 105626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}