Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4030041

Yaniv Darvasi, Ben Laugomer, Ido Shicht, John K. Hall, Eli Ram, A. Agnon

{"title":"Drone-Borne LiDAR and Photogrammetry Together with Historical Data for Studying a Paleo-Landslide Reactivated by Road-Cutting and Barrier Construction outside Jerusalem","authors":"Yaniv Darvasi, Ben Laugomer, Ido Shicht, John K. Hall, Eli Ram, A. Agnon","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4030041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4030041","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of landslide hazards often depends on the ability to track possible changes in natural slopes. To that end, historical air photos can be useful, particularly when slope stability is compromised by visible cracking. Undocumented landsliding rejuvenates a paleo-landslide on a busy motorway connecting Jerusalem to a small Jewish settlement. Recently, a plan for broadening the motorway was approved, and we were asked to study the hazards of the road by Israeli NGOs and Palestinian residents of the area. We captured high-resolution topography around the unstable slope using drone-borne photogrammetry and LiDAR surveys. The modern data allow us to analyze historic air photos and topo maps to assess the level of sliding prior to and during modern landscaping. Our results indicate horizontal offsets of ~0.9–1.8 m and vertical offsets of 1.54–2.95 m at selected sites. We next assess the possible role of anthropogenic versus natural factors in compromising slope stability. We analyze monthly rain records together with seismic catalogs spanning several decades. Shortly after the motorway construction in 1995, a January 1996 rainstorm triggered a massive rockfall. The rockfall blocked traffic with up to 4 m-diameter boulders. We found that while a certain level of rain is a necessary condition for mobilizing the rock mass, it is the anthropogenic intervention that caused the rockfall in this site. We conclude that the recent plan for broadening the motorway jeopardizes the lives of vehicle passengers and the lives of future residents should the development materialize.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":"39 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141922822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Study of Scouring and Deposition Characteristics of Riprap at Embankment Toe Due to Overflow 堤顶护坡因溢流而产生的冲刷和沉积特性的实验研究

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4030040

Abu Raihan Mohammad Al-Biruni, Md Masum Billah, Junji Yagisawa

{"title":"Experimental Study of Scouring and Deposition Characteristics of Riprap at Embankment Toe Due to Overflow","authors":"Abu Raihan Mohammad Al-Biruni, Md Masum Billah, Junji Yagisawa","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4030040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4030040","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of the grain size and gradation of riprap, the overtopping flow depth, and the downstream slope of the embankment on the scouring and deposition characteristics at the downstream toe of the embankment were investigated. For the experiment, three different downstream slopes (1:2, 1:3, and 1:4), three different overflow depths (1, 2, and 3 cm), and three different sizes of riprap particles (d50 of 16.41 mm, 8.48 mm, and 3.39 mm, herein referred to as coarse gravel, medium gravel, and granule, respectively) were used in the laboratory. The experimental results demonstrated that the scour depth and deposition height increased with increasing energy head for each downstream slope condition. Among the three particle sizes, coarse gravel shows the lowest scour depth and the highest deposition height. For the 1:2 slope, the coarse gravel particle size was 62% and 75% less resistant to scouring than the medium gravel and granule particles, respectively. For the 1:3 slope case, this was 31% and 46%, and for the 1:4 slope case, this was 39% and 49% less than the medium gravel and granule size particles, respectively.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":"9 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Microscale Framework for Seismic Stability Analysis of Bridge Pier Rocking Isolation Using the Discrete Element Method 使用离散元素法对桥墩摇动隔离进行地震稳定性分析的微观框架

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4030039

Idowu Itiola, U. El Shamy

{"title":"A Microscale Framework for Seismic Stability Analysis of Bridge Pier Rocking Isolation Using the Discrete Element Method","authors":"Idowu Itiola, U. El Shamy","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4030039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4030039","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a microscale framework for investigating the seismic stability of bridge-pier structures using the discrete element method (DEM), with a focus on rocking isolation mechanisms. The piers and the deck are modeled as rigid blocks that follow rigid body dynamics. The rigid block is modeled as a collection of glued particles with geometrical arrangement and physical properties that mimic an actual block. To facilitate numerical contact points between the base of the block and the flat base wall, smaller particle sizes were introduced at the base of the block. A Hertz contact model was employed to model the interaction between contacting entities for better estimation of the contact constitutive parameters. Validation was performed using well-documented experimental data featuring the free-rocking of a granite stone block as well as existing analytical techniques. DEM simulations were performed on single blocks as well as on a bridge deck-pier system subjected to dynamic and seismic loadings. The study shows the effectiveness of rocking isolation through a comparative analysis of acceleration and angular velocity under varying seismic intensities, with acceleration reduction up to 70% for piers and 60% for the deck in a high-intensity scenario, affirming the potential of rocking isolation as a viable seismic mitigation strategy. The study monitors the structural response, contact mechanics, and energy dissipation of the pier–deck system. The application of the DEM model advances the analysis of bridge pier and deck interactions under seismic loads, providing new insights into the detailed behavior of rocking bridge piers and their potential for seismic isolation.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141652697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Artificial Ground Freezing—On the Soil Deformations during Freeze–Thaw Cycles 人工地面冻结--冻融循环期间的土壤变形

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4030038

Zeina Joudieh, O. Cuisinier, Adel Abdallah, F. Masrouri

{"title":"Artificial Ground Freezing—On the Soil Deformations during Freeze–Thaw Cycles","authors":"Zeina Joudieh, O. Cuisinier, Adel Abdallah, F. Masrouri","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4030038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4030038","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial ground freezing (AGF) has emerged as a prominent treatment method due to its ability to mechanically strengthen the soil while reducing its permeability. However, its implementation has raised concerns about its impact, particularly with respect to frost heave and subsequent thaw-induced displacements. These soil movements can cause subsidence and pose a significant threat to the integrity of surface structures. Overburden pressure plays a crucial role in AGF and determines the amount of heave generated. This paper presents an analysis of the existing literature about soil freezing and thawing. The aim is to offer an understanding of these processes, specifically with regard to their application in AGF. This paper explains the behavior of soil during freezing, with particular emphasis on the influence of overburden pressure. It also investigates frozen soils’ thawing and freeze–thaw (FT) cycles’ long-term effects on soil properties. AGF offers improved soil strength and reduced water permeability, enhancing construction project stability. However, the interplay between the temperature, soil composition, and initial ground conditions during freezing is complex. This thermo-hydro-chemo-mechanical process strengthens the soil and reduces its permeability, but it can also induce frost heave due to water expansion and ice lens formation. Overburden pressure from the overlying soil limits ice lens growth. FT cycles significantly impact soil properties. In fine-grained soils, FT cycles can lead to over-consolidation, while rapid thawing can generate high pore pressures and compromise stability. Importantly, FT acts as a weathering mechanism, influencing soil properties at both the microscopic and macroscopic scales. These cycles can loosen over-consolidated soil, densify normally consolidated soil, and increase overall hydraulic conductivity due to structural changes. They can also weaken the soil’s structure and deteriorate its mechanical performance.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":" 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Parametric Study of the Dynamic Soil–Structure Interaction for Shear Vulnerable Structures with Nonlinear Finite Element Modelling 利用非线性有限元建模对剪力脆弱结构的动态土-结构相互作用进行参数研究

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4030037

A. Savvides

{"title":"A Parametric Study of the Dynamic Soil–Structure Interaction for Shear Vulnerable Structures with Nonlinear Finite Element Modelling","authors":"A. Savvides","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4030037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4030037","url":null,"abstract":"In precedent years mostly, though rarely nowadays, shear deformable structures were constructed across the globe. Also, the soil is deformed as a shear cantilever, which means that the shear forces and stresses are more prominent than the respective normal forces and stresses; thus, the dynamic soil–structure interaction of shear deformable bodies is an important aspect to be researched. In this article, the dynamic soil–structure interaction of shear deformable structures is investigated through nonlinear finite element modelling. The goal of this work is to enlighten the qualitative response of both soil and structures, as well as the differences between the sole structure and the soil–structure system. The Athens 1999 earthquake accelerogram is used, which is considered as a palm load (which means a load that is not periodic like the Ricker wavelets), in order to enlighten the importance of the investigation of palm loading. It is demonstrated that the total displacements of the soil–structure system are larger than the case of the sole structure, as expected when taking into account the dynamic soil–structure interaction. However, the residual displacements of the top are larger when a moderate soil thickness is assumed. Moreover, the output acceleration functions over time, comparing the same buildings as the sole building and as the soil-building system, have the same time function, but they are amplified with a constant value. As a consequence, the critical time of the maximum energy flux that is transmitted to the building is not dependent on the dynamic soil–structure interaction.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Finer Measurement Scales for Induced Hydrophobicity Using the Water Droplet Penetration Test 利用水滴穿透测试对诱导疏水性进行更精细的测量

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4020032

Max Veneris, Arvin M. Farid

{"title":"Finer Measurement Scales for Induced Hydrophobicity Using the Water Droplet Penetration Test","authors":"Max Veneris, Arvin M. Farid","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4020032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4020032","url":null,"abstract":"The Water Droplet Penetration Test (WDPT) is commonly used in most soil water repellency (SWR) research and is particularly prominent in field studies after wildfire events. Suppose a water droplet does not infiltrate the soil within the first five seconds. This soil is considered to contain some degree of water repellency, classified by the overall penetration time. Our results show an inflection point in the plot of the height of a droplet vs. droplet penetration time during a WDPT trial. This inflection point is indicative of a combination of two possible flow patterns influencing droplet penetration, one governing and the other—caused by particle lift—drastically impeding the infiltration rate. The reorganization of the intrinsic particle lift at the air–water interface leads to contact angles hindering the expected penetration, delaying the expected infiltration rate to degrees larger than a continuously flat porous hydrophobic surface would. The particle lift creates an instability that can create two competing regimes, leading to two sets of water droplet penetration times. The similarity among sorptivity values for coarse grains at higher hydrophobicity levels, medium grains at intermediate hydrophobicity levels, and fine grains at lower hydrophobicity levels suggests that interpretation of the WDPT needs to be adjusted based on grain size.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":"23 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risk Assessment in Landslide-Prone Terrain within a Complex Geological Setting at Kadugannawa, Sri Lanka: Implications for Highway Maintenance 斯里兰卡卡杜甘纳瓦复杂地质环境中易发生山体滑坡地形的风险评估：对公路维护的影响

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4020031

Sunera Mahinsa Pitawala, Harindu Wimalakeerthi, Thomas Heinze

{"title":"Risk Assessment in Landslide-Prone Terrain within a Complex Geological Setting at Kadugannawa, Sri Lanka: Implications for Highway Maintenance","authors":"Sunera Mahinsa Pitawala, Harindu Wimalakeerthi, Thomas Heinze","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4020031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4020031","url":null,"abstract":"The major highway in Sri Lanka that links the capital, Colombo, with the second capital, Kandy, passes through Kadugannawa, characterized by steep hills. The geological and geomorphological setting of the terrain often leads to slope failures. The objective of this study is to interpret the key factors influencing the slope failures that occurred in close proximity at two separate locations with two different slope conditions. Typical local and regional brittle and ductile structures include fault scarps, deep-seated detachments, and variable folding. According to our results, one of the studied locations experienced translational landslides because of weakened basement rock surfaces, hydrophilic clay minerals, and anthropogenic influences, whereas the other location experienced multiple stages of mass movement influenced by inhomogeneous colluvial soil and regional, geological, and hydrogeological conditions. Based on the present study, it can be concluded that geological studies must be carried out within the local area rather than at the regional scale. Otherwise, the constructions for the prevention of landslides in complicated geological settings will fail or may not be used for a long period. Moreover, consideration of future climate change is essential when undertaking construction in challenging terrains.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141370245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Analysis of Non-Pneumatic Tire Spoke Designs for Off-Road Applications: A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Perspective 非公路应用的非充气轮胎辐条设计比较分析：平滑粒子流体力学视角

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4020030

Charanpreet Sidhu, Zeinab El-Sayegh

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Non-Pneumatic Tire Spoke Designs for Off-Road Applications: A Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Perspective","authors":"Charanpreet Sidhu, Zeinab El-Sayegh","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4020030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4020030","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the development of a terramechanics-based model for non-pneumatic tire–terrain interaction, focusing on different spoke designs. The research investigates how four spoke shapes (honeycomb, modified honeycomb, re-entrant honeycomb, and straight spokes) affect non-pneumatic tire performance in off-road conditions. Using the finite element method (FEM) to model non-pneumatic tires, and smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to model dry, loose soil, simulations were conducted to replicate real-world loading conditions. This study utilizes virtual environment solution finite element analysis software to examine the interaction between a non-pneumatic tire and dry, loose soil, with a focus on calculating longitudinal and vertical forces. These forces play a pivotal role in determining the motion resistance coefficient. The results show distinct variations in the motion-resistance coefficients among the spoke designs on dry, loose soil. This analysis helps to identify the spoke configurations that optimize energy efficiency and fuel consumption. By comparing and evaluating the four spoke designs, this study shows the effect of spoke design on tire motion resistance. This study concluded that the modified honeycomb spoke design is the most stable and the least sensitive to operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":"37 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141381992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Derivation of Contour Plots for the Characterization of the Behaviour of Sand under Undrained Loading 推导等值线图以确定砂在不排水荷载下的行为特征

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4020029

J. Saathoff, M. Achmus

引用次数: 0

An Investigation into the Utility of Large Language Models in Geotechnical Education and Problem Solving 大型语言模型在岩土工程教育和问题解决中的实用性研究

Geotechnics Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.3390/geotechnics4020026

Liuxin Chen, Amir Tophel, Umidu Hettiyadura, J. Kodikara

{"title":"An Investigation into the Utility of Large Language Models in Geotechnical Education and Problem Solving","authors":"Liuxin Chen, Amir Tophel, Umidu Hettiyadura, J. Kodikara","doi":"10.3390/geotechnics4020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4020026","url":null,"abstract":"The study explores the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), particularly GPT-4, in understanding and solving geotechnical problems, a specialised area that has not been extensively examined in previous research. Employing a question bank obtained from a commonly used textbook in geotechnical engineering, the research assesses GPT-4’s performance across various topics and cognitive complexity levels, utilising different prompting strategies like zero-shot learning, chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, and custom instructional prompting. The study reveals that while GPT-4 demonstrates significant potential in addressing fundamental geotechnical concepts and problems, its effectiveness varies with specific topics, the complexity of the task, and the prompting strategies employed. The paper categorises errors encountered by GPT-4 into conceptual, grounding, calculation, and model inherent deficiencies related to the interpretation of visual information. Custom instructional prompts, specifically tailored to address GPT-4’s shortcomings, significantly enhance its performance. The study reveals that GPT-4 achieved an overall problem-solving accuracy of 67% with custom instructional prompting, significantly higher than the 28.9% with zero-shot learning and 34% with CoT. However, the study underscores the importance of human oversight in interpreting and verifying GPT-4’s outputs, especially in complex, higher-order cognitive tasks. The findings contribute to understanding the potential and limitations of current LLMs in specialised educational fields, providing insights for educators and researchers in integrating AI tools like GPT-4 into their teaching and problem-solving approaches. The study advocates for a balanced integration of AI in education to enrich educational delivery and experience while emphasising the indispensable role of human expertise alongside technological advancements.","PeriodicalId":505610,"journal":{"name":"Geotechnics","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140995117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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