Earth Sciences History最新文献

{"title":"EARLY EUROPEAN WOMEN IN SEISMOLOGY","authors":"Elisa Buforn","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.140","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Inge Lehmann is the best-known European woman seismologist, but she is not an isolated case. The presence of women seismologists in Europe has a long tradition, with the earliest women researchers appearing at the beginning of the 20th century in the United Kingdom, Denmark, the former USSR, and France. After World War II, women seismologists in Europe had an important presence. Their names are present in the lists of participants in seismological international meetings (IASPEI or ESC), where information about these women and their roles in these institutions can be found. This paper concentrates on the presence of women seismologists in Europe in the 1920–1970 period. After the 1970s, the number of women in seismology has increased considerably.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THEORIES OF THE EARTH AND ‘PLUTONISM’ IN THE INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOLOGIA BY THE ITALIAN GEOLOGIST SCIPIONE BREISLAK (1811)","authors":"Andrea Candela","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-43.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Scipione Breislak may be considered as one of the most renowned Italian ‘Plutonists’ at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries. In the 1790s, he was a professor of Physics at the Military Academy of Nunziatella in Naples, where he also devoted himself to the study of Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields. Thus, he acquainted himself with volcanic phenomena. Breislak's works about the volcanic fields of Campania (Southern Italy) disclosed how Torbern Olof Bergman's theories and Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier's chemistry had affected his belief in the idea that volcanic eruptions were triggered by ignition of petroleum deposits. After a voluntary exile in France, owing to the downfall of the Roman Republic, Breislak returned to Italy and settled in Milan, where he was appointed as an Inspector of Gunpowder in 1802. Due to his new administrative duties, he had the opportunity to continue studying mineralogy and geology, focusing primarily on the stratigraphy of Lombardy and of the Alps. During the ‘Milanese period’, he published the Introduzione alla geologia (Introduction to geology, 1811), which may be regarded as the first Italian handbook about the ‘new’ science of Geology. In the monograph, he also drew on Huttonian ideas in order to describe the lithostratigraphic features of crystalline rocks. Without neglecting Breislak's volcanological hypotheses, this paper aims to analyze the influence that nineteenth-century Plutonist (Huttonian) geological theories had on the Earth's history that he depicted in the Introduzione alla geologia. The influence of Plutonism—a term that Richard Kirwan introduced to define James Hutton's geological system—may also be recognized in Breislak's rejection of transition rocks. Indeed, according to him: “nature does not make passages or transitions, and each of its products has a specific and particular way to exist” (Breislak 1811, volume 1, pp. 308–309).","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying the Fundamental Principles of Natural Hazards to the Study of Tsunamis: Case Study of the 2004 Tsunami in Sumatra","authors":"Sule Ayannor Issaka","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78258198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral Reflectance and Algal Bloom Monitoring of Lake Victoria Using Remote Sensing Techniques, Winum Gulf of Kenya","authors":"Vincent Ogembo, Gavin Akinyi Mohamed","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231204.12","url":null,"abstract":": The study was aimed at measuring the in situ spectral reflectance of Lake Victoria fresh water which contains algal blooms and different suspended solids. Reflectance spectra of wavelengths 340-1,018 nm were collected from Lake Victoria fresh water using a portable spectroradiometer. The data was collected on a cloud free day between 0912 to 1022 hours. Sunlight was used as a source of illumination while dark surface was applied as control to obtain a near-normal angle of observation at a Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) on 27 th October 2022. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used in analyzing the satellite images of Lake Victoria, Winam Gulf with NDCI index technique which provides an estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration. The averaged spectrum of the Lake Victoria water showed reflectance maxima from 580-710 nm and reflectance minima near 430 nm and above 740 nm wavelengths. This study showed that the higher the NDCI value, the higher the concentration of chlorophyll-a , the more sever the algal bloom. On average, the concentration of chlorophyll-a was high at 33-50mg/m 3 and highest values recorded between January and February of every year due to high temperatures during the dry season. The Winum Gulf of Lake Victoria is characterized by increasing eutrophication arising from increased anthropogenic activities on the shores of the lake. Major factors contributing to the increased eutrophication include Urban sprawl, industrial loads and agricultural activities. The study, therefore, presents the algal bloom situation and spectral reflectance of the lake under the influence of human activities surrounding Lake Victoria.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"123 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80197276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Physical Dimensions of Some Expressions of Petrophysics","authors":"José Carlos Xavier da Silva, Giovanni Chaves Stael, Camila Ferreira Augusto Fernandes","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231202.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231202.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"258 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82199958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Facies Recognition of Ultra-Deep Carbonate Rocks Based on Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Zhang Xuan, Zhenhua Yan, Xu Xiang, Li Xiang, Zhigang Chen, Jianhua Li, Ji Xuewu","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231202.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231202.11","url":null,"abstract":": Seismic facies is a seismic reflection unit defined by specific seismic reflection characteristics, that is, the seismic responses of sedimentary facies or geological bodies, whose accuracy will directly affect the reliability of oil and gas exploration results. Currently, seismic facies is generally recognized depending upon the differences between certain single trace seismic attributes (waveform, frequency spectrum, and amplitude, etc.) and adjacent units to conduct cluster analysis. Such methods, however, have ambiguity in identifying special reflective structures with continuous waveforms (e","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73497486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Prominent Iron Silicides Strewn Field and Its Relation to the Bronze Age/Iron Age Chiemgau Meteorite Impact Event (Germany)","authors":"K. Ernstson, F. Bauer, M. Hiltl","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231201.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231201.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88267109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Water Stratification and Mixing on Plankton Community Structure in a Floating Solar Power Plant","authors":"Pham Anh Duc","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20231201.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20231201.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89874720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE RUSH STARTED HERE, PART III: ‘THE STREETS ARE PAVED WITH GOLD’—SPECULATION, GREED, AND DISAPPOINTMENT, 1849–2010","authors":"Elizabeth Hines, Michael Smith","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.41","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Profitable gold mining began in the United States with the accidental discovery in 1799 of a seventeen-pound gold nugget in Cabarrus County, North Carolina. North Carolina’s gold production peaked between the 1830s and 1840s as hundreds of mines contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars a year to the national economy, necessitating the 1837 construction of a federal Branch Mint in Charlotte to process Piedmont gold. Gold mining suffered a major decline in North Carolina after the discovery of the richer and more extensive gold deposits in California in 1848. However, the North Carolina gold miners who did not join the western rush continued to work the shafts of the Piedmont using increasingly sophisticated European and South American technology, as well as new innovations such as hydraulic mining techniques from California, until the advent of the Civil War.\u0000 From the end of Reconstruction (1877) to 1920, gold mining in North Carolina was sporadic and often funded by outside investors or used as a ruse in gold and stock scams. Copper mining, with gold and silver as secondary products, using increasingly complex technology and associated environmental issues, drove most of the mining fervor during this period. Following the Great Depression of the 1930s, gold production slowly increased until the Second World War, but never became a major industry as they were out-competed by the more profitable gold fields in the western United States, Alaska, Canada, Australia, and South Africa.\u0000 From the 1970s to today, dependent upon the price of gold in the market and the requirements of environmental regulation, prior mining districts in North (and South) Carolina have continued to be examined, explored and cautiously mined using cyanide heap leach techniques. Although few in number, these limited lease mining projects have extracted over two million troy ounces of gold and nearly a million troy ounces of silver by 2010. Future extraction by the ongoing Haile Mine (South Carolina) project will increase this amount substantially in the next decade. Nevertheless, Cabarrus County continues to hold the world’s record for producing the greatest number of large (a pound or more) gold nuggets and was the epicenter of North America’s first gold rush.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44633674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLARA EHRENBERG (1838–1915), AN EARLY WOMAN MICROPALEONTOLOGIST: HER CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE WITH AN OUTLOOK ON INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE RESEARCH","authors":"B. Mohr","doi":"10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.174","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes the work of Clara Ehrenberg (1838–1915), especially her engagement in the curation of one of the most scientifically important early microbiological/micropalaeontological collections in the world, now located at the Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Her meticulous work with very fragile microscopic slides, as well as accomplishments in the field of curation and taxonomy, and her detailed observations and fine drawings, are acknowledged here. Furthermore, it is shown how Clara, in her autobiography, drew attention to her family and to her father’s (C. G. Ehrenberg, 1795–1876) life, which was embedded in the Berlin university realm of the time. The descriptions in her memoirs are by far more wide reaching than just personal. Clara Ehrenberg was a close observer of the constantly changing world, a process which accelerated dramatically in the rapidly expanding city of Berlin and had, due to nineteenth century industrial inventions and progress, an impact on the daily lives of her family and her contemporaries with consequences lasting to our own time.","PeriodicalId":50560,"journal":{"name":"Earth Sciences History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43313787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}