{"title":"From ethnic segregation to equal political status: the Making of the concept of citizenship in early modern China","authors":"Zhonghua Guo","doi":"10.1080/13621025.2023.2287822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2023.2287822","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT ‘Political equality’ is regarded as inherent to the nature of citizenship, but the traditional Chinese concept of ‘ethnic segregation’ runs counter to this idea. A shift away from this concept has been a prerequisite for the development of modern Chinese citizenship. In the mid-18th century, the Qing Dynasty was at the point of transition from tradition to modernity. Hua – Yi segregation put the Qing rulers under great pressure due to their origins as an ethnic minority. Confucian intellectuals such as Zeng Jing used this concept to challenge the political legitimacy of the Qing Dynasty, and rulers such as Yongzheng took advantage of this opportunity to replace the conception of ethnic segregation with that of equal political status through political debate and mass education. The concept of Hua – Yi segregation, which had lasted for nearly 3,000 years in China, then gradually faded away. The development of the new approach thus laid the foundation for the acceptance of the Western concept of citizenship. Chinese citizenship therefore has both internal and external cultural roots. The development of citizenship in China shows the importance of ‘after Orientalism’ in citizenship studies.","PeriodicalId":505125,"journal":{"name":"Citizenship Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"637 - 653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Islam, chineseness and citizenship: Sinicizing Muslim minority, becoming Chinese citizen","authors":"Wai-Yip Ho","doi":"10.1080/13621025.2023.2287826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2023.2287826","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper attempts to trace the Hui Muslim minority who has been recently undergoing a dual process in identity transformation. A new ethnic governance highlighted by citizenship over religious rights as well as the state’s campaign of Sinicization of Religions has been promoted to create homogeneity. Beyond the long-existing system of minzu, Sinicization and citizenship has become a new double-edged tool in managing ethnic minorities and faith communities. Under the campaign of Sinicization, expressions of Islamic religious practices are endorsed only if they are culturally compatible in Chinese characteristics. While all ethnic groups are preferentially treated and culture differences respected in multi-ethnic China, Muslims like other ethnic minorities are increasingly identified within the common framework of citizenship in which all nationals are citizens with equal standing, de-emphasizing the plurality of interethnic and cultural differences.","PeriodicalId":505125,"journal":{"name":"Citizenship Studies","volume":"64 1","pages":"712 - 726"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Christianity and the negotiation of citizenship in Hong Kong: an account of faith-based active citizenship","authors":"T. Tse, S. H. Chan","doi":"10.1080/13621025.2023.2287827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2023.2287827","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cultural traditions, including religions, are central to understanding and practising citizenship. The complex relationships between religion and citizenship should be explored in depth. Both citizenship and Christianity were transplanted from the West to Hong Kong during the colonial era, and Christianity still occupies an important place in public life and civil society today. In the specific context of state – civil society, we discuss the development of citizenship and Christianity in Hong Kong and illustrate how some Christian organisations and leaders exercise their cultural agency in social activism through a wide range of social and political events. Their work creates a strong civic culture of Hong Kong Chinese Christians, advances citizenship and supports a vibrant civil society. By examining the roles of individual and collective agents in the formation and contextualisation of a Christian tradition, we develop a framework for faith-based active citizenship and expand the discussion of Chinese citizenship.","PeriodicalId":505125,"journal":{"name":"Citizenship Studies","volume":"87 1","pages":"727 - 743"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Creating the governable population: authoritarian cultural citizenship and the ethnic minorities in a Sino-Tibetan intercultural area in contemporary China","authors":"Taihui Guo, Tianlong You","doi":"10.1080/13621025.2023.2287821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2023.2287821","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study interrogates how China’s ethnic minorities in a Sino-Tibetan intercultural area practice their citizenship. We build on the ideas of cultural citizenship and authoritarian citizenship to develop an analytical framework of authoritarian cultural citizenship which highlights the interactive mechanisms between the powerful Chinese state and the resilient ethnic minorities. We identify their traditional cultural citizenship practices in such multi-ethnic, -cultural, and religious site, and further discover their additional authoritarian cultural citizenship practices profoundly affected by the presence of the Chinese state, and lastly explain in length their changes and responses in such practices as the security-driven state effects become intensified.","PeriodicalId":505125,"journal":{"name":"Citizenship Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"654 - 672"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: reconsidering Chinese citizenship: cultural roots and cultural reach","authors":"Zhenzhou Zhao, Canglong Wang, Zhonghua Guo","doi":"10.1080/13621025.2023.2287820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2023.2287820","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study of citizenship in China has become popular not only as a research topic but also as a praxis that seeks to influence citizenship-related policies and address structural injustice. Analysis of the trajectory of developing citizenship research over the decades indicates that scholarship focusing on socioeconomic injustice has affected various policy actions, and the struggle associated with the cultural dimension of citizenship seems to have intensified. This special issue deconstructs the state’s monolithic interpretation of culture and examines the cultural underpinnings of citizenship discourse and practice in China. We take a broad view of cultural traditions, which have been deeply rooted throughout history and have shaped the underlying relationships between the state, society, and citizens in modern China. The articles in this special issue reveal the culture-informed citizenship practices enacted by various actors, including the government forces, cultural minorities, and grassroots activists. They suggest that spirituality is a site of experiencing and negotiating citizenship in the Chinese context.","PeriodicalId":505125,"journal":{"name":"Citizenship Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":"623 - 636"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139350070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘Swanning back in’? Foreign fighters and the long arm of the state","authors":"Adam K. Webb","doi":"10.1080/13621025.2016.1252715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2016.1252715","url":null,"abstract":"As foreign fighters have flocked to conflicts in Syria and elsewhere, their home governments have often claimed a right not only to criminalise their doing so, but also to deprive them of the right to return. This article challenges some problematic assumptions about the intersection among political allegiance, extraterritorial jurisdiction and the right of abode. It traces the origins of today’s conventional wisdom to a particular modern experience of state–society relations, including the rise of administrative ambitions that outrun the original bounds of the territorial state. In contrast, it argues for an ‘unbundling’ of state authority, prepolitical membership in society, and cross-border political action. This position would chasten overreaching views about states’ ownership of their citizens, while still leaving other ways to deal with jihadist violence.","PeriodicalId":505125,"journal":{"name":"Citizenship Studies","volume":"21 3","pages":"291-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147908880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}