Asian Journal of Biology最新文献

{"title":"To Study the Effect of Foliar Spray of Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids on Physiological and Quality Parameters of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda","authors":"Anuj Kumar, Naik Reema Ravindra, Kuldeep Singh, Medempok Pongener, Saket Mishra, S. Ekka, Reena Kujur, Johnson Lakra","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i1381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i1381","url":null,"abstract":"Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an economically significant fruit crop with diverse applications in the food industry. The foliar application of Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids has a significant impact on the overall growth of guava plants, as it greatly affect the plant productive efficiency by changing various parameters of horticultural features such as fruiting potential, and quality of fruit.  Major role of zinc sulphate is proper nitrogen metabolism, helps in cell division, and hormonal regulation for maintain proper quality of fruit with increased number of fruit set and reduced fruit drop. Brassinosteroids play a vital role in making plant tolerant against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the combined treatment exhibited a positive influence on fruit yield, with an observable increase in the number and size of harvested fruits. Quality parameters, including fruit size, weight, and nutritional content, were also assessed. The foliar spray with Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids contributed to improved fruit quality, as evidenced by enhanced sugar content, vitamin levels, and overall taste.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139805557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Study the Effect of Foliar Spray of Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids on Physiological and Quality Parameters of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda","authors":"Anuj Kumar, Naik Reema Ravindra, Kuldeep Singh, Medempok Pongener, Saket Mishra, S. Ekka, Reena Kujur, Johnson Lakra","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i1381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i1381","url":null,"abstract":"Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an economically significant fruit crop with diverse applications in the food industry. The foliar application of Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids has a significant impact on the overall growth of guava plants, as it greatly affect the plant productive efficiency by changing various parameters of horticultural features such as fruiting potential, and quality of fruit.  Major role of zinc sulphate is proper nitrogen metabolism, helps in cell division, and hormonal regulation for maintain proper quality of fruit with increased number of fruit set and reduced fruit drop. Brassinosteroids play a vital role in making plant tolerant against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the combined treatment exhibited a positive influence on fruit yield, with an observable increase in the number and size of harvested fruits. Quality parameters, including fruit size, weight, and nutritional content, were also assessed. The foliar spray with Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids contributed to improved fruit quality, as evidenced by enhanced sugar content, vitamin levels, and overall taste.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139865342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common Moths and Their Ecological Importance in Bisra Range, Rourkela Forest Division, Odisha, India","authors":"Ilarani Pradhan, Jashabanta Sethi, Subhalakshmi Rout, Sanjeet Kumar","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i1380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i1380","url":null,"abstract":"Rourkela Forest Division presents a sub-tropical climatic condition with high humidity and rainfall after the onset of the monsoon. Lepidopterans are a group of insects that are potent pollinators and protectors of different terrestrial ecosystems. Among all the Lepidopterans, moths are cosmopolitan and very important. Moths are mostly nocturnal pollinators and play a vital role in the pollination of different plant species and their seed production. Besides that, they play the important role of both prey and predator in a food chain. They are less known and have always been given less importance, unlike bees and butterflies, because very few studies have been done about moths and their importance in ecosystems. A field survey was done for the documentation of some common moths’ diversity in Bisra Range, Rourkela Forest Division, Odisha, India, during 2022–2023. About 20 species of common moths were reported from the study area. This study depicts the ecological importance of moths, how they are inevitable members of the food chain in different types of terrestrial ecosystems, and their interactions with other plant and animal species in the division. Macrobrochis gigas and Phocoderma velutina larvae are abundant and major defoliators of Shorea robusta during the rainy season; Lymantria mathura is a major defoliator of Mangifera indica, Shorea robusta, Terminalia, Mitragyna, and Eugenia spp.; Xyleutes strix and Xyleutes persona are stem borers; and Phocoderma velutina shows a relationship with a parasitic fungus.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"21 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139450047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Environmental and Feed Quality in Southeast Livestock Production","authors":"I. L. Nwosu, Jude N. Ogbulie, C. I. Chikwendu, Enuma E. Mike-Anosike","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4379","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock production has thrived and sustained the livelihood of farmers while reducing poverty and improving the economy of developing nations. It has also contributed largely to the spread of pathogenic bacteria. This study evaluated the bacterial quality of air, water, soil, feed samples, and hand swabs in Aba, Umuahia, Mbaise, and Okigwe in Southeastern Nigeria. Air, water, soil, feeds, and hand swabs were sampled using standard microbiology laboratory procedures. Air samples were expressed in CFU/plate/hour while water, soil, feed and hand swabs were expressed in CFU/ml. Total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC), total coliform count (TCC), and total potential pathogenic bacterial count (TPPBC) were all analyzed by growing the samples on general purpose, differential, and selective media after serial dilution respectively. Isolates were confirmed by subjecting them to biochemical tests. The highest THBC, TPPBC, and TCC values were obtained in the Aba pig farm, cow abattoir, and poultry farms respectively while Mbaise recorded the lowest values for THBC, TPPBC, and TCC. A total of 1531 bacterial isolates were obtained in all the four cities. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enterica, Streptococcus poygenes, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella sp. were isolated. Escherichia coli had the highest total percentage distribution (16.9%; 259/1531) in all four cities and Shigella sp (4.8%; 74/1531) was the least distributed. Of the four cities studied, Aba farm had the highest percentages of E. coli (31.66%; 82/259), K. pneumoniae (31.19%;68/218), P. aeruginosa (30.28%; 43/142), E. aerogenes (31.85%; 43/135) and S. pyogenes (36.57%; 49/134). Among the bacterial isolates, Streptococcus enterica had the highest percentage values (42.38%; 64/151) while Shigella sp had the lowest percentage values (12.16%; 9/74). Overall, the bacterial burden in all the farms in the four cities, especially Aba was very high; thorough surveillance by health workers should be encouraged to help reduce the spread of bacteria and bacterial infections among livestock farms.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139169822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst Ex. A Rich Harms) Using Morphological Markers","authors":"Edem U. L., A. N. Osuagwu, O. U. Udensi","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4378","url":null,"abstract":"African Yam Bean [Sphenostylis stenocarpa (L.)] as an unexploited, neglected and underutilized crop, calls for urgent attention for its breeding and improvement to avoid extinction. Fifty AYB seed samples from Idomi, Obubra, Ekoli-Edda, Abakaliki, Jos as well as IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria was assessed for genetic diversity using morphological and rbcL gene markers. Morphological characterization of AYB was carried out on twenty yield-related and yield traits. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis and Clustering Analysis were done using Genstat discovery Edition 4 and PASW version 20.0 software. The results revealed low genetic variations in morphological traits like pod weight, pod length, number of leaves, days to 50 % maturity, seed length and width and days to 50% flowering in different accessions investigated. Principal Component analysis generated eight principal components accounting for 57.47 % of the total variation while the hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two major clusters without traceable pattern of clustering. The relatively low genetic variation observed in the AYB accessions indicates inter-national germplasm exchange of AYB which has been a common practice among countries in Africa and Asia. Accessions from Ekoli-Edda in cluster 2 distantly clustered away from those from Abakaliki even when they were from same state. The Principal component analysis lend credence to the analysis of variance results and stems from the low degree of morphological diversity possibly due to an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The traits which had large loading values (pod weight and length) in the first two principal component should be considered for selection in S. sternocarpa breeding programme. We conclude that there was very narrow genetic diversity in the AYB collections investigated.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"66 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139182696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of Wnt Signaling by Heterotrimeric G-Proteins","authors":"S. M. A. Najafi","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4377","url":null,"abstract":"Wnt signal transduction pathways play crucial roles in animal development, and after birth, they are involved in maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis. Deregulation of the Wnt-mediated pathways occurs in many human diseases, including a wide range of human cancers. Many years ago, due to the topological similarity between Frizzled receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors, it was proposed that heterotrimeric G-proteins might be involved in the regulation of Wnt/Frizzled-mediated signaling pathways. Currently, there is a wealth of evidence indicating that heterotrimeric G-proteins regulate both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. This review article will discuss some of this evidence and the significance of this interaction.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"26 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139183873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Clove Extracts on Vegetable Spoilage Bacteria","authors":"S. E. Kalu, C. C. Chigbu, Jedidiah Solomon Eyibio","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4375","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out to analyze the antibacterial and phytochemical properties of clove extracts on vegetable spoilage bacteria. The study seeks to determine its potential use as bio-preservative. The bacteria used for this study were isolated from infected leaves of bitter leaf, pumpkin and cocoyam using spread plate technique. Phytochemical analysis was carried out with aqueous and methanol extracts. Bacterial isolates from the leaves included Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.  and Actinomyces spp. The pumpkin leaf had the highest average number of bacterial colonies of 2.5 x 102 while cocoyam leaf had the least with 7.0 x 101.Actinomycetes sp2 had the highest zone of inhibition of 22.0 mm while Staphylococcus sp2 had the least zone of inhibition of 13.00 mm all at 500mg/ml. For aqueous extracts, Bacillus sp.3, Staphylococcus sp.1 had the highest zone of inhibition of 16.00 mm respectively while the least zones were observed in Staphylococcus sp.2 and Bacillus sp.3 at concentration of 250 mg/ml and 125 mg/ml respectively. Bacillus sp.1, Bacillus sp.2, Micrococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp.1 has Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of 125 mg/ml while Staphylococcus sp.1 and Staphylococcus sp.2 has 250mg/ml respectively for methanol extract. For aqueous extract, Bacillus sp.2, Micrococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp.1 has MIC of 250mg/ml, respectively and Staphylococcus sp.1 and Staphylococcus sp.2 has MIC of 500 mg/ml. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for the methanol extracts was 125 mg/ml for Actinomyces sp.1 while Bacillus sp.2, Bacillus sp.3, Micrococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp.2 were 250 mg/ml respectively while Bacillus sp1, Bacillus sp2, Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp.2 and Actinomyces sp.1 all has MBC of 500mg/ml, respectively on the aqueous extracts. The phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and methanol extracts of clove shows that saponins, tannins, amino acids, proteins, reducing sugar, glycosides, alkaloids, anthraquinone and phenols are present though in varying amounts. This study therefore recommends clove extract as an alternative source for bio-preservation in food and allied products.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139226426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Evaluation and Determination of the Content of Some Natural Antioxidants (Polyphenols and Flavonoids) from Ficus Capensis, Newbouldia laevis and Carpolobia lutea","authors":"Jean-François Sibri, Joel Akakpo-Akue, Stéphane Claver Vanié, T. Kplé, M'béfèhê Soro, O. C. Okou","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4374","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific interest in the search for natural antioxidants (secondary metabolites) from medicinal plants has increased considerably in recent years, due to the involvement of free radicals in the genesis of many diseases. The aim of the present study is to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the secondary metabolites of aqueous and hydroethanol extracts from the leaves of the medicinal plants under investigation. Qualitative determination is based on staining and/or precipitation reactions, while quantitative determination is based on the assay of secondary metabolites. The results of their qualitative determinations revealed an abundance of polyphenols and saponins, a significant presence of flavonoids and anthocyanins, and a moderate presence of alkaloids, terpenes and catechic tannins in the aqueous extract. In the hydroethanol extract, on the other hand, there is an abundance of flavonoids, a significant presence of polyphenols, saponins and anthocyanins, and a moderate presence of alkaloids, terpenes and catechic tannins. Gallic tannins and quinones are absent in both extracts. While their quantitative assay revealed an abundance of flavonoids (314.51±5.14 mgEAG/g extract) and total polyphenols (66.19±2.44 mgEQ/g extract). Thus, the high flavonoid and polyphenol content of the various extracts (aqueous and hydroethanolic) of the leaves of the plants studied would justify their use in traditional medicine in the care of sickle-cell patients.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139229949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Level of Biodiversity Integration in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports in Nigeria","authors":"Richard N. Michael, Eunice O. Nwachukwu, Kasarachi S. Nnadede","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i4373","url":null,"abstract":"Inclusion of biodiversity into Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) process has been recognised as a means of addressing biodiversity loss. This study evaluated the extent of biodiversity inclusion in Nigeria`s EIA reports. One Hundred (100) sectoral EIA reports from Power, Manufacturing, Agric/Roads, Petroleum, and Infrastructure were assessed using the Biodiversity Inclusion Index obtained from 6 blended criteria and 38 attributes used across the globe for similar research. Results showed: above average assessment of biodiversity in the Project areas, integration of different levels of biodiversity elements, elucidation of short and long-term impacts on biodiversity, description of impact identification methodology/approaches as well as the rationale for using them. There were clear identification of project vulnerable stakeholders / beneficiaries of ecosystem services and allocation of responsibilities for managing impacts. In contrast, maps of the project area did not highlight biodiversity sensitive areas, urban and other industrial establishments, and projects, including distances to coastal area, water bodies and their ecologically sensitivities. There was insufficient identification of biodiversity components likely to be affected by project activities to enable impact prediction; non or poor identification and assessment of species habitats; limited explanation of ecosystem interactions and services rendered by endemic species. The study found gaps on the description of primary, secondary, and cumulative biodiversity impacts at ecosystem, species, and genetic levels as well as in species compositions and functions. Thus, specific measures for biodiversity conservation / restoration plans as well as financial allocation for biodiversity related action plan were poorly provided or non-existent. The results indicated biodiversity inclusion mean score of Power (65.7%), Petroleum (60.5%), Manufacturing (53.7%), Infrastructure (53.1%) and Agric/Road (42.5%)) with overall mean of 55.7%. The results confirmed significant biodiversity inclusion mean difference between Agric/Roads, Power, and Petroleum sectors. Recommendations were made to improve EIA processes in Nigeria by domesticating advancements in biodiversity conservation.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139232272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical Characteristics and Socio-Economic Importance of Beekeeping in the Far North Region, Cameroon","authors":"Bienvenue Djobo Kalsane, Marie Ivonne Firita, M. C. M. Solefack, D. N. Dongock","doi":"10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i3372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2023/v19i3372","url":null,"abstract":"Beekeeping is a booming industry in Cameroon, thanks to the interests shown by the population in certain regions, notably Adamawa, West, North-West, and East, yet its productivity remains low. In the villages of the Far North region in particular, beekeeping is an age-old practice. A study on the technical characteristics and socio-economic importance of beekeeping has been carried out in the Far North region, with a view to contributing to the elaboration and facilitation of the development of the beekeeping sector in this zone. Ethno-beekeeping surveys of 52 beekeepers were carried out between July-August 2019 in six villages using snowball strategies, including four villages (Maga, Ngoulmoung, Modiogo, and Gamack) for the Maga subdivision and one village each for the Kaélé and Mindif subdivisions respectively. The main sections of the questionnaire concerned the socio-demographic characteristics of beekeepers, the use of hive products, and, finally, beekeepers' perception of their knowledge of beekeeping plants. It was noted that beekeeping in the area is a secondary activity (89%), mainly practiced by men (98%) and farmers (63.46%). Beekeeping practices are still predominantly traditional (68.57%). Apiaries are preferably located in orchards (37.14%). Swarm capture technical are still based on traditional technical, with satisfactory hive populating rates (94.28%); however, wax remains the most common bait used by beekeepers. Beekeepers make an average of 3 visits a month, mainly to stock the apiary, monitor the hives, and harvest the honey. Insufficient supervision, financial problems, humidity, hive theft, pesticides, wind, and bush fires are the main obstacles to beekeeping in the area. Honey is the main product exploited by all beekeepers. Honey is a key element in the treatment of cough/colds (25.83%), skin ailments, and wounds (25.95%). It is also used to soothe memory disorders. Some thirty plants have been recognized by beekeepers as food resources for bees. For sustainable beekeeping, there is an urgent need to review the issue of hive management and suitable technical for a better yield of hive products in the area.","PeriodicalId":504702,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139248537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}