Folia Primatologica最新文献

{"title":"Population Survey of Bornean White-Bearded Gibbon, Hylobates albibarbis,in Two Selective Logging Concessions in Central Kalimantan and West Kalimantan","authors":"Ahmad Yanuar, D. Chivers, Ian Hilman, Chaerul Saleh, Ida Bagus Wiradnyana Putra, S. Purnomo, Khusaeri Wasman","doi":"10.1159/000502092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502092","url":null,"abstract":"We surveyed Bornean white-bearded gibbon, Hylobates albibarbis, population densities in lowland and hill dipterocarp forests within the Sari Bumi Kusama and Suka Jaya Makmur logging concessions. These surveys were conducted from 20 to 30 March 2018 in Sari Bumi Kusuma areas and 14 to 24 April 2018 in Suka Jaya Makmur. We used a fixed-point count method to detect and plot morning song bouts of gibbon groups at systematically placed listening posts. At each location in Sari Bumi Kusuma and Suka Jaya Makmur, 18 listening posts were established, and 2 observers noted and plotted gibbon morning great calls. Gibbon group density was higher at Suka Jaya Makmur than at Sari Bumi Kusuma; we estimated that there were 2.29 groups per square kilometre in the former area and 1.86 groups/km2 in the latter. Since Bornean white-bearded gibbons are strictly protected by the Government of Indonesia and listed as an Endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), we need better management practices to protect the populations of this species within production forests (outside protected areas).","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"108 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48729058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive Parameters of Wild Rhinopithecus bieti","authors":"Wancai Xia, B. Ren, Hong Zhou, Hao Feng, Xinming He, A. Krzton, Jie Hu, M. Aouititen, Xiaofeng Luan, Dayong Li","doi":"10.1159/000503246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000503246","url":null,"abstract":"Animal life activities are rhythmic and affected by seasonal periodicity. Based on 9 years of observations, we estimated the reproductive parameters of a wild, but provisioned Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) group at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China. We observed 84 infants (43 males and 41 females) from 41 females between 2010 and 2018. We found the birth sex ratio was 1:1, the female age at first birth was 6.13 years and infant mortality was about 15.5%. Nine years of data showed that the maximum birth season lasted 126 days, and the average length per year was 98.57 ± 18.71 days. R. bieti,characterized by strictly seasonal reproduction, started giving birth on February 1, and this ended on June 7, with a peak reached from March 4 to March 11 (10th week). The mean birth date was March 20 (79.21 ± 29.54 days), and the median birth date was March 11 (71st day). The mean interbirth interval (IBI) was approximately 2 years, and the IBIs among females whose infants had survived for 1 year were found to be significantly longer than those found in females who lost their infant within 1 year. Comparing the reproduction parameters among Asian and African colobines, we concluded that Asian and African colobines tend to have an IBI of 2 years or more, females tend to give birth at the age of 5–6 years, Rhinopithecus species had a strict seasonal reproductive pattern concentrated in February to April. Seasonal changes in food resources and climatic factors may be the main reasons for the variation in reproductive parameters in intraspecific and interspecific comparisons of Asian and African colobines.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"202 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000503246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47899689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Social Dominance in Wild Diademed Sifakas (Propithecus diadema): Females Are Dominant, but It Is Subtle and the Benefits Are Not Clear","authors":"Safidy M Rasolonjatovo, M. Irwin","doi":"10.1159/000503345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000503345","url":null,"abstract":"Rarely observed in mammals, female dominance is documented in several of Madagascar’s lemurs. Although dominance affects many aspects of primates’ lives, studies have largely focused on dyadic agonistic interactions to characterise relationships. We explored the power structure of three diademed sifaka groups (Propithecus diadema) at Tsinjoarivo during the lean season (July-August, 325 h) using social behaviours, group leadership, displacements and feeding outcomes. Two groups had a hierarchy dominated by the breeding female, while the highest rank was held by the breeding male in the third; in dyadic interactions, breeding females dominated males in all groups. Inconsistencies in hierarchies suggest that groups vary, with rank related to kinship ties of breeders. Aggression and grooming were rare; adult females received aggression at lower frequencies than males. Group movements were led more by females and followed more by males, and female feeding priority was evident in displacements during feeding. However, males and females did not differ in feeding outcomes, as expected (particularly in the lean season) if female dominance (and/or male deference) serves to ensure better access for females. This unexpected pattern (female dominance despite rare aggression, clear female leadership and displacement, yet no observable benefit in grooming or feeding outcomes) defies easy explanation, and reinforces the fact that studies examining female power in lemurs should take a multifaceted approach. Further study is needed to understand this pattern, the physiological and reproductive consequences of female dominance (e.g. detecting subtler variation in food quality or intake rates) and exactly how (and when) the benefits of female dominance are manifested.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"385 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000503345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48694182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Group Size on Time Budgets and Ranging Behavior of White-Headed Langurs in Limestone Forest, Southwest China","authors":"Kechu Zhang, Qihai Zhou, Huailiang Xu, Zhonghao Huang","doi":"10.1159/000502812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502812","url":null,"abstract":"The ecological constraints model is well supported by data from most frugivorous primates; however, the prediction power of the model is weak for folivorous primates. From September 2016 to August 2017, we collected comparative data on time budgets, daily path lengths and diets of four groups of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), including two large groups (G-DS and G-ZWY) and two small groups (G-LZ and G-NN) in Chongzuo White-Headed Langur National Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province, Southwest China. The aim was to obtain evidence of foraging competition and to test the ecological constraints model on this highly folivorous primate in its karst habitat. The results showed that langurs in the larger groups spent more time traveling, less time resting, and had a longer average daily path length than those in the small groups. Diet composition and dietary diversity were not significantly different between the large and small groups. Our study demonstrates that langurs from large groups suffer scramble competition in limestone forests and supports the validity of the ecological constraints model for folivores.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"188 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48281489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Target Animacy Affects Manual Laterality in Hylobatidae: The First Evidence in Northern White-Cheeked Gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys)","authors":"Da-peng Zhao, Bosong Li, Baoguo Li","doi":"10.1159/000503344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000503344","url":null,"abstract":"Our study presents the first evidence on how target animacy impacts on manual laterality in the Hylobatidae and contributes to filling the knowledge gap between monkeys and great apes in primate evolution of emotional lateralization. Eleven captive individuals of northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) were chosen as focal subjects. There were significantly more ambipreferent individuals than left/right-handed individuals for both inanimate (χ2(1, n = 11) = 7.364, p = 0.007) and animate (χ2(1, n = 11) = 4.455, p = 0.035) targets, meaning no significant group-level hand preference. The right hand was more frequently used than the left hand for inanimate targets whereas the left hand was more frequently used than the right hand for animate targets, although the interaction between target animacy and hand use was not significant (proportion: F1, 10 = 0.283, p = 0.607; rate: F1, 10 = 0.228, p = 0.643). Our findings in N. leucogenys could not fully support either the tool use theory or the right hemisphere hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"445 - 451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000503344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41965154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positional Behaviours of François’ Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) in the Limestone Forest of Nonggang, Guangxi, South-West China","authors":"Ting Chen, Zhonghao Huang, Cheng-ming Huang, Hua Wei, Qihai Zhou","doi":"10.1159/000502503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502503","url":null,"abstract":"Primates’ positional behaviours provide information for understanding relationships among morphology, ecology and behavioural flexibility. From September 2005 to August 2006, we collected data via instantaneous scan sampling on positional behaviours in François’ langurs at Nonggang Nature Reserve, south-west China. We predicted that these langurs would use (1) leaping as the predominant locomotor mode and (2) bipedal standing more frequently in the rainy season than in the dry season. Our result showed that leaping was the dominant locomotor mode (38.38%), followed by quadrupedal walking (31.2%), vertical climbing (25.1%) and quadrupedal running (5.3%). The ground was the most frequently used stratum during movement (33.4%). Most locomotion through trees occurred on small- (48.7%) and medium-sized (47.6%) substrates. Locomotor mode, forest stratum use and substrate use during movement did not vary seasonally. When stationary, sitting was the most common posture (92.1%), followed by bipedal standing (3.7%), lying (3.5%), quadrupedal standing (0.6%), suspending (0.2%) and back-lying (<0.1%). Posture varied significantly with the season. During resting, langurs used sitting and bipedal standing more frequently in the dry season, while adopting lying more frequently in the rainy season. During feeding, sitting was adopted more frequently in the rainy than in the dry season, whereas bipedal standing was used more frequently in the dry season. Langurs spent more feeding time on the ground in the dry than in the rainy season. Locomotor patterns in François’ langurs are likely linked to morphological and anatomical characteristics, along with the limestone forest’s structure. Our result completely supported prediction 1 but not prediction 2. This study suggests that seasonal variation in positional behaviour might result from the temporal difference in spatial distribution of foods and behavioural thermoregulation strategy. We found that François’ langurs adjusted positional behaviour in response to seasonality, and this behavioural flexibility allows them to survive in a variety of habitats, including limestone forests.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"170 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43805860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous Pigmentation in Invasive and Native Marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix penicillata (Primates, Callitrichidae), and Their Hybrids in Brazil","authors":"I. Aximoff, Marina T. Zaluar, A. Pissinatti, Paulo Bastos, Tatiania de Assis Morais, Clarissa Alves da Rosa, L. Oliveira, Danilo Simonini Teixeira, M. M. Vale","doi":"10.1159/000501186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000501186","url":null,"abstract":"Leucism is the lack or reduction in pigmentation in the most or parts of the body, but not in the eyes and body extremities. It is extremely rare in primates and has never been reported for Callithrix, a genus endemic to Brazil. We searched for individuals of Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata with pigmentation anomalies in a systematic survey of three protected areas in the Atlantic Forest, within museum collections in Brazil, and opportunistically during field studies. Since 2008, we have recorded 8 individuals with leucism in small urban and periurban forest patches. Four were from native populations of C. penicillata in Cerrado savannahs and of C. jacchus in the Caatinga xeric scrubland, and 4 were from populations of hybrids between C. jacchus and C. penicillata in invaded areas in the coastal Atlantic Forest. We found no pigmentation abnormalities in museum specimens. We hypothesize that the observed leucism may be linked to inbreeding within the native range, but to hybridization within the invaded range, and discuss the likely ecological consequences to leucistic individuals.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"149 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000501186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43403055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Method for Assessing Enamel Thickness Distribution in the Anterior Dentition as a Signal for Gouging and Other Extractive Foraging Behaviors in Gummivorous Mammals","authors":"Keegan R. Selig, S. López‐Torres, A. Hartstone-Rose, L. Nash, A. Burrows, M. Silcox","doi":"10.1159/000502819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502819","url":null,"abstract":"Gummivory poses unique challenges to the dentition as gum acquisition may often require that the anterior teeth be adapted to retain a sharp edge and to resist loading because they sometimes must penetrate a highly obdurate substrate during gum extraction by means of gouging or scraping. It has been observed previously that the enamel on the labial surface of the teeth used for extraction is thicker relative to that on the lingual surface in taxa that extract gums, while enamel is more evenly distributed in the anterior teeth of taxa that do not regularly engage in extractive behaviors. This study presents a quantitative methodology for measuring the distribution of labial versus lingual enamel thickness among primate and marsupial taxa in the context of gummivory. Computed microtomography scans of 15 specimens representing 14 taxa were analyzed. Ten measurements were taken at 20% intervals starting from the base of the crown of the extractive tooth to the tip of the cutting edge across the lingual and labial enamel. A method for including worn or broken teeth is also presented. Mann-Whitney U tests, canonical variates analysis, and between-group principal components analysis were used to examine variation in enamel thickness across taxa. Our results suggest that the differential distribution of enamel thickness in the anterior dentition can serve as a signal for gouging behavior; this methodology distinguishes between gougers, scrapers, and nonextractive gummivores. Gouging taxa are characterized by significantly thicker labial enamel relative to the lingual enamel, particularly towards the crown tip. Examination of enamel thickness patterning in these taxa permits a better understanding of the adaptations for the extraction of gums in extant taxa and offers the potential to test hypotheses concerning the dietary adaptations of fossil taxa.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"365 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65290222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species Identification and Unlocking Hidden Genetic Diversity of Confiscated Slow Lorises (Nycticebus spp.) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Markers","authors":"C. Kongrit, Darunee Markviriya, Phadet Laithong, J. Khudamrongsawat","doi":"10.1159/000500007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000500007","url":null,"abstract":"Confiscated slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) at Bangpra Water-Bird Breeding Center (BWBC) in Thailand provided an opportunity to demonstrate the application of noninvasive genetic approaches for species identification when morphology of the animals was ambiguous. The slow lorises at BWBC had been assigned to either N. bengalensis or N. pygmaeus, based on body size. However, the morphology of N. bengalensis is highly variable and overlaps with that of N. coucang (sensu stricto). Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b and d-loop mitochondrial regions placed all confiscated N. pygmaeus with the published sequences of N. pygmaeus and distinguished them from other Nycticebus. All other confiscated individuals formed a monophyletic clade, most individuals grouping with published N. bengalensis sequences from wild populations in Vietnam and distinct from Peninsular Malaysian and Sumatran N. coucang, Javan N. javanicus and Bornean N. menagensis. Six individuals within the N. bengalensis clade formed a separate subgroup that did not group with any reference material as indicated by phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses. Whether these trafficked individuals are undiscovered wild populations will require further investigation. Additional genetic studies of wild slow loris populations in different regions are therefore urgently required for reference to aid the protection and conservation of these threatened species.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000500007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45478457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presbytis neglectus or P. femoralis, Colobine Molecular Phylogenies, and GenBank Submission of Newly Generated DNA Sequences","authors":"V. Nijman","doi":"10.1159/000502093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502093","url":null,"abstract":"Great progress has been made in unravelling the evolutionary history of Asian colobines, largely through the use of dated molecular phylogenies based on multiple markers. The Presbytis langurs are a case in point, with more allopatric species being identified, recognition of Presbytis thomasi from Sumatra rather than P. potenziani from the Mentawai Islands as being the most basal species of the group, and the discovery that P. rubicunda from Borneo is nested among the Sumatran species and only made it to Borneo in the last 1.3 million years. Based on variation in mitochondrial d-loop, it has recently been argued that Malaysia’s P. femoralis femoralis is actually P. neglectus neglectus. Unfortunately, despite being available, sequences from the type locality, Singapore, were excluded from the analysis, and none of the newly generated sequences was deposited in GenBank. I manually reconstructed these sequences, which allowed me to present a molecular phylogeny that includes 8 additional sequences from West Malaysia and Singapore. P. neglectus from Malaysia and P. femoralis from Singapore form one monophyletic clade, with minimal divergence. I conclude that recognition of P. neglectus is erroneous and the name is a junior synonym of P. femoralis. Colobine taxonomy and systematics have advanced, and continue to advance, mostly by considering evidence from a wide range of individuals, species and data sets (molecular, behavioural and morphological) rather than focusing on single molecular markers from 1 or 2 species from one small geographic area. For an orderly taxonomic debate where evidence can be evaluated and reinterpreted it is essential that newly generated sequences are deposited in public repositories.","PeriodicalId":50437,"journal":{"name":"Folia Primatologica","volume":"91 1","pages":"228 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000502093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48518545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}