World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology最新文献

{"title":"Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 is positively correlated with the autophagy level in colon cancer","authors":"Lei Zheng, Jia Lu, Da-Lu Kong","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.314","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) expression and autophagy in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues has not been widely studied. CDK9, a key regulator of transcription, may influence the occurrence and progression of CRC. The expression of autophagy-related genes BECN1 and drug resistance factor ABCG2 may also play a role in CRC. Under normal physiological conditions, autophagy can inhibit tumorigenesis, but once a tumor forms, autophagy may promote tumor growth. Therefore, understanding the relationship between autophagy and cancer, particularly how autophagy promotes tumor growth after its formation, is a key motivation for this research.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To investigate the relationship between CDK9 expression and autophagy in CRC, assess differences in autophagy between left and right colon cancer, and analyze the associations of autophagy-related genes with clinical features and prognosis.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 We collected tumor tissues and paracarcinoma tissues from colon cancer patients with liver metastasis to observe the level of autophagy in tissues with high levels of CDK9 and low levels of CDK9. We also collected primary tissue from left and right colon cancer patients with liver metastasis to compare the autophagy levels and the expression of BECN1 and ABCG2 in the tumor and paracarcinoma tissues.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 The incidence of autophagy and the expression of BECN1 and ABCG2 were different in left and right colon cancer, and autophagy might be involved in the occurrence of chemotherapy resistance. Further analysis of the relationship between the expression of autophagy-related genes CDK9, ABCG2 , and BECN1 and the clinical features and prognosis of colorectal cancer showed that the high expression of CDK9 indicated a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 This study laid the foundation for further research on the combination of CDK9 inhibitors and autophagy inhibitors in the treatment of patients with CRC.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"8 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139776482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted role of microRNAs in gastric cancer stem cells: Mechanisms and potential biomarkers","authors":"Qianhui Sun, Zi-Yu Kuang, Guanghui Zhu, Baoyi Ni, Jie Li","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.300","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have received much attention in the past decade as potential key epigenomic regulators of tumors and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The abnormal expression of miRNAs is responsible for different phenotypes of gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs). Some specific miRNAs could be used as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the identification of GCSCs. This review summarizes the coding process and biological functions of miRNAs and demonstrates their role and efficacy in gastric cancer (GC) metastasis, drug resistance, and apoptosis, especially in the regulatory mechanism of GCSCs. It shows that the overexpression of onco-miRNAs and silencing of tumor-suppressor miRNAs can play a role in promoting or inhibiting tumor metastasis, apart from the initial formation of GC. It also discusses the epigenetic regulation and potential clinical applications of miRNAs as well as the role of CSCs in the pathogenesis of GC. We believe that this review may help in designing novel therapeutic approaches for GC.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"254 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139833531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic nutritional index in predicting survival of patients with gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: A systematic review","authors":"Stylianos Fiflis, G. Christodoulidis, M. Papakonstantinou, Alexandros E. Giakoustidis, Stergos Koukias, Paraskevi Roussos, Marina-Nektaria Kouliou, Konstantinos-Eleftherios Koumarelas, Dimitrios Giakoustidis","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.514","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death worldwide. Surgery with or without chemotherapy is the most common approach with curative intent; however, the prognosis is poor as mortality rates remain high. Several indexes have been proposed in the past few years in order to estimate the survival of patients undergoing gastrectomy. The preoperative nutritional status of gastric cancer patients has recently gained attention as a factor that could affect the postoperative course and various indexes have been developed. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the role of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in predicting the survival of patients with gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma who underwent gastrectomy with curative intent.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To investigate the role of PNI in predicting the survival of patients with gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 A thorough literature search of PubMed and the Cochrane library was performed for studies comparing the overall survival (OS) of patients with gastric or gastroesophageal cancer after surgical resection depending on the preoperative PNI value. The PRISMA algorithm was used in the screening process and finally 16 studies were included in this systematic review. The review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 Sixteen studies involving 14551 patients with gastric or esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma undergoing open or laparoscopic or robotic gastrectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy were included in this systematic review. The patients were divided into high- and low-PNI groups according to cut-off values that were set according to previous reports or by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in each individual study. The 5-year OS of patients in the low-PNI groups ranged between 39% and 70.6%, while in the high-PNI groups, it ranged between 54.9% and 95.8%. In most of the included studies, patients with high preoperative PNI showed statistically significant better OS than the low PNI groups. In multivariate analyses, low PNI was repeatedly recognised as an independent prognostic factor for poor survival.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 According to the present study, low preoperative PNI seems to be an indicator of poor OS of patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric or gastroesophageal cancer.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"239 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139834071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large isolated fibrous tumors in the upper esophagus: A case report","authors":"Jiang Yu, Huan-Shuang Pei, Yu Meng","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.543","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are rare spindle cell tumors that are usually benign. A total of 10 cases of SFTs in the upper esophagus have ever been reported. Here, we report the anesthetic management of a patient with a large isolated fibrous tumor of the upper esophagus compressing the tracheal membrane. We also provide a literature review of the current research.\u0000 CASE SUMMARY\u0000 We report the case of a 49 year old male with “cough aggravation and wheezing after exercise”, who underwent esophagectomy for a large isolated fibrous tumor compressing the tracheal membrane in the upper esophagus. We advise the use of a single-lumen tube with a blocker in patients with difficult airways to reduce the incidence of airway injury and fibrinoscopy at all stages of the perioperative period to guide airway management. This case study is the first report of the anesthetic management of a large, isolated fibrous tumor compressing the tracheal membrane in the upper esophagus.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 This rare case emphasizes the importance of perioperative management of anesthesia in patients with large isolated fibrous tumors of the upper esophagus that compress the tracheal membrane. The use of blocker reduce the incidence of airway injury and fibrinoscopy at the perioperative period to guide airway management.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"330 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139834691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells combined with neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Jia-Li Chen, Lu Guo, Zhen-Ying Wu, Kun He, Han Li, Chi Yang, Yunwei Han","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.372","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Circulating tumor cell (CTC) count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are both closely associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).\u0000 AIM\u0000 To investigate the prognostic value of combining these two indicators in HCC.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 Clinical data were collected from patients with advanced HCC who received immune therapy combined with targeted therapy at the Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China, from 2021 to 2023. The optimal cutoff values for CTC programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (+) > 1 or CTC PD-L1 (+) ≤ 1 and NLR > 3.89 or NLR ≤ 3.89 were evaluated using X-Tile software. Patients were categorized into three groups based on CTC PD-L1 (+) counts and NLR: CTC-NLR (0), CTC-NLR (1), and CTC-NLR (2). The relationship between CTC-NLR and clinical variables as well as survival rates was assessed.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 Patients with high CTC PD-L1 (+) expression or NLR at baseline had shorter median progression-free survival (mPFS) and median overall survival (mOS) than those with low levels of CTC PD-L1 (+) or NLR (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, patients in the CTC-NLR (2) group showed a significant decrease in mPFS and mOS. Cox regression analysis revealed that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CTC PD-L1 (+), and CTC-NLR were independent predictors of OS. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve of CTC-NLR at 12 months (0.821) and 18 months (0.821) was superior to that of AFP and CTC PD-L1 (+).\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 HCC patients with high CTC PD-L1 (+) or NLR expression tend to exhibit poor prognosis, and a high baseline CTC-NLR score may indicate low survival. CTC-NLR may serve as an effective prognostic indicator for patients with advanced HCC receiving immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"76 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139834916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumour response following preoperative chemotherapy is affected by body mass index in patients with colorectal liver metastases","authors":"Hua-Chuan Song, Hang-Cheng Zhou, Ping Gu, Bing Bao, Quan Sun, Tian-Ming Mei, Wei Cui, Kang Yao, Huan-Zhang Yao, Shen-Yu Zhang, Yong-Shuai Wang, Rui-Peng Song, Ji-Zhou Wang","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.331","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent malignancy globally and ranks second in cancer-related mortality, with the liver being the primary organ of metastasis. Preoperative chemotherapy is widely recommended for initially or potentially resectable colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs). Tumour pathological response serves as the most important and intuitive indicator for assessing the efficacy of chemotherapy. However, the postoperative pathological results reveal that a considerable number of patients exhibit a poor response to preoperative chemotherapy. Body mass index (BMI) is one of the factors affecting the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer as well as prognosis after various antitumour therapies. Several studies have indicated that overweight and obese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer experience worse prognoses than those with normal weight, particularly when receiving first-line chemotherapy regimens in combination with bevacizumab.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To explore the predictive value of BMI regarding the pathologic response following preoperative chemotherapy for CRLMs.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 A retrospective analysis was performed in 126 consecutive patients with CRLM who underwent hepatectomy following preoperative chemotherapy at four different hospitals from October 2019 to July 2023. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to analyse potential predictors of tumour pathological response. The Kaplan-Meier method with log rank test was used to compare progression-free survival (PFS) between patients with high and low BMI. BMI < 24.0 kg/m2 was defined as low BMI, and tumour regression grade 1-2 was defined as complete tumour response.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 Low BMI was observed in 74 (58.7%) patients and complete tumour response was found in 27 (21.4%) patients. The rate of complete tumour response was significantly higher in patients with low BMI (29.7% vs 9.6%, P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis revealed that low BMI [odds ratio (OR) = 4.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42-14.63, P = 0.011], targeted therapy with bevacizumab (OR = 3.02, 95%CI: 1.10-8.33, P = 0.033), preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level < 10 ng/mL (OR = 3.84, 95%CI: 1.19-12.44, P = 0.025) and severe sinusoidal dilatation (OR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.03-0.90, P = 0.037) were independent predictive factors for complete tumour response. The low BMI group exhibited a significantly longer median PFS than the high BMI group (10.7 mo vs 4.7 mo, P = 0.011).\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 In CRLM patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy, a low BMI may be associated with better tumour response and longer PFS.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"416 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139835603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic Inflammation Response Index and weight loss as prognostic factors in metastatic pancreatic cancer: A concept study from the PANTHEIA-SEOM trial","authors":"V. Pacheco-Barcia, S. Custodio-Cabello, Fatima Carrasco-Valero, Magda Palka-Kotlowska, Axel Mariño-Mendez, A. Carmona-Bayonas, Javier Gallego, A. J. M. Martín, P. Jiménez-Fonseca, L. Cabezón-Gutiérrez","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.386","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 The prognostic value of the Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) in advanced pancreatic cancer is recognized, but its correlation with patients´ nutritional status and outcomes remains unexplored.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To study the prognostic significance of SIRI and weight loss in metastatic pancreatic cancer.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 The PANTHEIA-Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) study is a multicentric (16 Spanish hospitals), observational, longitudinal, non-interventional initiative, promoted by the SEOM Real World-Evidence work group. This pilot study sought to analyze the association between weight loss and inflammatory status as defined by SIRI. The cohort stems from a proof-of-concept pilot study conducted at one of the coordinating centers. Patients with pathologically confirmed metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, treated from January 2020 to January 2023, were included. The index was calculated using the product of neutrophil and monocyte counts, divided by lymphocyte counts, obtained within 15 days before initiation chemotherapy. This study evaluated associations between overall survival (OS), SIRI and weight loss.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 A total of 50 patients were included. 66% of these patients were male and the median age was 66 years. Metastasis sites: 36% liver, 12% peritoneal carcinomatosis, 10% lung, and 42% multiple locations. Regarding the first line palliative chemotherapy treatments: 50% received gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel; 28%, modified fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin, and 16% were administered gemcitabine. 42% had a weight loss > 5% in the three months (mo) preceding diagnosis. 21 patients with a SIRI ≥ 2.3 × 103/L exhibited a trend towards a lower median OS compared to those with a SIRI < 2.3 × 103/L (4 vs 18 mo; P < 0.000). Among 21 patients with > 5% weight loss before diagnosis, the median OS was 6 mo, in contrast to 19 mo for those who did not experience such weight loss (P = 0.003). Patients with a weight loss > 5% showed higher SIRI levels. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.000). For patients with a SIRI < 2.3 × 103/L, those who did not lose > 5% of their weight had an OS of 20 mo, compared to 11 mo for those who did (P < 0.001). No association was found between carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels ≥ 1000 U/mL and weight loss.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 A higher SIRI was correlated with decreased survival rates in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and associated with weight loss. An elevated SIRI is suggested as a predictor of survival, emphasizing the need for prospective validation in the upcoming PANTHEIA-SEOM study.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"179 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139836028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative controlling nutritional status as an optimal prognostic nutritional index to predict the outcome for colorectal cancer","authors":"Lixiang Liu, Hao Wang, Bo Gao, Ting-Ting Xu, Qing-Gang Yuan, Shi-Zhen Zhou, Chao Ding, Ji Miao, Wen-Xian Guan","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.343","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score effectively reflects a patient’s nutritional status, which is closely related to cancer prognosis. This study investigated the relationship between the CONUT score and prognosis after radical surgery for colorectal cancer, and compared the predictive ability of the CONUT score with other indexes.\u0000 AIM\u0000 To analyze the predictive performance of the CONUT score for the survival rate of colorectal cancer patients who underwent potentially curative resection.\u0000 METHODS\u0000 This retrospective analysis included 217 patients with newly diagnosed colorectal. The CONUT score was calculated based on the serum albumin level, total lymphocyte count, and total cholesterol level. The cutoff value of the CONUT score for predicting prognosis was 4 according to the Youden Index by the receiver operating characteristic curve. The associations between the CONUT score and the prognosis were performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis.\u0000 RESULTS\u0000 Using the cutoff value of the CONUT score, patients were stratified into CONUT low (n = 189) and CONUT high groups (n = 28). The CONUT high group had worse overall survival (OS) (P = 0.013) and relapse-free survival (RFS) (P = 0.015). The predictive performance of CONUT was superior to the modified Glasgow prognostic score, the prognostic nutritional index, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Meanwhile, the predictive performances of CONUT + tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage for 3-year OS [area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) = 0.803] and 3-year RFS (AUC = 0.752) were no less than skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) + TNM stage. The CONUT score was negatively correlated with SMI (P < 0.01).\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 As a nutritional indicator, the CONUT score could predict long-term outcomes after radical surgery for colorectal cancer, and its predictive ability was superior to other indexes. The correlation between the CONUT score and skeletal muscle may be one of the factors that play a predictive role.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"74 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139774859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with immune combination therapy","authors":"Di Pan, Haonan Liu, Peng-Fei Qu, Xiao Ma, Lu-Yao Ma, Xiao-Xiao Chen, Yu-Qin Wang, Xiao-Bing Qin, Zheng-Xiang Han","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.273","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a severe malignancy that poses a serious threat to human health. Owing to challenges in early diagnosis, most patients lose the opportunity for radical treatment when diagnosed. Nonetheless, recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy provide new directions for the treatment of HCC. For instance, monoclonal antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as programmed cell death protein 1/death ligand-1 inhibitors and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 significantly improved the prognosis of patients with HCC. However, tumor cells can evade the immune system through various mechanisms. With the rapid development of genetic engineering and molecular biology, various new immunotherapies have been used to treat HCC, including ICIs, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, engineered cytokines, and certain cancer vaccines. This review summarizes the current status, research progress, and future directions of different immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of HCC.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139775917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early adenocarcinoma mixed with a neuroendocrine carcinoma component arising in the gastroesophageal junction: A case report","authors":"Yuqing Cheng, Geng-Fang Wang, Xiao-Li Zhou, Min Lin, Xinwen Zhang, Qin Huang","doi":"10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.563","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000 Early adenocarcinoma mixed with a neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) component arising in the gastroesophageal junctional (GEJ) region is rare and even rarer in young patients. Here, we report such a case in a 29-year-old Chinese man.\u0000 CASE SUMMARY\u0000 This patient presented to our hospital with a 3-mo history of dysphagia and regurgitation. Upper endoscopy revealed an elevated nodule in the distal esophagus 1.6 cm above the GEJ line, without Barrett’s esophagus or involvement of the gastric cardia. The nodule was completely resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Pathological examination confirmed diagnosis of intramucosal adenocarcinoma mixed with an NEC component, measuring 1.5 cm. Immunohistochemically, both adenocarcinoma and NEC components were positive for P53 with a Ki67 index of 90%; NEC was positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin. Next-generation sequencing of 196 genes demonstrated a novel germline mutation of the ERCC3 gene in the DNA repair pathway and a germline mutation of the RNF43 gene, a common gastric cancer driver gene, in addition to pathogenic somatic mutations in P53 and CHEK2 genes. The patient was alive without evidence of the disease 36 mo after ESD.\u0000 CONCLUSION\u0000 Early adenocarcinoma with an NEC component arising in the distal esophageal side of the GEJ region showed evidence of gastric origin.","PeriodicalId":504226,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology","volume":"425 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139834251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}