Grana最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of airborne Cupressaceae, Quercus and Poaceae pollen between Tulsa (Oklahoma) and Córdoba (Spain)","authors":"I. Helfman-Hertzog, Carmen Galán, E. Levetin, H. Kutiel, T. Hefer","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2222123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2222123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study focuses on the pollen season timing and intensity, and the influence of weather conditions, on airborne Cupressaceae, Quercus, and Poaceae pollen in two different biogeographical areas, Córdoba (Spain) and Tulsa, Oklahoma (USA), during 2010–2014. Pollen concentrations were recorded using Hirst-type spore traps. The meteorological parameters studied included temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and rainfall. This study aims to define the pollen seasons and their intensity and relationships with meteorological parameters in different biogeographical areas. The main pollen season (MPS) of each pollen type was divided into two periods: pre-peak and post-peak. The Shapiro–Wilk normality test was applied to the pollen concentrations and log transformed data were used. Pearson correlations and linear regression were applied for the pre-peak, post-peak, and MPS for comparing pollen concentrations with meteorological parameters considering both the same day and the previous day. Then, multiple regression analysis was applied with all the meteorological parameters that showed significant results in the linear regression. The models were validated through correlations between the measured and predicted pollen concentrations. The results showed a small difference in the MPS for the different pollen types at each site. Temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall influenced the pollen concentrations. The same day's meteorological parameters usually had a greater impact on the pollen concentration than the previous day's meteorological parameters; although, pollen concentrations for the next day could be forecasted considering the meteorological parameters forecasted for the present day. The pollen concentrations showed greater correlations with temperature.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45341757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The study of pollen grains as a contribution to the taxonomy of Nissolia (Leguminosae – Papilionoideae – Dalbergieae)","authors":"Higor Antonio-Domingues, A. P. Fortuna-Perez, M. Rossi, R. F. Almeida, Adriana Pinheiro-Martinelli, G. Lewis, C. F. P. Luz","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2227190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2227190","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nissolia has one of the most complex taxonomic histories of the informal Adesmia clade. In order to find additional taxonomic relevant characters for this genus, we studied the pollen morphology, ultrasculpture, and ultrastructure of 21 species and a single variety of Nissolia using light, scanning, and electron transmission microscopy. Additionally, a principal component analysis was performed to elucidate patterns of quantitative data variation among species concerning the most recent molecular data. Three pollen types are described based on mesocolpium sexine ornamentation. Furthermore, pollen grain size and shape, class of endoaperture, ultrasculpture of the operculum, membrane, and apocolpium sexine were informative pollen features for species recognition and delimitation in Nissolia. We conclude that pollen morphology and pollen types are related to species and phylogenetic distribution in Nissolia, providing valuable characters for taxonomic studies in the Adesmia clade.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42857556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of Kastamonu honeys by palynological and physicochemical methods","authors":"Hüsamettin Uzunca, Ö. G. Çelemli, O. Biyiklioğlu, Serhat Karabicak, Talip Çeter","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2210578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2210578","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Thirty-three honey samples were collected between 2017 and 2018 in Kastamonu Province, in order to characterise the palynological and physico-chemical properties of the honey produced in the western Black Sea region of Türkiye. Melissopalynological characteristics of the honey samples were determined based on the total pollen number in 10 g (TPN-10 g) along with the pollen taxa diversity. The physicochemical properties of the samples including humidity ratio, volatile organic compounds, total phenolic content, fructose/glucose ratio and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were determined using a refractometer, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Melissopalynological analysis revealed that the honey samples contain 49 taxa, of which 18 were determined at family level and 31 were determined at genus level. The most common taxon was Castanea sativa while the other important taxa were Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Eleven out of 33 honey samples were monofloral and the remaining 22 samples were multifloral. According to the TPN-10 g results of the honey samples, the total number of pollens in 10 g of Kastamonu honey was between 1051 and 325 108 pollen grains. The moisture ratio was obtained between 11.9 and 18.9% while the fructose + glucose values were between 35.84 and 84.1 g/100 g. HMF content varied between 0.38 and 21.31 ppm while the total phenolic content varied between 39.6 and 138.8 mg GAE/100 g. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the samples contain compounds belonging to the groups of aldehydes, aliphatic acid and its esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, flavonoids, carboxylic acid and esters, ketones, and sugars.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44366080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melissopalynology of honey from the tropical central corridor of the Atlantic Forest, Bahia State, Brazil","authors":"V. R. Araújo, J. Novais","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2212681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2212681","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Central Corridor of the Atlantic Forest is noted for its biodiversity of flora and fauna, with a high number of endemic species. Studies that characterise the tropical bee flora and bee products in these areas are scarce. This study therefore sought to characterise the pollen spectrum of honey from Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in some municipalities found in the Central Corridor of the Atlantic Forest, in Bahia, Brazil. A total of 16 honey samples from Belmonte, Camacan, Eunápolis, Itabela, Itabuna, Ilhéus, Medeiros Neto, and Valença were analysed. The honey was acetolysed and the mounted slides were analysed under light microscopy, from which at least 500 pollen types per sample were counted. In total, 60 pollen types with botanically determined origin were found, comprising 52 genera in 24 families. For this study, pollen types having a prevalence equal to or greater than 10% in the samples were emphasised. Thus, we found 14 most representative pollen types, related to eight families. Fabaceae was the richest, with a total of four recorded pollen types, of which Mimosa pudica stood out, found in 56.2% of samples. Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) had a high frequency distribution, especially in Belmonte, Eunápolis, Valença, and Medeiros Neto, where it was a predominant pollen, due to reforestation with Eucalyptus spp. for commercial purposes in these municipalities. In addition, Alternanthera brasiliana and Chamaecrista were predominant pollen in samples from Camacan and Medeiros Neto, respectively. The similarity analysis revealed the environmental heterogeneity of this tropical region.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48487769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollen morphology of selected species of native Amazonian fruit trees occurring in Brazil","authors":"Natalia Moura De Araújo, M. Absy, Antônio Carlos Marques Souza, Vanessa Holanda Righetti de Abreu","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2191789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2191789","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Approximately 500 native edible fruits are known from Brazil with nearly 50% of these occurring in the Amazon. Pollen morphology of Brazilian plant species is poorly known yet it is important for scientific research. The aim of this study is to document the pollen morphology of 30 native edible fruit species belonging to 13 families. Following acetolysis the pollen was examined by light microscopy. Pollen grains ranged from small to very large. Prolate spheroidal and subprolate shapes predominated in most species, and most pollen grains had outline triangular to subtriangular. Polyads, tetrads and monads were observed, and the aperture arrangement varied from inarperturate to colpate and colporate, with the majority being 3-colporate and having a reticulate sexine. The species documented will contribute to pollen flora of Brazil and the information used in melissopalynollogical studies.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44917437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"68. Raña de El Carrizal, Toledo Mountains (central Spain)","authors":"R. Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, Sebastián Pérez Díaz, J. A. López Sáez","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2189527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2189527","url":null,"abstract":"Raña de El Carrizal mire (39° 26 ʹ55.56\" N, 4° 27 ʹ 28.55\" W; 790 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) is located in the ‘Sierra de Enmedio’ range, one of the ranges composing the ‘El Chorito’ range. It belongs within the Retuerta del Bullaque municipalty, in Ciudad Real province, Castilla-La Mancha, in the centre of the Toledo Mountains. This mire occupies 0.22 ha and it is not protected under any conservation plan, despite its position close to a historical cattle track. This area is under the influence of a typical Mediterranean climate, with warm and dry summers and cold and wet winters. Irregular rainfalls reach their maximum values in winter. The mean annual temperature is around 14‒15 °C, while the annual precipitation is 600‒700 mm. Vegetation surrounding the mire is typically Mediterranean: woodlands mainly composed of holm oaks (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota [Desf.] Samp.) and cork oaks (Q. suber L.) in the meso-Mediterranean foothills. Holm oaks are associated with meso-thermophilous taxa such as strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.), while cork oaks usually co-occur with deciduous trees (Q. faginea Lam. subsp. broteroi [Cout.] A.Camus, Acer monspessulanum L. or Sorbus torminalis [L.] Crantz, among others). In the supra-Mediterranean bioclimatic belt, and on north-eastern oriented slopes, it is possible to find deciduous oak woodlands, where Q. pyrenaica Willd. is the most representative taxon, along with some chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) (Perea García-Calvo et al. 2015, 2016). Riparian forests are characterized by Salix atrocinereaBrot., Salix salviifolia Brot., Frangula alnus Mill., Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl., and Betula spp. Among them, the presence of Ilex aquifolium L., Taxus baccata L. and Prunus lusitanica L. on well-drained soils is noticeable. Vegetation around the mire is composed by Sphagnum spp., Drosera rotundifolia L., Pinguicula lusitanica L., Erica tetralix L., E. lusitanica Rudolphi, Dactylorhiza elata subsp. sesquipedalis (Willd.) Soó, Genista anglica L., Lobelia urens L. andMolinia caerulea (L.) Moench. (López-Sáez et al. 2014). The bedrock is an old siliceous basement, part of the HercynianMassiff, made up of Armorican quartzites and slates (Muñoz Jiménez 1974, 1976).","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45898581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palynological characterisation of palm honey (Sabal yapa) produced in Yucatan (Mexico)","authors":"Kelly Cristina Durán-Escalante, J. J. Ortiz-Díaz, J. P. Pinzón-Esquivel, María Amanda Gálvez-Mariscal, R. Alfaro-Bates","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2178264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2178264","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The palm honey (Sabal yapa C. Wright ex Becc.) (Sabal honey henceforth) is one of 22 unifloral honeys recognised in the Yucatan Peninsula. This honey is harvested in February and March when Sabal yapa bloom but encompasses other important melliferous plants during the harvest season. A melissopalynological study of 24 honey samples from Tizimín, Yucatan (Mexico) was used to determine if Sabal honey is monofloral or multifloral, and to investigate the pollen contribution of other plants. Consequently, we determined the plant resources foraged by Apis mellifera. After analysis, 54 different pollen types were identified with the number of pollen types per honey sample ranging between nine and 21, with a mean of 14.75. Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most diverse families and represented the highest percentage of contribution in pollen spectra. Sabal yapa pollen had a mean content of 56.9% (with a range of 45.4% to 84%). Bursera simaruba, Haematoxylum campechianum, Piscidia piscipula and Viguiera dentata were categorised as secondary pollen. Important minor pollen corresponded to Caesalpinia gaumeri, Ceiba pentandra, Pisonia aculeata, Thouinia paucidentata, and Trixis inula. Pollen composition revealed details of not only the rich native flora that accompanies Sabal yapa, but traditional human activities that occur around the apiaries. As expected, pollen of nectariferous species predominate in the samples, but also a number of nectarless species were found. Honeybees foraged mostly in trees present in remnants of primary vegetation, or at its different succession stages. Sabal honey could be labelled as monofloral.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42987202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botanical and geographical origins of some commercial Apis mellifera var. adansonii honeys from Nigeria","authors":"K. C. Daraojimba, C. D. da Luz","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2023.2181099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2023.2181099","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent times, there has been an increase in adulterated honey in the commercial market owing to the lucrative nature of the honey business in Nigeria. Melissopalynology analyses can be used to obtain information about botanical and geographical origin of honey sources and to verify quality. Thus, this study was conducted to determine pollen composition and diversity in commercial honey samples from three states in Nigeria to ascertain their botanical and geographical origins. Seven commercial Apis mellifera var. adansonii honey samples were collected from three phytogeographical regions in Nigeria between 2017 and 2019. The samples were analysed for pollen content and other remaining structured elements occurring in sediment obtained using a non-acetolysed methodology. A total of 29 pollen types were identified, related to 18 families, 28 genera, and two unidentified pollen types. Fabaceae had the largest number of pollen types, followed by Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Arecaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. Among the pollen identified, 22 pollen types were from nectariferous plants dominated by Dalbergia, Fagara/Zanthoxylum, Hymenocardia acida, Irvingia gabonensis, Macaranga, Nauclea latifolia and Pterocarpus. Monofloral honey of Nauclea latifolia and Pterocarpus sp. were also identified. The geographical origin demonstrates Apis mellifera var. adansonii using nectariferous sources available from the rainforest, forest-savanna ecotone, and Guinea savanna in the southeast, southwest, and central Nigeria, as well as in the brushwood, secondary forest, and open grassland areas, suggesting their importance as pollinators or pollen disperser agent of native flora and cultivated species.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45273908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of pollen morphology of the genera Grammosciadium, Vinogradovia and Caropodium (Apiaceae)","authors":"B. Bani, Talip Çeter","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2022.2158689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2022.2158689","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, detailed light microscopy (LM) and scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of pollen grains belonging to 11 taxa of genera Grammosciadium, Vinogradovia and Caropodium were performed. The pollen is radially symmetrical and generally isopolar with the exception of Grammosciadium macrodan ssp. nezaketiae where 65% of the grains have asymmetrical appearance. All the taxa are tricolporate. Ectoapertures are discontinuous (colpus length: 14.7 ± 0.8 and colpus width: 21.20 ± 2.28) with narrow and acute at the ends extending to the subpolar region. Endoapertures are in the mid-section of the ectoapertures, which is lolangate, prolate-spheroidal in Grammosciadium scabridum, while lalongate, ellipsoidal, oblate or suboblate in the other taxa. Pollen shape is triangular and semi-triangular in polar-view. Pollen outline in equatorial view is subrectangular-straight in G. scabridum and Caropodium platycarpum, however, those were subrectangular and slightly constricted in equatorial region in all others. Based on the P/E ratio, it is prolate in G. macrodon ssp. macrodon while it is perprolate in the other taxa. Ornamentation variation (i.e. psilate, psilate-perforate, psilate-rugulate, rugulate and rugulate-perforate) was observed around the apertural, equatorial and polar regions. This character has been found as taxonomically important for the studied taxa.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41275645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-evaluation of Cerebropollenites thiergartii Eberh.Schulz 1967 and related taxa: priority of Sciadopityspollenites and nomenclatural novelties","authors":"Julia Gravendyck, C. Coiffard, J. Bachelier, W. Kürschner","doi":"10.1080/00173134.2022.2158688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2022.2158688","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The important marker species for the base of the Jurassic, Cerebropollenites thiergartii, occurs contemporaneously with at least nine related taxa. However, their distinction is difficult and has been confused in the past. In addition, a long history of numerous recombinations with different genus names (e.g. Tsugaepollenites and Sciadopityspollenites), and inconsistent classifications or synonymisations, further complicate the taxonomic framework of Cerebropollenites thiergartii. A comprehensive study of these ten taxa, summarising their crucial distinctive characteristics and potential synonymy, is currently missing. This limits the stratigraphic value of Cerebropollenites thiergartii and associated taxa relevant to the Triassic–Jurassic transition. Here, we revisit relevant holotype material, related taxa and investigated new material for potential interspecific and intraspecific morphological variation. Based on an empirical analysis of name use and an extensive literature review, we identified previous sources of confusion, re-evaluated the distinctive characteristics and stratigraphic value of these taxa, and their relevance for the Triassic–Jurassic transition. Finally, we argue that the recombination as Sciadopityspollenites thiergartii is taxonomically and nomenclaturally imperative, not only due to priority, but also because it unifies previous disjunct use of Cerebropollenites for Mesozoic and Sciadopityspollenites for Cenozoic taxa, or Mesozoic species in many Russian studies. Thus, we propose a series of nomenclatural novelties: Sciadopityspollenites emend., Sciadopityspollenites thiergartii comb. nov. et emend., S. thiergartii ssp. nov. thiergartii, S. thiergartii ssp. multiverrucosus stat. nov., S. megaorbicularius sp. nov., S. carlylensis comb. nov. et emend., S. serratus emend., S. macroverrucosus emend., S. mesozoicus emend., Cryptopalynites gen. nov., Cryptopalynites pseudomassulae comb. nov. et emend.","PeriodicalId":50414,"journal":{"name":"Grana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45697574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}