Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Leptin affects spermatogenic function via activation of the Akt/ERK/AMPK signaling pathway.","authors":"Zhen Dong, Xingshun Peng, Xin Song, Xiaoxuan Li, Yang Li, Bo You, Deping Dong, Yang Jianbo","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00667-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00667-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obesity is often associated with elevated leptin levels and leptin resistance, which can lead to impaired reproductive function. While exogenous leptin is known to enhance reproductive capacity in leptin-deficient male mice, its effects on reproductive function in obese male mice and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the effects of leptin on testicular tissue, semen, and associated signaling pathways in both normal and obese male mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A high-fat diet-induced obesity model was established in male C57BL/6 J mice, followed by the administration of exogenous leptin. Histological changes in testicular tissue were observed using HE staining, while RT-PCR was employed to investigate mRNA expression levels of leptin and its receptor. The expression of proteins involved in leptin-related signaling pathways was analyzed by Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both high-fat diet-induced obesity and exogenous leptin administration led to significant alterations in testicular histomorphology, semen parameters, and reproductive hormones, ultimately impairing fertility. Leptin intervention significantly decreased FSH and LH levels, along with a reduction in serum leptin levels and the expression of leptin and its receptor mRNA. Moreover, exogenous leptin promoted the phosphorylation of STAT3, ERK, and AMPK, suggesting activation of these signaling pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Normal mice exhibited negligible responses to exogenous leptin, whereas obese mice showed significant leptin resistance, likely due to the opposing signaling pathways that modulate leptin's effects. This study highlights the differential impact of leptin on reproductive function between normal and obese mice, with leptin resistance in obese mice potentially serving as a protective mechanism against reproductive damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144112466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Turner syndrome: the promise of fertility via stem cell technology.","authors":"Anna Szeliga, Agnieszka Malcher, Olga Niwczyk, Marta Olszewska, Maciej Kurpisz, Blazej Meczekalski, Eli Y Adashi","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00673-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00673-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hub genes and key pathways of Graves' disease: bioinformatics analysis and validation.","authors":"Duan-Rong Zhuang, Xin Hu, Hui-Bin Huang","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00668-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00668-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to identify hub genes associated with the onset and progression of Graves' disease (GD) with the goal of developing novel biomarkers to enhance diagnosis and improve patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>mRNA profiles from thyroid tissue samples (24 GD vs. 24 normal controls) were obtained from GEO (GSE9340), ArrayExpress (E-MEXP-2612), and GTEx (Thyroid dataset). After batch correction via SVA algorithm, 366 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using limma. Functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction networks, and immune microenvironment analysis were performed. Hub genes were validated in clinical thyroid specimens (3 GD vs. 3 controls) using RT-qPCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 366 DEGs were identified in the diseased and normal groups. Among these, eight hub genes (TYROBP, CSF1R, CD163, ITGAM, CD86, FCGR3B, ITGB2, and IL10RA) showed strong correlations with immune cell content. These genes were predominantly enriched in pathways related to amino acid metabolism, viral protein interactions with cytokines and cytokine receptors, phagosome, chemokine signaling, programmed cell death, NF-κB, and other pathways. Additionally, these hub genes were linked to 39 regulatory factors. mRNA levels of these hub genes were validated in clinical samples through RT-qPCR. It is noteworthy that eight genes were found to be upregulated in GD samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the potential impact of ITGB 2, TYROBP, CSF1R, CD163, ITGAM, CD86, FCGR3B, and IL10RA on the development and progression of GD, supporting their role as potential biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of type 1 stiff-person syndrome and insulinoma: a case report and narrative review.","authors":"Michela Sibilla, Guglielmo Beccuti, Sara Belcastro, Umberto Mortara, Simone Parisi, Donata Campra, Alessandro Piovesan, Bruno Ferrero, Mauro Maccario, Mauro Papotti, Alessandro Maria Berton","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00666-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00666-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder that causes progressive muscle rigidity, gait disturbances, and functional impairment; type 1 is autoimmune, with positive anti-GAD antibodies (Ab), while type 2 is paraneoplastic and associated with antiamphiphysin Ab.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 41-year-old man with a silent medical history presented with stiffness and functional impairment; after numerous rheumatological and neurological investigations, he was diagnosed with SPS, with evidence of high titer anti-GAD Ab. After treatment with benzodiazepines was started, the patient began to experience episodes of confusion, which persisted even after reducing the dosage. During one of these episodes, he was admitted to the emergency department and a glucose level of 26 mg/dL was found. Differential diagnosis led to detection of an insulin-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas; thus, a paraneoplastic origin of SPS was hypothesized. However, antiamphiphysin Ab were negative, anti-GAD Ab were persistently elevated, and symptoms only transiently improved after removal of the tumor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first case, to our knowledge, demonstrating association between type 1 SPS and insulinoma, along with describing partial and transient improvement of neurological symptoms after resolution of the associated hypoglycemic syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of adipose tissue phenotype and longevity-related gene expression by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells.","authors":"Sai Zhang, Bing Han, Xue Wang, Xiaoyang Yuan","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00669-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00669-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study explores the role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in regulating adipose tissue phenotype and its potential mechanisms for promoting aging resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The study aims to evaluate the impact of Nrf2 knockdown on adipose phenotype transformation, focusing on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) marker genes, as well as longevity-related factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes using a standard MDI regimen. Nrf2 expression was knocked down via siRNA transfection. Gene expression was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and protein levels were analyzed using Western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nrf2 knockdown was confirmed by Western blot (p<0.001) and qPCR (p<0.001), showing a significant reduction in Nrf2 expression. Notably, this knockdown resulted in increased expression of BAT markers, including PGC-1α (p = 0.012), Dio2 (p = 0.020), and PRDM16 (p = 0.001), at both mRNA (PGC-1α [p = 0.012], Dio2 [p = 0.020], and PRDM16 [p = 0.001]) and protein (PGC-1α [p = 0.001]; Dio2 [p = 0.003]; PRDM16 [p = 0.007])levels. Conversely, WAT markers such as BMP4 (mRNA: p = 0.01; WB: p = 0.001), resistin (mRNA: p = 0.016; WB: p = 0.004), and Rb1 (mRNA: p = 0.03; WB: p = 0.003) were significantly downregulated. Additionally, levels of Cycs (mRNA: p = 0.024; WB: p = 0.037) and UCP1 (mRNA: p = 0.024; WB: p = 0.023) were elevated, indicating enhanced mitochondrial function and metabolic activity (P < 0.05). The knockdown also affected longevity-related proteins, Sirt1 (WB: p = 0.018) and AMPKα (WB: p = 0.021), underscoring Nrf2's role in metabolic regulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nrf2 knockdown in 3T3-L1 adipocytes promotes a transition towards a brown adipose phenotype and enhances the expression of longevity-related factors, suggesting Nrf2 as a potential therapeutic target for addressing aging-related metabolic decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-specific relationships between free triiodothyronine and biological aging.","authors":"Chang Liu, Xue-Chun Han, Lin Hua, Zhong Xin","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00670-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00670-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our study aims to examine the associations of thyroid function parameters with phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) in different age groups.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The analysis included 7,564 participants from the NHANES 1999-2018. PhenoAgeAccel was defined as calculated phenotypic age (PhenoAge) exceeding chronological age. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between free triiodothyronine (FT3) and PhenoAgeAccel. The restricted cubic spline method was used to assess nonlinear associations of FT3 level with PhenoAgeAccel. Nomogram and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were constructed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the predictive model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher FT3 levels were associated with increased risk of PhenoAgeAccel in participants under 60 years old (OR: 1.316, 95% CI: (1.010, 1.715), p = 0.042). For those aged 60 years and above, higher FT3 levels were linked with decreased risk of PhenoAgeAccel (OR: 0.485, 95% CI: (0.309, 0.761), p = 0.002). These associations were more pronounced in males than in females. Restricted cubic spline curves showed similar trends between FT3 levels and PhenoAgeAccel in both age subgroups. The ROC curves including FT3 indicated that both models had fair prediction performance (age >  = 60 years, AUC = 0.722 (0.700-0.743); age < 60 years, AUC = 0.765 (0.751- 0.780)).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed a novel age-dependent association between FT3 levels and biological aging acceleration, with lower FT3 potentially serving as a biomarker for accelerated aging in elderly individuals, while an inverse relationship was observed in younger adults. The study provides novel insights into the intricate relationship between thyroid function and systemic health across the lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male sex hormone concentrations, puberty timing, baldness patterns, and risk of cardiovascular disease.","authors":"Meiling Li, Xiaoyi Wang, Qi Wang, Chunying Fu, Nipun Shrestha, Salim S Virani, Dongshan Zhu","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00655-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00655-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Studies exploring the relationship between male-specific factors and risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are limited and inconsistent. We aimed to examine the association of male hormone levels and sexual factors (e.g., onset of puberty and baldness pattern) with CVD events.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 154,970 men from the UK Biobank for prospective analyses. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed, with outcomes of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and heart failure (HF), and adjusted for sociodemographics, lifestyle, and medical factors. Restricted cubic spline models assessed nonlinear associations between sex hormone levels and CVD risks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over a median follow-up of 13.0 years, 20,216 men (13.0%) experienced a CVD event. Men in the highest quintile of total testosterone had increased stroke risk (HR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04-1.23). A J-shaped relationship was found between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and CVD risk, with the highest risk in Q5 (1.08, 1.03-1.13). A U-shaped association was noted for free testosterone (FT), where Q3 had lower CVD risk (0.94, 0.90-0.98). Earlier onset of facial hair or voice breaking (< 13 years) correlated with higher CVD risks (HR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16 and HR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.22, respectively). Vertex baldness was linked to increased CVD risk (1.05, 1.01-1.09) and CHD risk (1.06, 1.02-1.11).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Elevated SHBG levels, earlier puberty onset, and vertex baldness were associated with increased CVD risks in men, highlighting the need for targeted prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of ketones intensive measurement in women with gestational diabetes (EVOKING) study.","authors":"Basilio Pintaudi, Loretta Giunta, Giacoma Di Vieste, Michela Vergani, Matteo Conti, Arianna Pani, Francesco Corrado, Rosario D'Anna, Antonino Di Benedetto","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00663-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00663-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are frequently asked to check their ketone levels by measuring ketonuria before breakfast. However, ketosis could be present even before lunch and dinner. Furthermore, blood ketone measurement could be a more accurate test. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a blood ketone intensive measurement in the detection of ketosis in women with GDM with a negative urinary ketone test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single center, observational, prospective study involving consecutive women with GDM. Only women with negative fasting urinary ketone tests were included. During the same gestational weeks (weeks 30-32), all women were asked to perform a blood ketone test before their main meals. Ketosis was defined as the presence for at least 25% of the time of fasting blood ketone levels > 0.1 mmol/L and > 0.2 mmol/L before lunch and dinner.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, a total of 101 women (mean age 34.7 ± 4.8 years, prepregnancy BMI 28.2 ± 5.2 kg/m²) were studied. Blood ketones were present in 37.6% of the cases before breakfast, 13.9% before lunch, and 11.9% before dinner. Women with at least one daily presence of blood ketones composed 40.6% of the sample. Presence of fasting blood ketones was correlated with ketone presence before lunch (r = 0.63, p < 0.0001) and before dinner (r = 0.55, p < 0.0001) and with mean glucose levels (r = 0.23, p = 0.02) 1 h after breakfast.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Blood ketone testing in women with GDM can detect a larger number of ketosis episodes than a urinary ketone test. Intensive blood ketone measurement should be recommended to women with GDM.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal associations between thyroid function and sarcopenia-related traits: a Mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Ting Sun, Jialu Wu, Zhe Yan, Lu Liu, Hui Huang, Hongdie Liu, Li Tian","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00664-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00664-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>As the global population ages, the incidence of sarcopenia increases, resulting in increasing numbers of patients with impairments in physical function. Thyroid function disorders may contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. This study aimed to establish a causal relationship between thyroid hormones (TH) and sarcopenia using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis method.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>A two-sample MR study was conducted using summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) which included publicly available pooled statistics for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and the FT3 to FT4 ratio from the Thyroidomics Consortium, as well as summary statistics for sarcopenia-related traits, such as appendicular lean mass (ALM), whole-body lean mass (WBLM), grip strength (left and right), and walking pace from the UK Biobank. The MR analysis used genetic exposure tools for assessment of thyroid function (TSH, FT4, FT3, and the FT3 to FT4 ratio) and outcome measures for sarcopenia (ALM, WBLM, grip strength, and walking pace). The inverse variance weighted method was employed to estimate the genetic predictions of the causal effect of thyroid function on sarcopenia risk. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to validate the reliability of the MR results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Correlations were observed between ALM and several indicators, as follows: TSH (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04), FT4 (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93-0.98), FT3 (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-1.15), and the FT3 to FT4 ratio (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.11-1.42). Furthermore, causal relationships were identified between WBLM and TSH (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03), as well as low TSH (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00) and high TSH (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-1.00). Walking pace was associated with low TSH (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00), whereas grip strength was related to TSH (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00-1.02) and low TSH (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00). High TSH (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01-1.08) and FT3 (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.92-1.00) levels were associated with right grip strength.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicate a causal relationship between thyroid function and sarcopenia, highlighting FT3 and the FT3 to FT4 ratio as key indicators. However, total triiodothyronine (TT3) emerges as a potential indicator that requires further investigation in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The correlation between different lifestyles and body composition focuses on eating habits, nutritional status, and physical exercise components.","authors":"Li Bao Feng","doi":"10.1007/s42000-025-00661-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00661-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When it comes to nutritional status and physical performance, body composition is significant. Previous research has shown the correlation between body composition and the mismatch between nutrient intake and requirements. However, this paper aims to evaluate the crucial role of lifestyle factors, such as eating behavior and meal timing, in influencing body composition. Lifestyle variables are important because they affect hormone and growth factor imbalances, which can cause changes in protein synthesis or breakdown, insulin resistance, and overeating. These factors collectively affect muscle mass and fat mass, their influence being consistent across juvenile and adult groups, between men and women. Regarding food preferences, sexual dimorphism of adiposity between men and women seems to be a critical determinant. Additionally, chronic stress leads to emotional eating, while enough sleep plays a big role in affecting growth factors and hormone balances, although the research on this subject is as yet scant. Therefore, understanding and modifying lifestyle habits are essential for the improvement of body composition, irrespective of an individual's gender or age.</p>","PeriodicalId":50399,"journal":{"name":"Hormones-International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}