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When Costs Eclipse Cure: Does Financial Toxicity Erode Survival Gains from Novel Cancer Therapies? 当成本超过治疗：新型癌症疗法的经济毒性是否会削弱生存收益？
Qeios Pub Date : 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.32388/nbka5u
Alfonso Dueñas‐González
{"title":"When Costs Eclipse Cure: Does Financial Toxicity Erode Survival Gains from Novel Cancer Therapies?","authors":"Alfonso Dueñas‐González","doi":"10.32388/nbka5u","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/nbka5u","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND. Novel cancer therapies have advanced oncology, but their high costs often lead to significant financial toxicity (FT) in patients, potentially undermining their clinical benefits. This preprint compares the hazard ratio (HR) for improvements in overall survival (OS) from FDA-approved cancer drugs with the OS detriment from FT, estimating the net effects on mortality. METHODS. The OS HRs were meta-analyzed from 234 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) supporting 374 FDA indications (2003–2021), yielding a pooled drug benefit HR of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.72–0.75). FT impacts were obtained from a 1) 2025 meta-analysis and 2) six clinical trials. For both, pooling HRs via random-effects modeling on insurance proxies was determined, as was pooling across the two. Multiplicative modeling assessed net HRs, which were also estimated alongside absolute death estimates in a 1,000-patient cohort (40% baseline mortality) with different prevalences of FT. RESULTS. Novel drugs avert 21 more deaths than standard (older) Tx alone (110 vs. 89), but FT reduces this edge to just 14 (HIC) or erodes it entirely (LMIC, where net gains shrink to <50% of potential). CONCLUSIONS. This analysis reveals that financial toxicity erodes 30–60% of novel therapies' OS benefits, translating to tens of thousands of excess global cancer deaths annually and widening survival inequities, particularly in LMICs (up to a 59% offset). These findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to advance value-based, equitable oncology.","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.qeios.com/read/NBKA5U/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147893900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geometric Analysis of Reasoning Trajectories: A Phase Space Approach to Understanding Valid and Invalid Multi-Hop Reasoning in LLMs 推理轨迹的几何分析：理解llm中有效和无效多跳推理的相空间方法
Qeios Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.32388/7oxug3
Javier Marin
{"title":"Geometric Analysis of Reasoning Trajectories: A Phase Space Approach to Understanding Valid and Invalid Multi-Hop Reasoning in LLMs","authors":"Javier Marin","doi":"10.32388/7oxug3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/7oxug3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel approach to analyzing multi-hop reasoning in language models through Hamiltonian mechanics. We map reasoning chains in embedding spaces to Hamiltonian systems, defining a function that balances reasoning progression (kinetic energy) against question relevance (potential energy). Analyzing reasoning chains from a question-answering dataset reveals that valid reasoning shows lower Hamiltonian energy values, representing an optimal trade-off between information gathering and targeted answering. While our framework offers complex visualization and quantification methods, the claimed ability to ”steer” or ”improve” reasoning algorithms requires more rigorous empirical validation, as the connection between physical systems and reasoning remains largely metaphorical. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals consistent geometric patterns distinguishing valid reasoning, suggesting this physics-inspired approach offers promising diagnostic tools and new perspectives on reasoning processes in large language models.","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.qeios.com/read/7OXUG3/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147922665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Collective Pareidolia 集体幻想性视错觉
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.32388/19anem
Robert G. Bednarik
{"title":"Collective Pareidolia","authors":"Robert G. Bednarik","doi":"10.32388/19anem","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/19anem","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a case of collective pareidolia where a group of people perceived non-existent petroglyphs on undecorated rock surfaces, leading to an investigation into the mechanics of shared perception. A university team had recorded thousands of what were believed to be petroglyphs. An invited team of three rock art specialists found no actual grooves corresponding to the recorded intricate images. The study suggests that the visual system’s expectation of seeing certain patterns, influenced by social and cognitive factors, can lead to collective pareidolia, reinforced by peer pressure. This case highlights the limitations of the human visual system and persistence of pareidolic perceptions, which can even become shared beliefs among groups despite evidence to the contrary. It also brings into focus the need of scepticism towards all attempted rock art motif identifications by cultural aliens, as they are always derived via pareidolia.","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.qeios.com/read/19ANEM/pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147906833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Review of: "Nano network is a communication network at nano scale between nano devices" 回顾："纳米网络是纳米设备之间的纳米级通信网络"
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.32388/abfmel
Paoulina Righeti
{"title":"Review of: \"Nano network is a communication network at nano scale between nano devices\"","authors":"Paoulina Righeti","doi":"10.32388/abfmel","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/abfmel","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p/>","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141921154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Review of: "Since nano antennas have the ability to absorb a wide angle, even in in the case of oblique solar radiation to the surface of the solar panel" 审查："由于纳米天线具有广角吸收能力，即使在太阳辐射斜射到太阳能电池板表面的情况下也是如此"
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.32388/y86zez
Paoulina Righeti
{"title":"Review of: \"Since nano antennas have the ability to absorb a wide angle, even in in the case of oblique solar radiation to the surface of the solar panel\"","authors":"Paoulina Righeti","doi":"10.32388/y86zez","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/y86zez","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p/>","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Review of: "nanodipole L/d is significantly reduced, it cannot be used" 审查："纳米极 L/d 明显降低，无法使用"
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.32388/y5s2db
Paoulina Righeti
{"title":"Review of: \"nanodipole L/d is significantly reduced, it cannot be used\"","authors":"Paoulina Righeti","doi":"10.32388/y5s2db","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/y5s2db","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p/>","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Commentary] India’s steps towards carbon dioxide monitoring in public assembly spaces for ventilation measurement for airborne infection control and other factors [评论]印度在公共集会场所进行二氧化碳监测的步骤，以测量通风情况，控制空气传播感染和其他因素
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.32388/sq03iv.2
Raja Singh
{"title":"[Commentary] India’s steps towards carbon dioxide monitoring in public assembly spaces for ventilation measurement for airborne infection control and other factors","authors":"Raja Singh","doi":"10.32388/sq03iv.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/sq03iv.2","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary describes the work done by the Indian National Green Tribunal by instructing the Central Pollution Control Board to formulate guidelines and issue directions for important matters related to Indoor Air Quality and Airborne Infection Control. What started as a Public Interest Litigation in the Hon'ble Delhi High Court led to an application in the National Green Tribunal for three matters. The first being Carbon Dioxide monitoring of enclosed air conditioned spaces of public assembly nature as Carbon Dioxide is a surrogate for Ventilation in a space. The second being including inclusions in Split Air Conditioners as they simply recirculate the indoor air without any fresh air intake which increases probability of airborne infection spread apart from other issues. The last being having appropriate window design in building byelaws to promote openability of windows with wire mesh so that fresh air intake is possible for airborne infection control.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Use of Digital Platforms Among University Students: A Systematic Literature Review 大学生对数字平台的使用：系统性文献综述
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.32388/sqkgt5.2
M. Serwornoo, Samuel Danso, Benedine Azanu, S. Semarco, Ebenezer Ato Kwamena Aidoo
{"title":"Use of Digital Platforms Among University Students: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"M. Serwornoo, Samuel Danso, Benedine Azanu, S. Semarco, Ebenezer Ato Kwamena Aidoo","doi":"10.32388/sqkgt5.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/sqkgt5.2","url":null,"abstract":"Digital platforms have a high potential for supporting learning processes, especially in higher education. However, there appears to be a limited systematic review of research on the application of digital platforms in higher education. Using a systematic approach, this study analyzes previous research on digital platforms and how these technologies assist university students in their studies and the challenges involved. Examining 76 relevant articles from Scopus, Emerald Insight and ProQuest databases, the findings demonstrate that students' personal development could be accelerated by the practical application of technology through digital learning platforms. Furthermore, by utilizing digital channels, the COVID-19 epidemic has highlighted how crucial strategic management and flexibility are to the higher education sector. The study identified two main themes: digital platforms that support students’ learning and challenges associated with the deployment of digital platforms. Various unexplored areas on the use of digital platforms among university students are highlighted in the study. The review further recommends higher education institutions to offer digital literacy programs that educate students and faculty on using digital platforms, online privacy and data protection.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141646442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhancing Vocabulary Acquisition through Gamification 通过游戏化促进词汇学习
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.32388/pclda3.2
Preeti Jaiswal
{"title":"Enhancing Vocabulary Acquisition through Gamification","authors":"Preeti Jaiswal","doi":"10.32388/pclda3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/pclda3.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effects of gamification on vocabulary acquisition and student motivation among 54 students enrolled in the Orientation Program at a higher education institution in Bahrain. The study compared traditional vocabulary instruction with a gamified approach using the Kahoot platform. Results revealed that the gamified group achieved significantly higher vocabulary gains, with a mean post-test score of 86 compared to 78 for the control group. Furthermore, 85% of participants in the gamified group found this method more effective for retention, and 92% preferred it over traditional worksheets. The findings indicate that gamification can considerably enhance vocabulary learning by making the process more engaging and effective. Nevertheless, to fully leverage its benefits, it is essential to overcome challenges such as technical issues and varying levels of student familiarity with the platform.\u0000","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141648996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Review of: "The advantages of using nanoporous aluminum oxide as a template for the production of nanowires compared to other methods, including the high order of pores, the alignment of pores, and the controllability of the ratio" 回顾："与其他方法相比，使用纳米多孔氧化铝作为模板生产纳米线的优势，包括孔的高阶、孔的排列以及比例的可控性"
Qeios Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.32388/4yd048
Jorge Gasperini
{"title":"Review of: \"The advantages of using nanoporous aluminum oxide as a template for the production of nanowires compared to other methods, including the high order of pores, the alignment of pores, and the controllability of the ratio\"","authors":"Jorge Gasperini","doi":"10.32388/4yd048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32388/4yd048","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p/>","PeriodicalId":503632,"journal":{"name":"Qeios","volume":"67 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141655631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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