International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics最新文献

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A perturbation approach to two-phases, non-local, fully deformable beams 两相,非局部,完全可变形梁的微扰方法
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105136
Uğurcan Eroğlu , Giuseppe Ruta
{"title":"A perturbation approach to two-phases, non-local, fully deformable beams","authors":"Uğurcan Eroğlu ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Ruta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The local theory of elasticity (inner forces are sensible at insensible intermolecular distances) faces inconsistencies and limitations when one considers bodies at very small scales, i.e., with characteristic dimensions that are not several orders of magnitude greater than the intermolecular lengths, even in a linear setting. The so-called <em>quasi-continuum models</em>, preserving the principles of kinematics and balance of ordinary continuum mechanics while incorporating a richer description of inner forces at the constitutive level, attempt to mitigate this issue. One such model, well-known and commonly adopted in the last years, is due to Eringen and linearly expresses stress in terms of strain in a differential or integral form, by resorting to the convolution of a kernel function. This model, while successful for infinite media, encounters possible drawbacks when applied to finite domains, necessitating the imposition of “constitutive boundary conditions” of uncertain physical meaning. A series of alternative proposals in the literature try to overcome such difficulty; in the present contribution, we apply a perturbation procedure that circumvents this requirement. We apply this methodology to analyse paradigmatic problems of statics and free dynamics for fully deformable beams, and we present closed-form first-order expressions for benchmark scenarios, avoiding the necessity to use the constitutive boundary conditions. The solutions for purely flexible, Bernoulli–Euler, beams can be attained as a particular case of those provided here.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Infrasound amplification using simple strongly nonlinear granular metamaterials 利用简单的强非线性颗粒超材料进行次声放大
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105160
Elbens Carlos Viana Reis , Luis Paulo Silveira Machado , Surajit Sen
{"title":"Infrasound amplification using simple strongly nonlinear granular metamaterials","authors":"Elbens Carlos Viana Reis ,&nbsp;Luis Paulo Silveira Machado ,&nbsp;Surajit Sen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monodispersed and inverse tapered granular chains with grain sizes varying uniformly from small to large under external harmonic excitations are numerically investigated. The control parameters are the number of granules, driving amplitude, driving frequency, and tapering parameter. The frequency response is analyzed using the transfer function, where properties of transmission, amplification, and filtering of signals are observed. For monodispersed chains, amplification peaks are described by functions of the control parameters. For sufficiently long monodispersed chains, signals at low frequencies (<span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mtext>10</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>Hz</mtext></mrow></math></span>) are amplified. Inverse tapered chains exhibit similar behavior with shorter chain lengths, as do monodispersed chains modeled with forces between granules with nonlinearity greater than that of the Hertzian contact law. Potential applications are in the fields of geosciences and oceanography, life sciences, military applications, and environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Non-linear analysis of composite structure subjected to impact load based on Johnson-Cook constitutive model 基于Johnson-Cook本构模型的复合材料结构冲击载荷非线性分析
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105176
Haiyang Song
{"title":"Non-linear analysis of composite structure subjected to impact load based on Johnson-Cook constitutive model","authors":"Haiyang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the Johnson-Cook constitutive model and explicit algorithm are applied to the non-linear analysis of composite structures, and the aim of this paper is to provide a new method by which the response of elastic-plastic structure subjected to impact load can be obtained. The effect of strain and strain rate on structural stress is described in the Johnson-Cook constitutive model, and the calculation methods of important parameters in the Johnson-Cook constitutive model are provided. The mathematical expressions of implicit algorithm and explicit algorithm are derived, and the comparison between these two algorithms is conducted. The results show that the explicit algorithm is more suitable for the non-linear analysis of composite structures. A composite structure which consists of solid structures, shell structures and shock absorbers is used as numerical example to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High order invariant manifold model reduction for systems with non-polynomial non-linearities: Geometrically exact finite element structures and validity limit 非多项式非线性系统的高阶不变流形模型约简:几何精确有限元结构与有效性限制
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105138
Aurélien Grolet , Alessandra Vizzaccaro , Marielle Debeurre , Olivier Thomas
{"title":"High order invariant manifold model reduction for systems with non-polynomial non-linearities: Geometrically exact finite element structures and validity limit","authors":"Aurélien Grolet ,&nbsp;Alessandra Vizzaccaro ,&nbsp;Marielle Debeurre ,&nbsp;Olivier Thomas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper considers the computation of reduced-order models for systems of ordinary differential equations that include non-polynomial non-linearities. A targeted example is the case of a geometrically exact model of highly flexible slender structure, that includes, after space discretisation, trigonometric non-linear terms. With a suitable change of variables, this system can be rewritten in an equivalent one with polynomial non-linearities at most quadratic, at the price of introducing additional variables linked to algebraic equations, leading to a differential algebraic set of equations (DAE) to be solved. This DAE is reduced thanks to a normal form parametrisation of its invariant manifolds and selecting a set of master ones. Arbitrary order expansions are detailed for the coefficients of the change of variable and the reduced dynamics, using linear algebra in the space of multivariate polynomials of a given degree. In the case of a single non-linear mode reduction, a criterion to evaluate the quality of the normal form results is also proposed based on an estimation of the convergence radius of the polynomial asymptotic expansion representing truncated series. The method is then applied to compute a single mode reduction of three test cases – a Duffing oscillator, a simple pendulum and a clamped clamped beam with von Kármán model –, in order to investigate the effect of the algebraic part of the DAE on the quality of the model reduction and its validity range. Then, the more involved case of a cantilever beam modelled by geometrically exact finite elements is considered, underlining the ability of the method to produce accurate and converged results in a range of amplitude that can be bounded thanks to a convergence criterion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vibration behavior of laminated couplings based on angular misalignment and nonlinear stiffness characteristics 基于角不对中和非线性刚度特性的层合联轴器振动特性
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105175
Yong Huang, Fei Peng
{"title":"Vibration behavior of laminated couplings based on angular misalignment and nonlinear stiffness characteristics","authors":"Yong Huang,&nbsp;Fei Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coupled bending-torsion vibration model of the laminated coupling was established, taking into account nonlinear stiffness, mass eccentricity, and angular misalignment. First, a laminated coupling vibration test study was conducted. The results showed that the average relative error between the numerical model and the test results was 10.2 %. Subsequently, the effects of the misalignment amount and nonlinear stiffness on the vibration characteristics of the laminated coupling were analyzed. The results showed that an increase in the angular misalignment amount leads to an increase in the vibration amplitude of the laminated coupling. Additionally, nonlinear stiffness has a suppressive effect on the vibration amplitude of the system. Finally, the effects of the angular misalignment amount, bending/torsional stiffness critical values, and rotational speed on the vibration behavior of the laminated coupling were observed using bifurcation diagrams. The research results show that when the angular misalignment exceeds 2.3 × 10<sup>−3</sup> rad, the critical value of bending stiffness is greater than 8.44 × 10<sup>6</sup> N/m, and the critical value of torsional stiffness is lower than 2.88 × 10<sup>6</sup> N·m/rad, the vibration amplitude of the laminated coupling tends to rise, and resonance may occur. Additionally, controlling the laminated coupling vibration amplitude is more effective when the rotational speed is either in the low-speed range or the high-speed range. The research results detailed in this paper not only inform the design of laminated coupling parameters but also provide guidance for the assembly process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cylindrical axial shear generated by an applied Piola–Kirchhoff stress 施加皮奥拉-基尔霍夫应力产生的圆柱形轴向剪切
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105156
C.O. Horgan , J.G. Murphy
{"title":"Cylindrical axial shear generated by an applied Piola–Kirchhoff stress","authors":"C.O. Horgan ,&nbsp;J.G. Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel approach to the classical problem of axial shear of isotropic incompressible non-linearly elastic materials is proposed here. It is assumed that only the axial first Piola–Kirchhoff shear stress components are not identically zero, instead of the usual semi-inverse assumption on the displacement field of a typical particle. The form of the displacement consistent with this stress formulation is then obtained, assuming that the so-called Empirical Inequalities hold. The classical displacement formulation of axial shear is <em>derived</em> for the class of generalised neo-Hookean materials. The absence of a normal stress effect is noted. The difficulties in solving the corresponding problem in the context of Cauchy stress are highlighted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105156"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparison of the phenomenological and physically-based constitutive material equations for GH4033 superalloy GH4033高温合金现象学本构方程与物理本构方程的比较
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105172
Kwang Jin Kim, Kyong Ho Sim, Il Hyok Kim, Hyok Song Kim
{"title":"Comparison of the phenomenological and physically-based constitutive material equations for GH4033 superalloy","authors":"Kwang Jin Kim,&nbsp;Kyong Ho Sim,&nbsp;Il Hyok Kim,&nbsp;Hyok Song Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenomenological and physically-based constitutive equations for predicting the hot flow stress of the GH4033 superalloy were developed and compared. Isothermal uniaxial compression tests were conducted in the deformation temperatures of 950, 1050, 1150 and 1200 °C, and strain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 s<sup>−1</sup>. Based on the flow stress-strain curves data, phenomenological constitutive equations (modified Johnson-Cook model, Arrhenius-type model) and physically-based constitutive equations (modified Zerilli-Armstrong model, microstructural based model) were developed. The modified Johnson-Cook model and microstructural based model were further modified to enhance the prediction accuracy. The prediction accuracy of the proposed constitutive equations was appraised by the determination coefficient and the average absolute relative error, which are 0.9680 and 14.05 % for the modified Johnson-Cook model, 0.9773 and 9.58 % for the strain compensated Arrhenius-type model, 0.9961 and 6.53 % for the modified Zerilli-Armstrong model and 0.9948 and 4.53 % for the microstructural based model, respectively. The result shows that the proposed physically-based constitutive equations are very suitable for accurately predicting the hot flow stress behavior of GH4033 superalloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Numerical exploration of the Lyapunov families and their spatial bifurcations in the R3BP under the presence of a three-body interaction 三体相互作用下R3BP中Lyapunov族及其空间分支的数值探索
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105152
Vassilis S. Kalantonis , Omiros Ragos , Angela E. Perdiou , Efstathios A. Perdios
{"title":"Numerical exploration of the Lyapunov families and their spatial bifurcations in the R3BP under the presence of a three-body interaction","authors":"Vassilis S. Kalantonis ,&nbsp;Omiros Ragos ,&nbsp;Angela E. Perdiou ,&nbsp;Efstathios A. Perdios","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we consider an extension of the classical restricted three-body problem in which an additional three-body interaction is incorporated and investigate the resulting periodic orbits. Specifically, we analyze the Lyapunov families of planar periodic orbits that emerge from the collinear equilibrium points, along with their vertical stability characteristics. Furthermore, we delve into the three-dimensional periodic orbits that bifurcate from these planar families, focusing on spatial bifurcations with periods that are equal to, double or triple the period of the associated Lyapunov orbits. Our findings reveal the presence of various symmetry types, such as plane–plane, axis–axis or combination of both. Our analysis has been conducted for a set of parameter values associated with binary systems of a relatively large mass ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dissipative relativistic extended thermodynamics of polyatomic gases in the Landau–Lifshitz description Landau-Lifshitz描述中多原子气体的耗散相对论扩展热力学
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105154
M.C. Carrisi
{"title":"Dissipative relativistic extended thermodynamics of polyatomic gases in the Landau–Lifshitz description","authors":"M.C. Carrisi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents and analyses a relativistic model for polyatomic gases within the Landau–Lifshitz framework, incorporating the contribution of internal energy arising from interactions between gas molecules. This model generalizes the one proposed by Cercignani and Kremer in 2001 for monatomic gases within the context of the Marle expansion. Specifically, in this paper a moment model is derived and its closure is determined by using the methods of Rational Extended Thermodynamics. This is compared with the one recently proposed by Arima, Carrisi, Pennisi, and Ruggeri, which employs a variant of the Anderson–Witting model in the Eckart frame. The analysis demonstrates that the balance equations and the collision term are equivalent up to first order with respect to equilibrium.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 105154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Physics-based modeling of the temperature-dependent fatigue behavior of natural and synthetic polyisoprene rubbers 天然和合成聚异戊二烯橡胶温度依赖性疲劳行为的物理建模
IF 2.8 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105171
Andréas Hottin , Moussa Naït Abdelaziz , Abderrahim Talha
{"title":"Physics-based modeling of the temperature-dependent fatigue behavior of natural and synthetic polyisoprene rubbers","authors":"Andréas Hottin ,&nbsp;Moussa Naït Abdelaziz ,&nbsp;Abderrahim Talha","doi":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2025.105171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of rubbers are typically highly sensitive to temperature, and fatigue crack initiation resistance is no exception. Despite abundant documentation in the scientific literature, the mechanisms driving this temperature dependence remain insufficiently understood. A common approach to addressing this phenomenon is the time-temperature equivalence method. Although it offers reasonably accurate results, it lacks predictive power due to its empirical nature.</div><div>This article introduces a novel predictive model for the S–N curves of rubbers with respect to temperature, grounded in the Work-Heat Equivalence Principle. This innovative framework is built on a robust physical foundation, with its predictive accuracy enhanced by the absence of fitting parameters. The model's performance is evaluated using an extensive dataset, including newly acquired experimental data, literature-derived results from temperature-controlled fatigue tests on isoprene rubber (IR), and insights from fatigue tests performed on thick rubber parts accompanied by self-heating-induced temperature rises reported in previous studies.</div><div>The good correlation between the model's predictions and experimental observations underscores the significant role of the proposed mechanism in governing the temperature dependency of rubber fatigue life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50303,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics","volume":"177 ","pages":"Article 105171"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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