Lubricants最新文献_第8页

Classification of Progressive Wear on a Multi-Directional Pin-on-Disc Tribometer Simulating Conditions in Human Joints-UHMWPE against CoCrMo Using Acoustic Emission and Machine Learning 利用声发射和机器学习对模拟人体关节条件的多向销盘式摩擦磨损仪--超高分子量聚乙烯和钴铬钼的渐进磨损进行分类

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020047

Pushkar Deshpande, K. Wasmer, Thomas Imwinkelried, Roman Heuberger, Michael Dreyer, B. Weisse, R. Crockett, V. Pandiyan

{"title":"Classification of Progressive Wear on a Multi-Directional Pin-on-Disc Tribometer Simulating Conditions in Human Joints-UHMWPE against CoCrMo Using Acoustic Emission and Machine Learning","authors":"Pushkar Deshpande, K. Wasmer, Thomas Imwinkelried, Roman Heuberger, Michael Dreyer, B. Weisse, R. Crockett, V. Pandiyan","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020047","url":null,"abstract":"Human joint prostheses experience wear failure due to the complex interactions between Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) and Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum (CoCrMo). This study uses the wear classification to investigate the gradual and progressive abrasive wear mechanisms in UHMWPE. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted under simulated in vivo conditions, monitoring wear using Acoustic Emission (AE). Two Machine Learning (ML) frameworks were employed for wear classification: manual feature extraction with ML classifiers and a contrastive learning-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with ML classifiers. The CNN-based feature extraction approach achieved superior classification performance (94% to 96%) compared to manual feature extraction (81% to 89%). The ML techniques enable accurate wear classification, aiding in understanding surface states and early failure detection. Real-time monitoring using AE sensors shows promise for interventions and improving prosthetic joint design.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"81 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Classical Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of the Atomic Force Microscope Tip Shape, Size and Deformation on the Tribological Properties of the Graphene/Au(111) Interface 原子力显微镜针尖形状、尺寸和变形对石墨烯/金（111）界面摩擦学特性影响的经典分子动力学研究

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020046

Cem Maden, Hande Ustunel, D. Toffoli

{"title":"A Classical Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of the Atomic Force Microscope Tip Shape, Size and Deformation on the Tribological Properties of the Graphene/Au(111) Interface","authors":"Cem Maden, Hande Ustunel, D. Toffoli","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020046","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic force microscopes are used, besides their principal function as surface imaging tools, in the surface manipulation and measurement of interfacial properties. In particular, they can be modified to measure lateral friction forces that occur during the sliding of the tip against the underlying substrate. However, the shape, size, and deformation of the tips profoundly affect the measurements in a manner that is difficult to predict. In this work, we investigate the contribution of these effect to the magnitude of the lateral forces during sliding. The surface substrate is chosen to be a few-layer AB-stacked graphene surface, whereas the tip is initially constructed from face-centered cubic gold. In order to separate the effect of deformation from the shape, the rigid tips of three different shapes were considered first, namely, a cone, a pyramid and a hemisphere. The shape was seen to dictate all aspects of the interface during sliding, from temperature dependence to stick–slip behavior. Deformation was investigated next by comparing a rigid hemispherical tip to one of an identical shape and size but with all but the top three layers of atoms being free to move. The deformation, as also verified by an indentation analysis, occurs by means of the lower layers collapsing on the upper ones, thereby increasing the contact area. This collapse mitigates the friction force and decreases it with respect to the rigid tip for the same vertical distance. Finally, the size effect is studied by means of calculating the friction forces for a much larger hemispherical tip whose atoms are free to move. In this case, the deformation is found to be much smaller, but the stick–slip behavior is much more clearly seen.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"65 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139800531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Classical Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of the Atomic Force Microscope Tip Shape, Size and Deformation on the Tribological Properties of the Graphene/Au(111) Interface 原子力显微镜针尖形状、尺寸和变形对石墨烯/金（111）界面摩擦学特性影响的经典分子动力学研究

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020046

Cem Maden, Hande Ustunel, D. Toffoli

{"title":"A Classical Molecular Dynamics Study of the Effect of the Atomic Force Microscope Tip Shape, Size and Deformation on the Tribological Properties of the Graphene/Au(111) Interface","authors":"Cem Maden, Hande Ustunel, D. Toffoli","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020046","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic force microscopes are used, besides their principal function as surface imaging tools, in the surface manipulation and measurement of interfacial properties. In particular, they can be modified to measure lateral friction forces that occur during the sliding of the tip against the underlying substrate. However, the shape, size, and deformation of the tips profoundly affect the measurements in a manner that is difficult to predict. In this work, we investigate the contribution of these effect to the magnitude of the lateral forces during sliding. The surface substrate is chosen to be a few-layer AB-stacked graphene surface, whereas the tip is initially constructed from face-centered cubic gold. In order to separate the effect of deformation from the shape, the rigid tips of three different shapes were considered first, namely, a cone, a pyramid and a hemisphere. The shape was seen to dictate all aspects of the interface during sliding, from temperature dependence to stick–slip behavior. Deformation was investigated next by comparing a rigid hemispherical tip to one of an identical shape and size but with all but the top three layers of atoms being free to move. The deformation, as also verified by an indentation analysis, occurs by means of the lower layers collapsing on the upper ones, thereby increasing the contact area. This collapse mitigates the friction force and decreases it with respect to the rigid tip for the same vertical distance. Finally, the size effect is studied by means of calculating the friction forces for a much larger hemispherical tip whose atoms are free to move. In this case, the deformation is found to be much smaller, but the stick–slip behavior is much more clearly seen.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"477 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Promising Conductive Lubricant for Space Sliding Electrical Contact: NbSe2-Ti Film 用于空间滑动电接触的前景看好的导电润滑剂：铌硒钛薄膜

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020044

Yang Yang, Guan Wang, Xingchen Zhou, Xingkang Su, Long Gu

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks 外围设备对测试台产生白色蚀刻裂纹的影响

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020045

J. Wranik, Walter Holweger, Ling Wang

{"title":"The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks","authors":"J. Wranik, Walter Holweger, Ling Wang","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020045","url":null,"abstract":"White Etching Cracks (WEC) have become a subject of extensive research in material science, chemistry and lubrication, and even operational mathematics by AI learning. Initially reported in the 1960s and considered an exotic anomaly, the failures gained importance with the global rise of wind energy power and the automotive industry. Unexpectedly high failure rates in various bearing applications have led to the need for a deeper understanding and prevention of WEC. It has come a long way from materials inspection, to parametrically studying WECs on test rigs, to the understanding that WEC is a stand-alone phenomenon and sparingly related to common failures in bearing technology. It has been commonly accepted that WEC drivers have multiple dimensions, e.g., material, contact mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. The impact of these factors on WEC failures is frequently studied using test rigs at the component level, such as the FE8 test rig. The FE8 has been utilized in numerous investigations due to its ability to replicate WEC failures without requiring artificial electricity or hydrogen charging by using specific lubricant chemistry and operating conditions. However, through intensive testing, it was observed in this study that a standard material in an FE8 rig component demonstrated a profound influence on WEC formation. This paper presents the details of the testing and analysis, aiming to investigate the mechanisms of interactions between the hose material and the low reference lubricant. The results demonstrate that the chemistry of the component material plays an important role in WEC formation. This finding may have significant impact in WEC studies, especially when the FE8 rig is used.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"2010 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Promising Conductive Lubricant for Space Sliding Electrical Contact: NbSe2-Ti Film 用于空间滑动电接触的前景看好的导电润滑剂：铌硒钛薄膜

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020044

Yang Yang, Guan Wang, Xingchen Zhou, Xingkang Su, Long Gu

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks 外围设备对测试台产生白色蚀刻裂纹的影响

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020045

J. Wranik, Walter Holweger, Ling Wang

{"title":"The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks","authors":"J. Wranik, Walter Holweger, Ling Wang","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020045","url":null,"abstract":"White Etching Cracks (WEC) have become a subject of extensive research in material science, chemistry and lubrication, and even operational mathematics by AI learning. Initially reported in the 1960s and considered an exotic anomaly, the failures gained importance with the global rise of wind energy power and the automotive industry. Unexpectedly high failure rates in various bearing applications have led to the need for a deeper understanding and prevention of WEC. It has come a long way from materials inspection, to parametrically studying WECs on test rigs, to the understanding that WEC is a stand-alone phenomenon and sparingly related to common failures in bearing technology. It has been commonly accepted that WEC drivers have multiple dimensions, e.g., material, contact mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. The impact of these factors on WEC failures is frequently studied using test rigs at the component level, such as the FE8 test rig. The FE8 has been utilized in numerous investigations due to its ability to replicate WEC failures without requiring artificial electricity or hydrogen charging by using specific lubricant chemistry and operating conditions. However, through intensive testing, it was observed in this study that a standard material in an FE8 rig component demonstrated a profound influence on WEC formation. This paper presents the details of the testing and analysis, aiming to investigate the mechanisms of interactions between the hose material and the low reference lubricant. The results demonstrate that the chemistry of the component material plays an important role in WEC formation. This finding may have significant impact in WEC studies, especially when the FE8 rig is used.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"8 5-6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139867323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on Thermal Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings Considering Roundness Error 考虑圆度误差的角接触球轴承热特性研究

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020043

Yongjian Yu, Ruixiang Ma, Yujun Xue, Yonggang Liu

{"title":"Study on Thermal Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings Considering Roundness Error","authors":"Yongjian Yu, Ruixiang Ma, Yujun Xue, Yonggang Liu","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020043","url":null,"abstract":"To develop an angular contact ball bearing with low power consumption, a heat generation calculation model for angular contact ball bearings has been established based on bearing quasi dynamics, elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory, heat transfer theory, and Kirchhoff’s law of energy conservation, considering the effects of roundness error, bearing preload, centrifugal effect, and thermal expansion. The correctness of the model is verified through experiments. The influence of different operating conditions and roundness errors on the thermal characteristics of angular contact ball bearings is analyzed. The results of the calculation indicate that when the roundness error order is equal to the number of balls n/2 ± 2 (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the overall heat generation of the bearing is lower than that without considering the roundness error. When the roundness error order is equal to (2n − 1)/4 ± 2 (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the overall heat generation of the bearing is higher than that without considering the roundness error. At the same rotating speed, the overall heat generation fluctuates as the roundness error order changes, and the trend becomes more pronounced as the rotating speed increases. The maximum overall heat generation is achieved when the roundness error order equals (2n − 1)/4 times (where n = 1, 2, 3, …) the number of balls. When the roundness error order is equal to n/2 times the number of balls (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the bearing’s overall heat generation is minimal. The variation in the total heat generated by the bearing is directly proportional to the amplitude of the roundness error. With the increase in roundness error harmonic order, the bearing integral heat generation shows a periodic change, and the change period has a mapping relationship with the number of balls.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"372 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on Thermal Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings Considering Roundness Error 考虑圆度误差的角接触球轴承热特性研究

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020043

Yongjian Yu, Ruixiang Ma, Yujun Xue, Yonggang Liu

{"title":"Study on Thermal Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings Considering Roundness Error","authors":"Yongjian Yu, Ruixiang Ma, Yujun Xue, Yonggang Liu","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020043","url":null,"abstract":"To develop an angular contact ball bearing with low power consumption, a heat generation calculation model for angular contact ball bearings has been established based on bearing quasi dynamics, elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory, heat transfer theory, and Kirchhoff’s law of energy conservation, considering the effects of roundness error, bearing preload, centrifugal effect, and thermal expansion. The correctness of the model is verified through experiments. The influence of different operating conditions and roundness errors on the thermal characteristics of angular contact ball bearings is analyzed. The results of the calculation indicate that when the roundness error order is equal to the number of balls n/2 ± 2 (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the overall heat generation of the bearing is lower than that without considering the roundness error. When the roundness error order is equal to (2n − 1)/4 ± 2 (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the overall heat generation of the bearing is higher than that without considering the roundness error. At the same rotating speed, the overall heat generation fluctuates as the roundness error order changes, and the trend becomes more pronounced as the rotating speed increases. The maximum overall heat generation is achieved when the roundness error order equals (2n − 1)/4 times (where n = 1, 2, 3, …) the number of balls. When the roundness error order is equal to n/2 times the number of balls (where n = 1, 2, 3, …), the bearing’s overall heat generation is minimal. The variation in the total heat generated by the bearing is directly proportional to the amplitude of the roundness error. With the increase in roundness error harmonic order, the bearing integral heat generation shows a periodic change, and the change period has a mapping relationship with the number of balls.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"49 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139867718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Film Thickness Decay and Wear Behavior of Grease-Lubricated Point Contact under Cyclic Variable Loads 循环变载荷下润滑脂润滑点接触的膜厚衰减和磨损行为

Lubricants Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/lubricants12020042

Yiming Han, Jing Wang, Hengrui Du, Weimin Li, Jingxin Zhao, Zongyi Bai, Meng Hu, Haichao Liu

{"title":"Film Thickness Decay and Wear Behavior of Grease-Lubricated Point Contact under Cyclic Variable Loads","authors":"Yiming Han, Jing Wang, Hengrui Du, Weimin Li, Jingxin Zhao, Zongyi Bai, Meng Hu, Haichao Liu","doi":"10.3390/lubricants12020042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020042","url":null,"abstract":"For wind turbine applications, there is a cyclic load-varying process between rolling elements and raceways in pitch bearings. This kind of motion can also lead to radial fretting. However, this is seldom addressed under grease-lubricated conditions in the literature. In this study, grease-lubricated point contact problems have been investigated experimentally under cyclic load-varying conditions. The findings revealed that as the load-varying range diminishes, the variation in grease film distribution becomes more subtle and the rate of discharge of thickener fiber clusters in the stick zone decelerates. This is due to the fact that the rate of change in the Hertz contact radius is reduced and the migration of grease is weakened during the unloading process. Due to the large apparent viscosity of grease with a high soap content, entrapped grease is not easily discharged during loading, and the thickness of the film in the stick zone progressively increases as the soap content of the grease is augmented. This also causes the variable load zone to wear out more easily. As the grease is subjected to repeated loading and unloading, there is a gradual reduction in film thickness, and larger thickener fiber clusters tear, resulting in a flattened form and shear thinning. Grease containing sulphur–phosphorus additives demonstrates a superior effect on reducing fretting wear within the large variable load range but generally proves effective for smaller load-varying ranges. This study may offer insights into the degradation of grease under variable load motion and methods to prevent radial fretting wear.","PeriodicalId":502914,"journal":{"name":"Lubricants","volume":"44 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139810398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0