Journal of Asian Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Multiple phases of structural deformation in the evolution of the Klaeng fault zone, Eastern Thailand, constrained by zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions","authors":"Kittichai Chansom ,&nbsp;Pitsanupong Kanjanapayont ,&nbsp;Hao-Yang Lee ,&nbsp;Masatoshi Sone","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Klaeng fault zone comprises mid–late Palaeozoic clastic sedimentary rocks, mylonitic and low-to-medium-grade metamorphic rocks, granites, and Mesozoic redbed sandstones. Eight sheared granites from this zone were analysed using zircon U–Pb dating, confirming ages of 448 Ma (Late Ordovician), 219–217 Ma (Late Triassic), and 46.38 Ma (middle Eocene). This study identifies four deformation events (D₁–D₄) based on our granite ages and structural analyses. D₁ is characterised by tight folds resulting from E–W compression during the Triassic Indosinian orogeny. D₂ is defined by open folds and gentle dips in the redbeds due to Late Cretaceous E–W transpressional shortening. D₃ demonstrates top-to-E or sinistral ductile shears observed in the Ordovician and Eocene granites, which occurred during the mid-Eocene. D₄ exhibits dextral brittle shears that overprinted the earlier deformations, concurrent with the Oligocene exhumation of some granites. D₃ and D₄ reflect intra-continental strike-slip faulting related to the early collision of India with Eurasia. Zircon Hf isotopes indicate that the Ordovician and Triassic granites in the western margin of the fault zone derived from an ancient, enriched mantle or crust (εHf_(T) − 24.3 to −3.5), suggesting a basement associated with the Gondwanan Sibumasu block. In contrast, the Eocene granite in the eastern margin originated from a mixed source of depleted mantle and enriched crust (εHf_(T) −10.2 to + 6.8), indicating a basement related to the Sukhothai arc. Therefore, the Klaeng fault zone broadly lies along the collisional boundary between the two terranes, representing the Palaeotethys suture in Eastern Thailand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106729"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic evaluation of data preprocessing and model optimization for machine learning algorithms: Using sphalerite trace element data as an example","authors":"Ying-Hui Gao ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wen Huang ,&nbsp;Yu-Miao Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineral chemistry combined with machine learning (ML) algorithms has been widely used in ore genesis and mineral exploration. However, a systematic investigation on the effect of data preprocessing and optimal parameters on the performance of ML methods was not enough. Based on a real unbalanced dataset with 4,312 trace element data of sphalerite from different types of deposits, this study investigated the classification performance of eight ML algorithms, including unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), and supervised linear discriminant analysis (LDA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and extremely greedy tree boosting (XGBoost). Different preprocessing methods, including missing value imputation, data transformation, and feature selection, were evaluated. For skewed distribution data, the study recommends using KNN, Mode, and Median imputation methods to reduce bias. The PCA, t-SNE, LDA, PLS-DA, and SVM algorithms perform well on data transformed by CLR or logarithmic methods, while RF and XGBoost algorithms also show good classification performance on untransformed data, especially XGBoost shows the best performance on data without imputation. Using the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) feature selection with the feature importance, the key features with the most discriminative capabilities can be screened out. This research not only optimizes mineral data processing workflows but also provides important support for improving the precision and accuracy of ML models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106728"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stratigraphic, structural and tectonic contexts of Permo-Triassic igneous activity in the Khao Khwang fold and thrust belt, central Thailand","authors":"C.K. Morley","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Permo-Triassic igenous activity along the N-S Loei Fold Belt (LFB), on the western margin of the Indochina Terrane, is generally not well-described in detail due to poor, discontinuous natural outcrops, although geochemically and geochronologically a Late Permian-Late Triassic volcanic arc setting has been determined. At the southern end of the trend, the Khao Khwang Fold and Thrust Belt (KKFTB) displays a dramatic increase in the level of detail available regarding the stratigraphic and structural relationships with igneous activity due to widespread quarry activity. This study describes these outcrop relationships, in particular: 1) the stratigraphic context of Early Permian (arc) volcanic activity interbedded with Early Permian deepwater Alum Shales, 2) Late Permian volcanic activity following on from deposition of the Early-Late Permian Saraburi Group. 3) Intrusion of sills and dykes into the Saraburi Group prior to the onset of deformation in the Early Triassic (pre-kinematic). 4) Intrusion of sills, dykes and plutions in the Middle-Late Triassic after the main folding and thrusting episode of the KKFTB (post-kinematic). Post-kinematic intrusion geometries are strongly influenced by fold and thrust geometries in the Permian carbonates, due to the strong control by bedding and thrust fault strength anisotropies. The KKFTB differs from the LFB in the Early Permian timing and large volume of Late Triassic igneous activity, the E-W orientation and Early-Middle Triassic age of folds and thrusts. This is attributed to a phase of Permian-age northwards directed subduction below the KKFTB, when a small ocean between North and South Indochina closed, and preceded latest Permian-Triassic eastwards subduction commencing on the western margin of a united (N and S) Indochina.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-driven microstructural differentiation between loess and paleosol in the Central-Eastern loess Plateau of China","authors":"Ping Mo,&nbsp;Aoyang Bai,&nbsp;Yanrong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Loess-paleosol sequences constitute critical terrestrial archives for reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimatic dynamics. This study integrates paleomagnetic stratigraphy, physicochemical analyses, and high-resolution microstructural characterization to elucidate climate-driven structural differentiation in a typical loess-paleosol sequence from the central-eastern Loess Plateau, China. Three diagnostic distinctions emerge: (1) Particle morphology: loess exhibits loose aeolian stacking with angular particles accompanied by parallel cleavages with pairable contours and the same mineral composition on both sides, contrasting with paleosol’s tight stacking with relatively rounded grains showing chemical weathering features, e.g., dissolution-derived rounded pits; (2) Matrix composition: Loess matrix (&lt;30 vol%) consists primarily of illite-chlorite assemblages forming point contacts, contrasting with paleosol’s enriched matrix (&gt;40 vol%) dominated by secondary calcite and illite–smectite and kaolinite clays that create pervasive cementation; (3) Pore architecture: loess preserves well-aligned macropores with smooth walls, while paleosol develops poorly-aligned irregular micropores infilled with pedogenic materials. These structural divergences reflect fundamentally different formation processes: loessification under cold-arid conditions versus pedogenesis during warm-humid conditions. The systematic microstructure-climate relationships advance mechanistic understanding of East Asian monsoon evolution, demonstrating how loess pedostratigraphy encodes Pleistocene-Holocene environmental transitions through measurable structural responses to atmospheric forcing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and application of a technological system for exploration of “Datangpo-type” concealed manganese deposits in China","authors":"Qi Zhou ,&nbsp;Liangjun Yuan ,&nbsp;Bingnan Yang ,&nbsp;Sui Zhang ,&nbsp;Kai Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Xie ,&nbsp;Xialin Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The “Datangpo-type” manganese deposits in northeastern Guizhou, China, represent a super-large-scale metallogenesis event characterized by the short-term discharge and deposition of deep manganese-bearing fluids under the triple control mechanism of “rift basin–transport channel–gas/liquid fluids.” Building upon a new metallogenic model for this manganese deposit type, and integrating considerations of regional geological setting and the specific conditions of exploration areas, our team has developed a relatively comprehensive technological system tailored for the exploration of Datangpo-type concealed manganese deposits. This system comprises the following components: specialized geological surveys, restoration of the prototype basin, mineralization area prediction and boundary delineation, optimization and efficiency enhancement of exploration grids, digital transformation of exploration processes, and green protection of exploration and mining environments. Through the application of this technological system, significant prospecting outcomes have been achieved. In northeastern Guizhou, four giant manganese deposits and five large- to medium-sized manganese deposits have been newly identified. The newly added manganese ore resource reserves exceed 700 million tons, establishing northeastern Guizhou as a new super-large-scale manganese ore resource hub. The technological exploration system developed for Datangpo-type concealed manganese deposits holds significant implications for prospecting other manganese deposits with similar metallogenic conditions and formation mechanisms, as well as for exploring other mineral resources with analogous origins globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106727"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the Manganese-Bearing fluid Diapir–Discharge structural system of the Datangpo-Type manganese deposits in China","authors":"Liangjun Yuan ,&nbsp;Bingnan Yang ,&nbsp;Sui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiting Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianxi Long ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Datangpo-type manganese deposits in China represent a distinct category of manganese deposits, i.e., sedimentary exhalative manganese deposits. These deposits, distributed predominantly across secondary grabens in the Wuling secondary rift within the Neoproterozoic Nanhua Rift, are characterized by a manganese-bearing fluid diapir–discharge structural system. Field observations identified four structural types within these deposits from the base upward: domal ridges, mud diapir columns, dendritic jet-flow tubes, and fan-shaped upwelling lineations. These interconnected structures form a complete shallow-level diapir–discharge system. Detailed studies of the structural morphology, material composition, and kinematic and dynamic features revealed that the source of the manganese is predominantly deep-seated manganese-bearing fluids. Multiple stages of fluid diapirs and discharges have produced several sets of diapir–discharge systems, which might occur across different stratigraphic horizons or overlap and transform within the same horizon. Identification of such fluid diapir–discharge systems is critical for understanding the metallogenic mechanisms of Datangpo-type manganese deposits in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106723"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon isotopic and paleoenvironmental changes recorded in the Upper Ordovician Daduhe Formation, Upper Yangtze, China","authors":"Huihong Liao ,&nbsp;Zhongtang Su ,&nbsp;Zhenfeng Luo ,&nbsp;Haowen Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Late Ordovician was a time interval witnessing significant changes in Earth’s history during which the first mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic occurred in the end-Ordovician. While extensive research has focused on this event, fewer studies have examined the bio-environmental changes in the pre-extinction interval. Here, we investigate the Upper Ordovician Daduhe Formation, composed mainly of mixed carbonates and black shales in the Upper Yangtze region, which is a succession deposited before the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Both δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org datasets were analyzed in the Upper Ordovician Daduhe Formation from Wanhe, northeastern Yunnan Province. Of these, paired δ¹³C_carb (−2.62 ‰ to 2.27 ‰ VPDB, avg. 0.12 ‰) and δ¹³C_org (−30.75 ‰ to − 26.17 ‰ VPDB, avg. − 29.62 ‰) records from Wanhe (northeastern Yunnan) reveal a positive carbon isotope excursion in the lower member of the Daduhe Formation. This positive carbon isotope excursion in the Daduhe Formation is comparable to that, namely the PAROVEJA event, in the equivalent strata in North America and Europe, as a result of enhanced organic burial. We hypothesize that enhanced continental weathering due to climate warming and enhanced terrestrial nutrient fluxes into the ocean, promote organic production/burial. This drives positive δ¹³C_carb excursion while simultaneously leading to de-oxygenation of the water column and the destruction of the carbonate factory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The occurrence and enrichment mechanism of indium in sphalerite from the Dachang Sn polymetallic ore field, South China: Part I. The Tongkeng deposit","authors":"Shi-Ni Fan ,&nbsp;Yu-Miao Meng ,&nbsp;De-Feng Shi ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wen Huang ,&nbsp;Qi-Nan Zou ,&nbsp;Meng-Jie Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium, a dispersed and strategically important element, typically exists as an associated element within various polymetallic deposits. The Dachang ore field, renowned for its substantial Sn reserves, also hosts significant high-grade In resources. However, the occurrences and enrichment mechanisms of In in this field remain unclear. The Tongkeng Sn polymetallic deposit of the Dachang ore field in Guangxi was chosen as an example to decipher the above issues. Three generations of sphalerite (Sp1-Sp3) were identified based on different mineral assemblages. Sp1 is mainly associated with chalcopyrite and galena, whereas Sp2 is always associated with cassiterite and stannite. Sp3 mainly coexists with cassiterite and pyrite. The average In contents of Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3 are about 99, 954 and 689 ppm, respectively. Sp1 is enriched in Fe, Cd, Pb, and Bi, while Sp2 and Sp3 are predominantly enriched in In, Cu, Ga, and Sn. Indium may be present in sphalerite via the substitution of In³⁺ + Cu⁺ ↔ 2Zn²⁺ and (In³⁺, Sn³⁺) + (Cu⁺, Ag⁺) ↔ 2Zn²⁺. Copper exhibits a consistent positive correlation with In enrichment across all sphalerite generations, while the effects of Ag and Sn show generation-specific variations. A significant increase in In content of sphalerite when Cd content ranges from 0.35 wt% to 0.45 wt%, consistent with the “Indium Window Effect”. Using the GGIMFis geothermometer, the formation temperatures for Sp1, Sp2, and Sp3 were estimated to be 329–392 °C, 321–354 °C, and 325–357 °C, respectively. The relationship between In content and temperature indicates that the effect of temperature on In enrichment is content-dependent and should be evaluated within specific compositional ranges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleoenvironmental conditions and key drivers of organic matter accumulation in the early cretaceous Talhar Shale, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan","authors":"Rizwan Sarwar Awan ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Qamar Yasin ,&nbsp;David A. Wood ,&nbsp;Hamad ur Rahim ,&nbsp;Muhammad Amar Gul ,&nbsp;Sajjad Ali ,&nbsp;Khawaja Hasnain Iltaf ,&nbsp;Ashar Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Talhar Shale (early Cretaceous), a key member of the Lower Goru Formation, is notably thick (averaging 70 m) and extensively found throughout the Lower Indus Basin (LIB). Despite its geologic significance, the key factors influencing organic matter (OM) accumulation are still unknown. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing both organic and inorganic geochemical data to evaluate the source rock potential, reconstructing the early Cretaceous paleoenvironment, and identifying the primary factors controlling OM accumulation in the Talhar Shale. Our findings reveal that the Talhar Shale exhibits a high total organic carbon content (averaging 2.27 wt%) and is mainly composed of type II kerogen. The shale has reached the main stage of hydrocarbon generation, affirming its status as a thermally mature and prospective source rock for oil and gas. Additionally, the high concentration of SiO₂ classifies it as a siliceous shale, and most trace elements show their enrichment compared to the upper continental crust, signifying its elemental importance in the region. Redox-sensitive parameters of the analyzed early Cretaceous data indicate global oxic conditions towards the poles, compared to oxygen-deficient or anoxic conditions towards the equatorial regions. However, the oxic to suboxic conditions predominantly prevailed during the deposition of early Cretaceous Talhar Shale, with moderately higher paleo-bioproductivity driven by a relatively high sedimentation rate under freshwater saline conditions. Moreover, our analysis proposes paleoproductivity, paleoclimate, paleosalinity, possible high sedimentation rate, and hydrothermal activities as the key factors influencing OM accumulation, while redox conditions appear to have played a lesser role. These results justify a more comprehensive exploration of the Talhar Shale, highlighting its potential as a source rock and its broader implications for understanding global paleoenvironmental dynamics during the early Cretaceous. This study contributes to the global discourse on paleoenvironmental reconstruction and positions the Talhar Shale as a significant geological feature within the LIB and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144488961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indium mineralization of the Chaganbulagen Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in Inner Mongolia, Northeast China: Evidence from geochemistry of sphalerite and chalcopyrite","authors":"Mingyu Cao ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Xu ,&nbsp;Huimin Su ,&nbsp;Yushan Zuo ,&nbsp;Wentian Mi ,&nbsp;Shanming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Chaganbulagen large Ag<img>Pb<img>Zn deposit in the southwestern segment of the Derbugan metallogenic belt contains significant indium (In) and cadmium (Cd), though their enrichment mechanisms remain unclear. Field geological investigations and petrographic observations revealed well-developed mineralization zoning. Furthermore, four mineralization stages were identified, comprising four generations of sphalerite (SpI-SpIV) and chalcopyrite (CcpI-CcpIV). LA-ICP-MS analysis shows In and Cd mainly occur in sphalerite via isomorphism, followed by chalcopyrite. Cadmium exhibits consistent enrichment across all mineralization stages, whereas indium displays a marked decline from early-stage (SpI: averaging 656 ppm; CcpI: averaging 270 ppm) to late-stage sulfides (SpIV: averaging 1.15 ppm; CcpIV: averaging 0.36 ppm). This depletion trend correlates with decreasing temperatures (336-208 °C) and diminishing Cu<img>Fe concentrations in the ore-forming fluids. Spatially, shows two trends in indium distribution: (1) vertical increasing with depth in No. X orebody, and (2) lateral zoning with decreasing In content away from the porphyry Mo (Cu) mineralization, highest in proximal Cu<img>Zn stage sphalerite (up to 1112 ppm at 1.5–3 km), moderate in intermediate Cu<img>Pb<img>Zn and Pb<img>Zn<img>Ag stages orebodies (up to 76.8 ppm at 3–5.5 km), and negligible in distal Ag stage orebodies (&lt; 5 ppm at 5.5–8 km). Indium in chalcopyrite follows a similar enrichment pattern as in sphalerite. Based on this, the Jia-Cha ore field, centered on the porphyry body within 3 km to the northwest and southeast, and the deeper parts of the field are favorable areas for future indium ore exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50253,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 106715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}