Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Technologies for Remediation of Heavy Metals in Environment and Ecosystem: A Critical Overview of Comparison Study","authors":"Mst. Honufa Khatun, Md. Mahmudul Kobir, Md. Abdur Rahim Miah, Amit Kumar Sarkar, Md. Ashraful Alam","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4540","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem contamination is a global issue that is directly related to the advancement of contemporary society. Human health and the natural environment are affected that’s why heavy metal contamination of the environment is currently a serious environmental issue that affects the ecosystem. Heavy metal pollution receives special attention because it frequently presents the greatest remedial challenges. Certain technologies, usually based on physical, thermal, chemical as well as biological processes have long been used to eliminate heavy metals from polluted environments to a level that is safe and acceptable. The kind and characteristics of the heavy metals, the level of pollution and the combination of contaminants in the environment all have a significant impact on how effective these techniques are. The environment is also at risk from a few conventional technologies. Thus, research and development are needed for effective environmentally friendly methods that are based on natural materials or ecosystems. With a focus on novel approaches to remediation techniques, this review manuscript will give an overview of recent exploration and research, attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of remediation and advancements in decontamination technologies that can be applied to eliminate heavy metals from ecosystems. A summary of the causes, consequences and technologies for cleanup are provided for heavy metals.                                                                                                                                           ","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"33 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140080509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Assessment and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediments along Ibelebiri Axis of Kolo Creek, Ogbia Local Government Area, Niger Delta Region of Nigeria","authors":"C. Onwudiegwu, Chimere Ezekwe, S. Uzoekwe","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4538","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution arising from uncontrollable combustion processes, including artisanal refineries are common in communities through which Kolo Creek traverses. Previous studies have centered on the effect of oil and gas production on Kolo Creek at shell flow station at Imiringi. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the risk and distribution of heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Co, and Cd) in water and sediments along Ibelebiri axis of Kolo creek in Ogbia L.G.A., Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Water and sediment samples were collected at locations upstream, within and downstream at Ibelebiri community, and also from a control site.  Generally, heavy metal concentrations showed a decreasing trend of Cu˃Zn˃Pb˃Cr˃Cd˃Co˃Ni for water samples. The mean concentration of these metals: Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu  recorded in this study was below international recommended limits.  But, Pb, Cd levels in locations LC1, LC3 and LC4 are above the international recommended limits. The heavy metals in the sediments showed a decreasing trend of Zn˃Pb˃Cu˃Co˃Cr˃Ni˃Cd. The concentrations of these metals Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn are below the permissible limit set by Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR). However, Co values at locations LC3 and LC4 are slightly above the DPR target value of 20 mg/kg for sediments. Using the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) classification, the sediments across the four locations are uncontaminated with Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co and Ni. But, the sediments in locations LC1, LC3 and LC4 are moderately contaminated with Pb. Similarly, the contamination factor (CF) classification, revealed low contamination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Co across the four locations;  moderate contamination of Pb in the four locations. Finally, principal component analysis  (PCA) identified two major factors.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"17 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140425191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Cold Chain Equipment, a Guarantee of Carbon Footprint Reduction from Food Waste to a Sustainable Environment","authors":"Kasamba Ilunga Éric, Brigel Tshilombo Mwan A. Mulaj","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4539","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to evaluate the current status of commercial cold chain equipment primarily, and secondarily to determine elements associated with the management of cold chain equipment. \u0000To achieve this, a cross-sectional descriptive study began on August 7 to September 23 of 2023, covering 84 commercial establishments including supermarkets, delicatessens and butchers, food, and butchers in the city of Lubumbashi. The data were collected by interview and direct cross-sectional observation on the evaluation of the conservation of frozen products (fish, meat, and cold meats) on the market in the city of Lubumbashi. \u0000The results show us that the structures using cold chains are food stores, butchers, delicatessens, and supermarkets and sometimes in a certain combination. All these structures mainly use freezing and sometimes refrigeration and freezing to guarantee this Cold chain freezers, quick freezers, refrigerated cabinets and refrigerators and finally insulated boxes are all the equipment used for this purpose and using the supply of electric current throughout and often using generators and rarely solar panels in the event of an outage electric current. Thus, these structures operate in an environment rich in temperature fluctuations leading to rapid deterioration of food, waste, responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions GHG, the equivalent of the contribution of the entire African continent to climate change. \u0000This work demonstrated the importance of the quality of cold chain equipment on food quality and its impact on the carbon footprint, a situation observable from the production, transport, storage, and elimination of food. the use of solar energy would be a solution in this process because it produces less greenhouse gases.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"253 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140428141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on the Relationship between Community Participation and the Improvement of Slum Settlement Quality in Medan City, Indonesia","authors":"Sesilia Gloria Simarmata, Satia Negara Lubis, Achmad Siddik Thoha","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4536","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the intricate relationship between community participation and the improvement of slum settlement quality in Area 33 of Belawan II Sub-District, Medan Belawan, Indonesia. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, revealing a significant correlation between environmental cleanliness, community participation, and the quality of slum settlements. The findings indicate that poor drainage conditions, exacerbated by waste blockages leading to stagnant water, and low community participation, driven by a lack of awareness and minimal involvement in environmental initiatives, critically impede the advancement of slum settlement conditions. Through the implementation of socialization and education programs, a notable increase in community awareness and engagement in environmental management has been observed, suggesting these as pivotal strategies for enhancing slum settlement quality. The study identifies the utilization of available land and the maximization of community participation as essential strategies to mitigate threats such as flooding and disease outbreaks. A SWOT analysis conducted within the study underscores the importance of prioritizing educational programs, community participation enhancement, and optimal land use to create sustainable and habitable environments. The conclusion emphasizes that despite the low level of community participation affecting settlement quality, significant opportunities for improvement exist. The study recommends government-community collaboration and the adoption of educational initiatives to foster environmental conditions conducive to community well-being in slum settlements. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by demonstrating that informed community involvement is crucial for addressing local environmental challenges and enhancing slum settlement quality.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"193 S547","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140428579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and Practices of Senior High School Students and Teachers on Environmental Education: Basis for Instructional Materials Development","authors":"Ian Jake N. Galorio, Chennie S. Naling","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i4537","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental education in the Philippines has been incorporated into different course curricula, including life and physical sciences. This study evaluated the awareness and practices of senior high school students and teachers in environmental education. The study included 125 senior high school students and 25 teachers from Montevista Stand Alone Senior High School. \u0000The study found that 44% of the teacher-respondents were between 41-50 years old, while 51.20% of the student-respondents were between 17-18 years old. The teacher-respondents demonstrated a high level of awareness in environmental concepts and the state of the environment, with an overall mean of 4.34. The student-respondents showed a moderate level of awareness, with an overall mean of 3.18. The teacher-respondents \"always\" practiced taking action to solve environmental problems, with an overall mean of 4.52, while the student-respondents \"often\" did so, with an overall mean of 3.80. \u0000No statistically significant difference was found in the level of awareness of environmental concepts and the state of the environment among teachers when grouped according to gender (p-value = 0.207) or grade level taught (p-value = 0.910). Similarly, for students, no statistically significant difference was found when grouped according to grade level (p-value = 0.162) or age (p-value = 0.213). The awareness of environmental concepts was significantly and positively related to the need for a high degree of commitment among both teachers (r=0.455; p=0.022) and students (r=0.885; p=0.000). \u0000Based on the findings, the researcher recommends developing instructional materials for environmental education that aim to maintain and increase students' understanding and capacities in relation to environmental problems and environmental sustainability principles.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"162 S340","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140428703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Demand and Availability in the Tarutung District, North Tapanuli Regency, Indonesia","authors":"Binner Julianto Simanungkalit, Zulkifli Nasution, Erika Revida","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i3535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i3535","url":null,"abstract":"This comprehensive study addresses the intricate dynamics of population growth, water demand, and availability in the Tarutung District. Employing a geometric approach, we projected the population growth from 2018 to 2032, estimating a 0.74% annual increase. Subsequently, a meticulous water demand analysis encompassed domestic sectors, including household connections and public hydrants, and non-domestic sectors such as educational, religious, market, health, and commercial facilities. The calculated total water demand, encompassing both domestic and non-domestic needs, reached 6,034,026.38 liters per hour and 123,552,000 liters per hour, respectively. In parallel, we investigated the water availability through an examination of spring sources and rainfall data, revealing a substantial surplus. As of now, Tarutung District boasts a surplus water availability of 183,326,289.18 cubic meters per year. In conclusion, the findings indicate that, under current conditions, the Tarutung District is well-equipped to manage its water resources until 2032. However, the study underscores the importance of implementing sustainable environmental policies to safeguard water sources and optimize resource management. The proposed recommendations advocate for local government interventions, community awareness initiatives, water use efficiency enhancements, infrastructure improvements, and stringent forest area management. This research contributes valuable insights to water resource management, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to sustain the water abundance in the Tarutung District. The conclusions drawn and recommendations presented serve as a foundation for informed decision-making, aligning with the broader goals of environmental sustainability and community resilience.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140437653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Recharge and Salinization Origin of Groundwater Aquifers in El Rina–Nihayaat, South Sinai, Egypt","authors":"M. Eissa","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i3529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i3529","url":null,"abstract":"The Sinai Peninsula is located in the arid regions of Egypt where groundwater is the sole source for drinking and irrigation and future development. Regular assessment of the geochemical processes governing the groundwater quality is important in arid regions and paleo-aquifers. This research focuses on investigating the groundwater sustainability of the Upper Cretaceous Aquifer (UCA) located at El Rina–Nihayaat area, Southwestern Sinai Peninsula. The study aims to evaluate the main source of groundwater recharge and investigate factors deteriorating groundwater quality. The study is based on the geochemical and isotopic analyses of 31 groundwater samples tapping the UCA. The groundwater flows toward the Gulf of Suez. The groundwater salinity ranges from 1078 mg/L to 13090 mg/L indicating brackish to saline water. Two main water types have been delineated: Cl-Na and Cl-Ca indicating the final stage of groundwater evolution and leaching and dissolution of aquifer matrix of marine origin. The spatial distribution of the groundwater salinity and major ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, and Cl-) increase toward the Gulf which coincides with the direction of the groundwater flow, while bicarbonate increases toward the upstream watershed. Most of the groundwater samples tapping the UCA are depleted with the isotopic content of the stable isotopes where they range from -4.43 ‰ to -6.37 ‰ for δ18O and -28.3 ‰ to -40.2 ‰ for δ2H. The groundwater samples are depleted relative to the recent rainwater and enriched to the Nubian Sandstone located underneath the UCA indicating mixing from both source(s). The mixing estimated percentages from the recent rainwater using calibrated geochemical NETPATH model range between 48.6% to 88.5% while the upward Leakes from the Nubian water ranges between the recent rain and the paleo-Nubian water ranges between 48.6 % and 88.5 % from the meteoric rainwater, while the upwelling recharge from the paleo-Nubian groundwater ranges between 11.5 % to 51.4 %. The factorial analyses indicate three main factors governing the geochemistry of groundwater in the UCA: including water-rock interactions, meteoric recharge from annual precipitation, and upward leakages from the underneath paleowater.  \u0000Further exploration for the UCA is recommended to determine the promising zones receiving a considerable amount of the recent rainfall.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139592544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Cost Differences Due to Regional and Seasonal Differentiation in Taiwan","authors":"Luo Ching-Ruey Edward","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i2526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i2526","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a fundamental resource on the Earth. It is needed for household consumption, agriculture, and industry. The water demand continues to increase with the growth of the population. Water quantity and quality are necessary required for livelihood, agriculture, and industry need, while the water right is obviously controlled for water resources transfer. In this study, we apply statistical regression, present value conversion theory, and risk analysis concerned the characteristics of seasons and regions to research the relevant cost issues. With its irreversibility, the unit cost for each function combining the risks on both regions and seasons will be much more obviously important for sustainability. In this study, the analysis of the cost of raw water and its cost differences in different locations and seasons are also discussed and the rationality of tap water fees is also elucidated, by comparing with Taiwan Water Company's Profit and Loss Summary of Water Supply Unit Sales from 2016 to 2020, we found water prices in Taiwan are too cheap, causing the Taiwan Provincial Water Company to lose money every year when selling water. The cost analysis of agricultural water and the accompanying transferring compensation fee for industrial use are also deeply analyzed. The analysis results for the whole Taiwan found that water cost in southern Taiwan is very high, and the regional and seasonal differences are the largest. In addition, the risk of water shortage is very high in southern Taiwan, too, and it is the most noteworthy area in terms of water sustainability.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":" 489","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Livelihood & Climate Change Implication of In-situ Conservation Strategies for Punica granantum and Syzygium cumini in Sunni Tehsil, Shimla H. P. India","authors":"P. K. Attri, Priyanka Verma, Sonali Malik","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i2524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i2524","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainably harvesting and selling wild fruits can offer rural communities an economical source of income while concurrently safeguarding ecosystems. This study aims for the global promotion of wild edible fruits (WEFs) in the rural areas of Sunni Nagar Panchayat, located in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. This study primarily focuses on comprehensively documenting the utilization of wild edible fruits by local inhabitants through a structured survey and in-depth interviews. Employing a multistage random sampling technique, five villages—Ambari, Kadog, Kamla dugri, Kalwi, and Basantpur—were chosen based on the prevalence of Punica granatum and Syzygium cumini. This research underscores the economic advantages of collecting WEFs for rural communities, providing them with affordable and easily accessible food sources. Additionally, it promotes public awareness, community-based management, and research on indigenous fruits to diversify diets and contribute to the overall well-being of these communities. \u0000Pomegranate and Jamun (local names referring to the botanical species of Punica granatum and Syzygium cumini, respectively) trees play crucial roles in ecological conservation by offering habitat, shelter, and promoting biodiversity, while also combating soil erosion. However, escalating threats such as population growth, forest fires, urbanization, and timber extraction endanger this rich biodiversity. To counter plant extinction risks, a strategic approach to forest conservation is imperative, emphasizing sustainable collection and trade of underutilized species beneficial for food, medicine, and income. Climate change poses challenges to pomegranate production, impacting orchards with temperature fluctuations, altered precipitation, extreme weather, and pests. Adaptation measures, including irrigation, pest management, and diversification, are crucial. Preserving wild pomegranate and Jamun demands habitat protection, restoration, and sustainable agriculture through agroforestry research, community engagement, and supportive policies. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern conservation ensures a comprehensive approach, actively preserving genetic diversity, ecological balance, and cultural relevance through multi-dimensional conservation efforts for Pomegranate and Jamun.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140506679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Baktiraja’s Tourism Zones, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Indonesia","authors":"Astri Handayani Sitompul, Achmad Siddik Toha, Bejo Slamet","doi":"10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i1519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i1519","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigation disaster is very important to develop region in many areas. This study addresses landslide mitigation for tourism development in the Baktiraja District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency. Four parameters, including slope inclination, rainfall, soil type, and land use, reveal four levels of landslide vulnerability: low, moderate, high, and very high. The method in this study used spatial analysis using ArcGIS (Geographic Information Systems) 10.8 identifies Tipang Village, Simangulampe Village, and Marbun Tonga Marbun Dolok Village as areas with the highest vulnerability, covering 77.60% of the Baktiraja District. MSP+DM analysis categorizes the tourism potential in these villages as \"Embryonic.\" To elevate this status to \"Growing\" and \"Self-sustaining,\" emphasis on improving marketability indicators through enhanced packaging, diverse promotional models, and an extensive marketing network is needed. Sustainable development efforts by the local government and active community participation in preserving local wisdom, natural attractions, and cultural heritage are crucial. Recommendations include regular updates on disaster vulnerability data, establishment of evacuation routes and shelters, early warning systems, and community training. Regulations on open land use for physical development need attention, and the government should allocate budget for tourism infrastructure. Ensuring synergy among the government, local community, and tourism stakeholders is key to sustainable tourism development in this area.","PeriodicalId":502350,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}