Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development最新文献

{"title":"Hand hygiene practices among primary and secondary school students in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","authors":"Obadia Kyetuza Bishoge, Mwanaidi Omary, Edwin Liheluka, Jonathan Mcharo Mshana, Maryyusta Nguyamu, Yolanda Joseph Mbatia, Robert Mussa Njee, Mwanaidi Kafuye","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div data- reveal-group-><div><img alt=\"graphic\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.222/1/m_washdev-d-23-00222gf01.png?Expires=1706841174&amp;Signature=ED0PAIjyoDWdIEpYxTEr05NSM7ZbmXQMB137tOY2f5GdGQg1aqGStbX~1jLS-rgsTPDaGgsmFmHCvXrhwMjjw7yHsqwN1BOoep4xthRfgS1nCHyPuqIQ9anGAKo9380KOYaFjg1II53WTij6S2r4ulb0o2okemWpDlQ6JFLgnQDicD7bswHyBp2VSEiuMoc84yyCTqV83ABSNN-ozfUVZOtRHJ4MCCqMygg5cKwkhWE5dfQJrwiH5gjXslxgcwT5u9D8yk60owM5m8biqEFuvdD~Z0QdrBVwnzs6~YX6BOSZUa0UpMmS1Cb8vISGF6AE-ftyMA~G-jugsv0RR8Zlmw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" path-from-xml=\"washdev-d-23-00222gf01.tif\" src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.222/1/m_washdev-d-23-00222gf01.png?Expires=1706841174&amp;Signature=ED0PAIjyoDWdIEpYxTEr05NSM7ZbmXQMB137tOY2f5GdGQg1aqGStbX~1jLS-rgsTPDaGgsmFmHCvXrhwMjjw7yHsqwN1BOoep4xthRfgS1nCHyPuqIQ9anGAKo9380KOYaFjg1II53WTij6S2r4ulb0o2okemWpDlQ6JFLgnQDicD7bswHyBp2VSEiuMoc84yyCTqV83ABSNN-ozfUVZOtRHJ4MCCqMygg5cKwkhWE5dfQJrwiH5gjXslxgcwT5u9D8yk60owM5m8biqEFuvdD~Z0QdrBVwnzs6~YX6BOSZUa0UpMmS1Cb8vISGF6AE-ftyMA~G-jugsv0RR8Zlmw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\"/><div>View largeDownload slide</div></div></div><div content- data-reveal=\"data-reveal\"><div><img alt=\"graphic\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.222/1/m_washdev-d-23-00222gf01.png?Expires=1706841174&amp;Signature=ED0PAIjyoDWdIEpYxTEr05NSM7ZbmXQMB137tOY2f5GdGQg1aqGStbX~1jLS-rgsTPDaGgsmFmHCvXrhwMjjw7yHsqwN1BOoep4xthRfgS1nCHyPuqIQ9anGAKo9380KOYaFjg1II53WTij6S2r4ulb0o2okemWpDlQ6JFLgnQDicD7bswHyBp2VSEiuMoc84yyCTqV83ABSNN-ozfUVZOtRHJ4MCCqMygg5cKwkhWE5dfQJrwiH5gjXslxgcwT5u9D8yk60owM5m8biqEFuvdD~Z0QdrBVwnzs6~YX6BOSZUa0UpMmS1Cb8vISGF6AE-ftyMA~G-jugsv0RR8Zlmw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" path-from-xml=\"washdev-d-23-00222gf01.tif\" src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.222/1/m_washdev-d-23-00222gf01.png?Expires=1706841174&amp;Signature=ED0PAIjyoDWdIEpYxTEr05NSM7ZbmXQMB137tOY2f5GdGQg1aqGStbX~1jLS-rgsTPDaGgsmFmHCvXrhwMjjw7yHsqwN1BOoep4xthRfgS1nCHyPuqIQ9anGAKo9380KOYaFjg1II53WTij6S2r4ulb0o2okemWpDlQ6JFLgnQDicD7bswHyBp2VSEiuMoc84yyCTqV83ABSNN-ozfUVZOtRHJ4MCCqMygg5cKwkhWE5dfQJrwiH5gjXslxgcwT5u9D8yk60owM5m8biqEFuvdD~Z0QdrBVwnzs6~YX6BOSZUa0UpMmS1Cb8vISGF6AE-ftyMA~G-jugsv0RR8Zlmw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\"/><div>View largeDownload slide</div></div><i> </i><span>Close modal</span></div></div><p>The purpose of this study was to comprehensively appraise and synthesize studies on hand hygiene practices among primary and secondary school students in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This is a thorough review of scientific papers published between 2015 and 2023 from primary databases such as the Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The review criteria were met by 26 out of 63 studies assessed for legibility. The review demons","PeriodicalId":501558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139071385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing formal pit-latrine emptying businesses for hard-to-serve customers: resources, methods, and pricing structures","authors":"Jonathan Wilcox, Bruce Rutayisire, Nicholas Kuria, Barbara Evans, Jamie Bartram, Rachel Sklar","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div data- reveal-group-><div><img alt=\"graphic\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.110/1/m_washdev-d-23-00110gf01.png?Expires=1706813097&amp;Signature=Kp7FbG-WEbzNANal04VKD6S4xakAyLOne-xmyLQfrtxPmAtWB3LHZizxzW4-nJZs7IRZxOzfSz0b39MgQuEuYDLDpgnGhGuLhhvWwMTH12fUu66gsDD6yN9x~xC2MxzXjX5diNdKIZkCX02ZYQXLUXkXL1I7mq7Om1yLyVXBX2opSZCbWCpcBj70lc3ddz1vNnIvYiZIy9HO82AHnZ~dE1QpLh6rcFVo3rn31Grr3ci2djKxBHk8r8jJ3TN306c3bYAzyS4Ro2dxEs5kKkx~IIz99WLRBIZVVhGIiHrQgsa6lcJYPOJe9AF0I71SC5dDXEb5swKfMqIjEthRrYOsaw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" path-from-xml=\"washdev-d-23-00110gf01.tif\" src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.110/1/m_washdev-d-23-00110gf01.png?Expires=1706813097&amp;Signature=Kp7FbG-WEbzNANal04VKD6S4xakAyLOne-xmyLQfrtxPmAtWB3LHZizxzW4-nJZs7IRZxOzfSz0b39MgQuEuYDLDpgnGhGuLhhvWwMTH12fUu66gsDD6yN9x~xC2MxzXjX5diNdKIZkCX02ZYQXLUXkXL1I7mq7Om1yLyVXBX2opSZCbWCpcBj70lc3ddz1vNnIvYiZIy9HO82AHnZ~dE1QpLh6rcFVo3rn31Grr3ci2djKxBHk8r8jJ3TN306c3bYAzyS4Ro2dxEs5kKkx~IIz99WLRBIZVVhGIiHrQgsa6lcJYPOJe9AF0I71SC5dDXEb5swKfMqIjEthRrYOsaw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\"/><div>View largeDownload slide</div></div></div><div content- data-reveal=\"data-reveal\"><div><img alt=\"graphic\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.110/1/m_washdev-d-23-00110gf01.png?Expires=1706813097&amp;Signature=Kp7FbG-WEbzNANal04VKD6S4xakAyLOne-xmyLQfrtxPmAtWB3LHZizxzW4-nJZs7IRZxOzfSz0b39MgQuEuYDLDpgnGhGuLhhvWwMTH12fUu66gsDD6yN9x~xC2MxzXjX5diNdKIZkCX02ZYQXLUXkXL1I7mq7Om1yLyVXBX2opSZCbWCpcBj70lc3ddz1vNnIvYiZIy9HO82AHnZ~dE1QpLh6rcFVo3rn31Grr3ci2djKxBHk8r8jJ3TN306c3bYAzyS4Ro2dxEs5kKkx~IIz99WLRBIZVVhGIiHrQgsa6lcJYPOJe9AF0I71SC5dDXEb5swKfMqIjEthRrYOsaw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" path-from-xml=\"washdev-d-23-00110gf01.tif\" src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.110/1/m_washdev-d-23-00110gf01.png?Expires=1706813097&amp;Signature=Kp7FbG-WEbzNANal04VKD6S4xakAyLOne-xmyLQfrtxPmAtWB3LHZizxzW4-nJZs7IRZxOzfSz0b39MgQuEuYDLDpgnGhGuLhhvWwMTH12fUu66gsDD6yN9x~xC2MxzXjX5diNdKIZkCX02ZYQXLUXkXL1I7mq7Om1yLyVXBX2opSZCbWCpcBj70lc3ddz1vNnIvYiZIy9HO82AHnZ~dE1QpLh6rcFVo3rn31Grr3ci2djKxBHk8r8jJ3TN306c3bYAzyS4Ro2dxEs5kKkx~IIz99WLRBIZVVhGIiHrQgsa6lcJYPOJe9AF0I71SC5dDXEb5swKfMqIjEthRrYOsaw__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\"/><div>View largeDownload slide</div></div><i> </i><span>Close modal</span></div></div><p>Rapidly increasing populations in informal settlements commonly use pit-latrines that require regular emptying. This study compares two emptying businesses from Kampala, Uganda and Kigali, Rwanda and identifies developments in formal services for hard-to-serve customers that are not accessible to large vehicles. Using observational and operational data shared by both businesses, we analyse the resources, methods, and tariffs used. Results indica","PeriodicalId":501558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139071732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sanitary conditions of the third largest informal settlement in Brazil","authors":"Fernando Augusto Braga Castro, André Luís de Sá Salomão, Alena Torres Netto","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div data- reveal-group-><div><img alt=\"graphic\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.152/1/m_washdev-d-23-00152gf01.png?Expires=1706812103&amp;Signature=Z0Rr4j3qZP0IPmUNF8~eHIprh6c3tK0cAw05Uitn5y0yJLSYjl8rhGF1SMUAXmS8ZhldBX68TjaYZJ157IpGJv4~AxFg55xiZAUa1xDeIM3CVqa2uKsZ6BoBIzbIhaPIQJRnKYOETZ61J1aPrnakrFPverK88ANxcuya8GBLTIJ-ZyFQN0Y-gOO4zbNWIcrx8D5R1UMjAXQq29uPDqo4cgBwHuhOawjP4ZGjc2U6H0NOhViPvS28aHN0SjCT9G0MBXXkoR7XN5GJcEFN6qSfewWiX5ltdb4HGzBz~672G4RuVElqEjL~tgbLukB-SwGUV38uVzXAgQETye7OjHD-EA__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" path-from-xml=\"washdev-d-23-00152gf01.tif\" src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.152/1/m_washdev-d-23-00152gf01.png?Expires=1706812103&amp;Signature=Z0Rr4j3qZP0IPmUNF8~eHIprh6c3tK0cAw05Uitn5y0yJLSYjl8rhGF1SMUAXmS8ZhldBX68TjaYZJ157IpGJv4~AxFg55xiZAUa1xDeIM3CVqa2uKsZ6BoBIzbIhaPIQJRnKYOETZ61J1aPrnakrFPverK88ANxcuya8GBLTIJ-ZyFQN0Y-gOO4zbNWIcrx8D5R1UMjAXQq29uPDqo4cgBwHuhOawjP4ZGjc2U6H0NOhViPvS28aHN0SjCT9G0MBXXkoR7XN5GJcEFN6qSfewWiX5ltdb4HGzBz~672G4RuVElqEjL~tgbLukB-SwGUV38uVzXAgQETye7OjHD-EA__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\"/><div>View largeDownload slide</div></div></div><div content- data-reveal=\"data-reveal\"><div><img alt=\"graphic\" data-src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.152/1/m_washdev-d-23-00152gf01.png?Expires=1706812103&amp;Signature=Z0Rr4j3qZP0IPmUNF8~eHIprh6c3tK0cAw05Uitn5y0yJLSYjl8rhGF1SMUAXmS8ZhldBX68TjaYZJ157IpGJv4~AxFg55xiZAUa1xDeIM3CVqa2uKsZ6BoBIzbIhaPIQJRnKYOETZ61J1aPrnakrFPverK88ANxcuya8GBLTIJ-ZyFQN0Y-gOO4zbNWIcrx8D5R1UMjAXQq29uPDqo4cgBwHuhOawjP4ZGjc2U6H0NOhViPvS28aHN0SjCT9G0MBXXkoR7XN5GJcEFN6qSfewWiX5ltdb4HGzBz~672G4RuVElqEjL~tgbLukB-SwGUV38uVzXAgQETye7OjHD-EA__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" path-from-xml=\"washdev-d-23-00152gf01.tif\" src=\"https://iwa.silverchair-cdn.com/iwa/content_public/journal/washdev/13/12/10.2166_washdev.2023.152/1/m_washdev-d-23-00152gf01.png?Expires=1706812103&amp;Signature=Z0Rr4j3qZP0IPmUNF8~eHIprh6c3tK0cAw05Uitn5y0yJLSYjl8rhGF1SMUAXmS8ZhldBX68TjaYZJ157IpGJv4~AxFg55xiZAUa1xDeIM3CVqa2uKsZ6BoBIzbIhaPIQJRnKYOETZ61J1aPrnakrFPverK88ANxcuya8GBLTIJ-ZyFQN0Y-gOO4zbNWIcrx8D5R1UMjAXQq29uPDqo4cgBwHuhOawjP4ZGjc2U6H0NOhViPvS28aHN0SjCT9G0MBXXkoR7XN5GJcEFN6qSfewWiX5ltdb4HGzBz~672G4RuVElqEjL~tgbLukB-SwGUV38uVzXAgQETye7OjHD-EA__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\"/><div>View largeDownload slide</div></div><i> </i><span>Close modal</span></div></div><p>Large Brazilian cities, such as Rio de Janeiro, suffer serious environmental problems caused by informal settlements (IS), such as advances in the degradation of surface waters involving anthropic pressures resulting from uncontrolled urban growth, lack of sanitation or disasters related to climate events, creating a gap in relevant information about environmental health in urban IS. Therefore, it is essential to assess the health conditions of ","PeriodicalId":501558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139071362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The integrity management toolbox in action: a study of 22 urban water service cases","authors":"Pilar Avello, Umrbek Allakulov, Leonellha Barreto-Dillon, Binayak Das, Janek Hermann-Friede, Lotten Hubendick, Lotte Feuerstein, Alejandro Jiménez Fdez de Palencia","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water integrity refers to the ethical, professional, and transparent use of power and resources to ensure the sustainable and equitable provision of water services. The Integrity Management (IM) Toolbox is a tool that has been adopted to initiate IM reforms within water utilities. This paper reviews the application of the IM Toolbox application in 22 urban utilities across 7 countries from 2013 to 2018, focusing on integrity risks, selected tools, and the success and challenges faced by these utilities. Common integrity risks were identified in Operations and Consumer Relations, and corresponding tools were employed in Human Resources and Consumer Relations. Within 1 year, over two-thirds of the utilities implemented 70% or more of their action plans, indicating positive progress. However, obstacles such as staff rotation and reliance on internal champions provide obstacles to continued implementation. Despite challenges, certain utilities demonstrated notable medium-term improvements. To further advance water integrity, integrating the IM Toolbox with other utility-level efficiency processes is recommended. Additionally, supporting sectoral regulatory measures can contribute to overall integrity enhancement. By effectively addressing integrity risks and adopting comprehensive approaches, water utilities can enhance their ability to provide safe and sustainable water services, while promoting transparency and equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":501558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139071040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting from traditional infrastructure planning to a collaborative approach: lessons from the Freetown sanitation master plan","authors":"Najib L. Bateganya, Rachel Beardsley, Sarah Lebu, Janet Atim, Kente S. Lilian, Francis Lahai, Malick M. Madeira, Osward C. Mulenga, Musa Manga","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.171","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Planning frameworks, usually in the form of master plans, provide the direction for investment priorities necessary to achieve development objectives in many sub-Saharan African countries. Traditionally, master plans were developed using engineering methodologies with little stakeholder participation. There is little understanding of how master plans for sanitation infrastructure and services can be collaboratively designed. Through the application of a case study from Freetown, Sierra Leone, the paper proposes a framework for shifting infrastructure planning from conventional models to participatory, evidence-based methods. Findings highlight that the commitment of government and funding institutions created a sense of urgency and importance around sanitation issues and unlocked opportunities for increased financing and a better enabling policy and regulatory environment. Active engagement of the community and evidence-based decision-making ensured that the master plan aligned with the specific needs, preferences, and aspirations of all stakeholders. It was however challenging to use the principles of citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) for participatory planning because the implementing agencies and stakeholders lacked adequate capacity to do so. These findings hold significant implications for decision-makers, sanitation planners, and municipal authorities engaged in the development of sanitation master plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":501558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development","volume":"224 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139071042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘We do not wash hands’: Barriers to the maintenance of five moments of hand hygiene among learner nurses at a university in Limpopo province, South Africa","authors":"Takalani Edith Mutshatshi, Melitah Molatelo Rasweswe","doi":"10.2166/washdev.2023.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2023.211","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The provision of quality patient care involves adequate infection control measures in healthcare institutions which is achievable through the maintenance of five moments of hand hygiene. Although there is growing awareness of the importance of proper hand hygiene in healthcare settings, empirical data indicate that there has not been a corresponding rise in the proper practice. Healthcare professionals including learner nurses frequently complain about obstacles that hinder them from effectively maintaining five moments of hand hygiene. We investigated the barriers to the maintenance of five moments of hand hygiene among learner nurses at a University in Limpopo province, South Africa. The study was qualitative using an explorative, descriptive research design. Data were collected from learner nurses using individual interviews. Tesch’s open coding method was utilized to analyze data. The findings revealed that there are limited resources in clinical facilities, related to the shortage of water supply, inadequate handwashing equipment, and shortage of supplies. The study also revealed that there is a high and heavy workload with limited human resources. The study suggests that healthcare settings need adequate resources to maintain five moments of hand hygiene.</p>","PeriodicalId":501558,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138544005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}