Journal of Marine Systems最新文献

{"title":"Modeling diurnal vertical migration of the fish-killing red-tide dinoflagellate Chattonella during massive bloom stages captured by an autonomous measurement platform","authors":"Kazuhiro Aoki ,&nbsp;Koichi Sugimatsu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The red-tide dinoflagellate <em>Chattonella marina</em> complex is noted worldwide for causing mass mortality of aqua cultured fish. Understanding its physiology is critical for enhancing modeling techniques for forecasting blooms. This study aimed to construct a precise model for the diurnal vertical migration of <em>Chattonella</em> during a massive stage of a bloom. Continuous monitoring of vertical chlorophyll fluorescence confirmed pronounced diurnal rhythm of vertical migration with negative phototaxis under high photon flux density conditions. Monitoring data were used to estimate hourly mean swimming speed and its variation based on normal and bimodal normal distributions. Our models included two modal behaviors, ascending and descending, depending on the photon flux density during daytime. The best model successfully simulated the subsurface accumulation of <em>Chattonella</em> during daytime and the relatively broad accumulation in the deeper layers during nighttime as shown in field observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mid-late holocene elemental and isotopic carbon from the Xinghua Bay: Exploration of terrestrial organic carbon sources and relationship to the east Asian monsoon","authors":"Xin Fan ,&nbsp;Jinrong Wang ,&nbsp;Xin Xu ,&nbsp;Lianbao Chi ,&nbsp;Xin Li ,&nbsp;Yongchao Wang ,&nbsp;Yanna Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sedimentary organic carbon (OC) in coastal areas can effectively document changes in climate and environment. In this study, multi-biogeochemical date from core XHB-5 in Xinghua Bay were analyzed to elucidate the primary factors influencing the origins and changes of buried OC over the past 5.5 k years. Constrained by the coupled δ¹³C and C/N ratios, the sedimentary OC was a combination of terrestrial OC sourced from nearshore riverine input and marine OC, with minimal influence from the Changjiang River or muddy belt. A two-end-member mixing model based on OC isotopes indicated that terrestrial OC (63.3 ± 7.8 %) was the predominant OC source during 5.5–3.6 cal. Kyr BP, whereas marine OC (60.6 ± 5.1 %) has been the dominant contributor since 3.6 cal. Kyr BP. The downcore changes in the proportions of terrestrial OC and marine OC contents can reflect the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. However, the variation in terrestrial OC contents did not align consistently with East Asian summer monsoon records, potentially due to the influence of sediment grain size and sediment accumulation rate on the burial of OC. Furthermore, the increasing anthropogenic activities since 1.6 cal. Kyr BP may also have had a significant impact on terrestrial OC contents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation of surface chlorophyll-a concentration from 2003-2023 in the tropical western Pacific in response to the ENSO diversity","authors":"Gao Wei ,&nbsp;Shi Xingyu ,&nbsp;Cao Xiaowei ,&nbsp;Han Yanyu ,&nbsp;Zhang Sudong ,&nbsp;Fan Haixia ,&nbsp;Xu Chenchen ,&nbsp;Ma Benjun","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface current system in the tropical western Pacific is pivotal for regulating local-to-global air-sea interactions by modulating ocean-atmosphere heat and mass exchange. However, two key knowledge gaps persist: the evolution of the region's hydro-ecological conditions (e.g., nutrient dynamics, phytoplankton biomass) and their response mechanisms to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. To address these, this study analyzed eco-hydro-climatic variations in the tropical western Pacific during ENSO events (2003−2022). Results show ENSO modulates surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-<em>a</em>) via a “three-level linkage mechanism”: ENSO signals first alter physical processes (sea level anomalies [SLA], boundary current velocities), which then regulate nutrient supply (vertical mixing, horizontal transport), ultimately driving differentiated Chl-<em>a</em> responses across sub-regions. Specifically, during El Niño: decreased SLA weakens upper-ocean stratification to enhance vertical nutrient supply; boundary currents (NGCC, NECC) show intensity-dependent responses (decreasing in weak-to-strong El Niño, increasing in the 2015/2016 super El Niño), leading to significant Chl-a increases in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WP) and Halmahera Eddy (HE) regions. During La Niña: stable SLA limits vertical nutrient supply, but enhanced westward currents compensate via horizontal transport to sustain WP region Chl-a growth; the HE region shows no Chl-<em>a</em> change due to reduced boundary current-driven nearshore nutrient input. Nutrient sensitivity further shapes responses: nitrate responds to super El Niño and all La Niña events, phosphate to moderate-to-strong La Niña, and silicate (HE region's key limiting nutrient) exhibits ENSO-linked extreme values. Open-ocean regions (A, B) and the Mindanao Eddy (ME) region have weak/no Chl-<em>a</em>-ENSO correlation, due to persistent stratification (A, B region) or weak eddy-driven supply (ME region). This study clarifies the ENSO-Chl-<em>a</em> cascade in the tropical western Pacific, filling gaps in hydro-ecological response understanding. By highlighting boundary current dynamics, sub-regional heterogeneity, and nutrient sensitivity, it provides a theoretical framework for predicting marine ecosystem changes under climate variability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nutritional quality of zooplankton in the sub-antarctic Southern Ocean during late austral summer","authors":"Eleonora Puccinelli ,&nbsp;Boris Espinasse ,&nbsp;Brian P.V. Hunt ,&nbsp;Fabienne Le Grand ,&nbsp;Evgeny A. Pakhomov ,&nbsp;Frédéric Planchon ,&nbsp;Marine Remize ,&nbsp;Philippe Soudant","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge of the trophic ecology of zooplankton is essential for evaluating their functional roles in marine food webs and nutrient cycling since they represent the link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. Here we investigated the fatty acid (FA) composition of different zooplankton size classes and selected species collected in the vicinity of the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands in late austral summer 2018 as part of the MOBYDICK research project. The analysis revealed that zooplankton FA composition varied significantly across size classes and species but not among stations. Larger zooplankton (&gt;1000 μm) generally had higher total FA (TFA) amounts per dry weight than smaller classes (22.1 ± 3.0 vs. 61.9 ± 11.8 mg g⁻¹). Essential FAs (EFA) accounted for 40.5 ± 0.8 % of TFA, with 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:5n-3 (EPA) being the most prominent. Diatom trophic markers (TM) were abundant in larger zooplankton size classes, while non-diatom TM were more prevalent in smaller size classes. The FA-based nutritional quality index (NQI) of zooplankton was positively correlated with EFA and DHA, and it was higher than the NQI of phytoplankton concurrently collected, indicating that zooplankton has a better nutritional quality than primary producers. This study highlights the importance of size and species-specific dietary preferences in determining zooplankton FA profiles and the high nutritional quality of this group collected during late austral summer, which significantly contributes to our understanding of zooplankton's ecological role in sub-Antarctic pelagic food webs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly variable bottom water oxygen concentration in the shallow Arkona Basin (Baltic Sea)","authors":"Joachim Kuss ,&nbsp;Ulf Gräwe ,&nbsp;Bronwyn Cahill ,&nbsp;Volker Mohrholz ,&nbsp;Michael Naumann ,&nbsp;Robert Mars ,&nbsp;Siegfried Krüger ,&nbsp;Detlef E. Schulz-Bull ,&nbsp;Joanna J. Waniek","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallow western Baltic Sea waters show seasonal low oxygen concentrations in bottom waters from summer into early autumn. A record of hourly oxygen measured from 2012 to 2017 at a platform in the central Arkona Basin ascertained important developments of distinct short-term variability in bottom water oxygen concentration. Analysis of these years indicated that severe hypoxia of 0–2 mg L⁻¹ occurred in July with a duration between 0 and 10 h, in August between 0 and 61 h and in September again between 0 and 10 h. Using 4 mg L⁻¹ as the threshold, the ranking of the respective years from longest to shortest duration in hypoxic events showed 2012 (982 h) as the worst, followed by 2016 (854 h), 2013 (769 h), 2014 (659 h) and 2015 (351 h). The clear improvement in 2015 was caused by a Major Baltic Inflow that ventilated the system. Interpreting the drivers of short term hypoxia from the <em>in situ</em> measurements alone was difficult, as adequately resolved biogeochemical parameters were not measured. However, coincident three dimensional high resolution coupled hydrographic-biogeochemical modelling, reproduced the oxygen concentrations at the platform, and additionally revealed considerable spatial variability in the oxygen distribution in the area and its causes. Microbial degradation of organic matter in bottom waters was found to be the major oxygen consumption process with nitrification also contributing in some years. Recovery from seasonal periods of hypoxia is linked to the break-up of the seasonal thermocline or is caused by lateral transport of differently preformed oxygenated waters. The study demonstrates the utility of combining high resolution in situ observations with coincident biogeochemical modelling, as a powerful, integrated tool for monitoring and understanding drivers of short-term seasonal hypoxia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid decline of nutrients in the subsurface of the East Sea (Japan Sea) over the past 28 years","authors":"Sojin Park ,&nbsp;Guebuem Kim ,&nbsp;SungHyun Nam ,&nbsp;Joon-Soo Lee ,&nbsp;In-Seong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A previous study suggested that the Northwest Pacific Ocean has experienced an approximately 25 % decline in nutrients in the subsurface (100–850 m), leading to a 50 % decline in the surface (0–100 m) over the past four decades (<span><span>Kim et al., 2022</span></span>). In this study, we observed a comparable 20 % decrease in nutrients in the East/Japan Sea (EJS) subsurface (200–500 m) from 1995 to 2022, despite its limited connection to the Northwest Pacific through shallow sills (&lt;130 m). This subsurface trend appears to contribute to a 70 % decline in nutrients in the mixed layer (0–50 m) of the eastern EJS. In contrast, complex nutrient trends were observed in the western EJS surface (0–200 m), likely influenced by anthropogenic inputs. The significant nutrient decline in the EJS, which may alter its biological production and carbon cycle, provides further evidence of regional climate regime-shift feedbacks occurring in the North Pacific and other major subtropical gyres.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine heatwave prediction method for the South China Sea","authors":"Peihao Yang ,&nbsp;Lingli Fan ,&nbsp;Shujie Chang ,&nbsp;Guodong Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine heat waves (MHWs) are prolonged anomalous sea temperature phenomena that affect marine ecosystems and their accurate prediction is of significance. In this study, a multivariate multi-granularity spatiotemporal graph neural network (MMS-GNN) based on a transformer is proposed. First, time series are sorted by period. The transformer is then used to capture the long-term dependency of various temporal granularities. Second, the entire marine region is divided into several subregions. The spatial dependency between different locations is then established by studying the changing trends between neighboring nodes. Third, a GNN is combined with a temporal convolutional network and employed to predict the collected information. Finally, experiments are conducted in the South China Sea using 40 years of observational data. Test results demonstrate that the proposed MMS-GNN can outperform other methods, meaning high effectiveness and flexibility of MMS-GNN for long-term MHW prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lagrangian dispersion in the Red River plume region, Northeast Vietnam, from drifter observations and modeling","authors":"Alexei Sentchev ,&nbsp;Thinh Nguyen-Duc ,&nbsp;Stefano Berti ,&nbsp;Nadia K. Ayoub ,&nbsp;Vu Duy Vinh","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transport and spatial distribution of materials within river plumes and neighboring waters are strongly influenced by the plume morphology and fronts bounding the plume area. Thus, identifying locations of plume fronts and assessing frontal mixing activity is particularly important for understanding the spatial distribution of biogeochemical tracers and the connectivity between source (river mouth) and offshore regions. Statistical properties of horizontal dispersion in the Red River (RR) plume region were obtained from drifter experiments, conducted in the Gulf of Tonkin during summer 2022, and also from realistic numerical modeling. Adopting a Lagrangian perspective, a method is proposed to characterize the RR plume morphology based on the extraction of Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) from the surface flow field using Finite-Size Lyapunov Exponents (FSLE). Maxima of the attracting FSLE field (FSLE ridge lines) enabled us to identify zones of current convergence and shear in the flow, which are essential for characterizing the dynamics associated with plumes and mapping the fronts delimiting them. It became clear that the body of the RR plume is formed by the individual river plumes of the RR deltaic system. FSLE ridge lines allowed identification of the offshore expansion of individual plumes and revealed a variety of forms, semi-circular or hook-like filaments, characterizing the plume shape. The ballistic regime of dispersion was found inside the plume region, with the dominant direction perpendicular to the coastal flow direction revealing anisotropic shear dispersion. It was observed at scales of 0.3 to 3 km (submesoscale range), with a maximum value of 10–13 day⁻¹, as derived from the analysis of the scale dependent relative dispersion of real drifters. In model simulations, the relative dispersion appeared scale independent in the range below 2 km, indicating a significant effect of grid resolution on the model's representation of lateral mixing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zooplankton seasonal variability in Arctic fjord during cold and warm events – taxonomic and trait-based approaches (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard)","authors":"Marta Gluchowska ,&nbsp;Stig Falk-Petersen ,&nbsp;Haakon Hop ,&nbsp;Anna Olszewska ,&nbsp;Wojciech Walkusz ,&nbsp;Slawomir Kwaśniewski","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104144","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kongsfjorden, located on the west coast of Spitsbergen (79°N), lies at the boundary between Arctic and Atlantic water masses, making it an ideal site for studying the influence of environmental conditions on ecosystem dynamics and offering insights applicable to other Arctic regions. In this study, we describe the seasonal succession and interannual variability of the zooplankton community in Kongsfjorden in quantitative, taxonomic, and ecological terms, as observed during years with contrasting hydrographic conditions. The analysis is based on data collected in 2002, 2006, and 2007—years characterized by pronounced environmental differences, particularly in spring, with notable variation in seawater temperature and salinity. Zooplankton samples were collected from stations within the fjord and on the adjacent shelf using vertically stratified hauls with a Hydro-Bios Multi Plankton Sampler midi (180 μm mesh). Ecologically, the zooplankton community was analyzed using four traits—body size, feeding mode, spawning strategy, and transparency—allowing classification of 115 taxa into ten functional groups. Across all seasons, zooplankton biomass was consistently dominated by non-gelatinous, medium-sized, free-spawning forms. A clear seasonal shift in functional composition was observed, from current feeders in spring to ambush feeders in autumn, reflecting changes in food availability and trophic dynamics. Trait-based patterns proved more stable than taxonomic composition and more effectively captured key aspects of zooplankton functional roles in ecosystem processes, including trophic interactions, carbon export, and pelago–benthic coupling. Although the data reflect conditions from nearly two decades ago, they represent both cold and warm hydrographic states and remain ecologically relevant. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of Arctic zooplankton communities to early-season hydrography and bloom composition, and underscore the value of trait-based approaches for detecting structural shifts and anticipating ecosystem responses under ongoing Arctic Atlantification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coral bleaching occurrence and its relation to marine heatwave events in the Southwestern waters of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, as part of the Coral Triangle region","authors":"Dian Noor Handiani ,&nbsp;Nining Sari Ningsih ,&nbsp;Erlin Beliyana","doi":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the escalating threat of marine heatwaves (MHWs) to coral reef ecosystems in the southwestern waters of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on four decades of data from 1982 to 2021, our analysis reveals a substantial increase in both the frequency and intensity of MHWs, with particularly severe events occurring in 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019, and 2020. The 2016 MHW was especially devastating, marked by extreme thermal stress and prolonged duration, reaching up to 215 days in the Lesser Sunda Islands. This event closely aligned with widespread Bleaching Alert Level 2 warnings in regions such as Lombok, indicating a high risk of coral mortality. The Coral Reef Health Index (CRHI) proved to be a valuable tool for reef assessment, showing strong positive correlations with coral cover (<em>r</em> = 0.83) and seagrass cover (<em>r</em> = 0.74), along with a strong negative correlation with rubble cover (<em>r</em> = −0.82). These results highlight the crucial role of reef structure and benthic composition in sustaining ecosystem health. In addition, the observed delay between peak MHW conditions and the occurrence of bleaching events emphasizes the need for real-time, high-resolution monitoring systems that integrate multiple observation methods. Our findings underscore the urgency of implementing comprehensive conservation strategies. These should include global actions to reduce ocean warming and targeted local efforts such as protecting reefs with high CRHI values, minimizing local stressors, and enhancing the effectiveness of marine protected areas. Future research should prioritize the integration of long-term field surveys with advanced remote sensing technologies and the inclusion of a wider range of oceanographic variables such as water quality and ocean acidification. Such approaches are essential for generating actionable data that support adaptive management and the sustained conservation of coral reef ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50150,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Systems","volume":"252 ","pages":"Article 104136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}