Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.3390/v16091400

Tominari Kobayashi, Masaharu Takahashi, Satoshi Ohta, Yu Hoshino, Kentaro Yamada, Suljid Jirintai, Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini, Shigeo Nagashima, Kazumoto Murata, Hiroaki Okamoto

{"title":"Production and Characterization of Self-Assembled Virus-like Particles Comprising Capsid Proteins from Genotypes 3 and 4 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) and Rabbit HEV Expressed in Escherichia coli","authors":"Tominari Kobayashi, Masaharu Takahashi, Satoshi Ohta, Yu Hoshino, Kentaro Yamada, Suljid Jirintai, Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini, Shigeo Nagashima, Kazumoto Murata, Hiroaki Okamoto","doi":"10.3390/v16091400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091400","url":null,"abstract":"The zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 (HEV-3) and 4 (HEV-4), and rabbit HEV (HEV-3ra) has been documented. Vaccination against HEV infection depends on the capsid (open reading frame 2, ORF2) protein, which is highly immunogenic and elicits effective virus-neutralizing antibodies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is utilized as an effective system for producing HEV-like particles (VLPs). However, research on the production of ORF2 proteins from these HEV genotypes in E. coli to form VLPs has been modest. In this study, we constructed 21 recombinant plasmids expressing various N-terminally and C-terminally truncated HEV ORF2 proteins for HEV-3, HEV-3ra, and HEV-4 in E. coli. We successfully obtained nine HEV-3, two HEV-3ra, and ten HEV-4 ORF2 proteins, which were primarily localized in inclusion bodies. These proteins were solubilized in 4 M urea, filtered, and subjected to gel filtration. Results revealed that six HEV-3, one HEV-3ra, and two HEV-4 truncated proteins could assemble into VLPs. The purified VLPs displayed molecular weights ranging from 27.1 to 63.4 kDa and demonstrated high purity (74.7–95.3%), as assessed by bioanalyzer, with yields of 13.9–89.6 mg per 100 mL of TB medium. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the origin of these VLPs from HEV ORF2. Antigenicity testing indicated that these VLPs possess characteristic HEV antigenicity. Evaluation of immunogenicity in Balb/cAJcl mice revealed robust anti-HEV IgG responses, highlighting the potential of these VLPs as immunogens. These findings suggest that the generated HEV VLPs of different genotypes could serve as valuable tools for HEV research and vaccine development.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Outcomes of Corneal Transplantation for Herpetic Keratitis: A Narrative Review 角膜移植治疗疱疹性角膜炎的效果：叙述性综述

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.3390/v16091403

Michele Nardella, Angeli Christy Yu, Massimo Busin, Roberta Rizzo, Giorgio Zauli

引用次数: 0

Intra-Host Citrus Tristeza Virus Populations during Prolonged Infection Initiated by a Well-Defined Sequence Variant in Nicotiana benthamiana 在烟草中由定义明确的序列变异引发的长期感染期间宿主内柑橘赤霉病病毒的种群数量

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3390/v16091385

Tathiana Ferreira Sa Antunes, José C. Huguet-Tapia, Santiago F. Elena, Svetlana Y. Folimonova

{"title":"Intra-Host Citrus Tristeza Virus Populations during Prolonged Infection Initiated by a Well-Defined Sequence Variant in Nicotiana benthamiana","authors":"Tathiana Ferreira Sa Antunes, José C. Huguet-Tapia, Santiago F. Elena, Svetlana Y. Folimonova","doi":"10.3390/v16091385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091385","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the error-prone nature of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, the replication of RNA viruses results in a diversity of viral genomes harboring point mutations, deletions, insertions, and genome rearrangements. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a causal agent of diseases of economically important citrus species, shows intrinsic genetic stability. While the virus appears to have some mechanism that limits the accumulation of single-nucleotide variants, the production of defective viral genomes (DVGs) during virus infection has been reported for certain variants of CTV. The intra-host diversity generated during plant infection with variant T36 (CTV-T36) remains unclear. To address this, we analyzed the RNA species accumulated in the initially infected and systemic leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants inoculated with an infectious cDNA clone of CTV-T36, which warranted that infection was initiated by a known, well-defined sequence variant of the virus. CTV-T36 limited the accumulation of single-nucleotide mutants during infection. With that, four types of DVGs—deletions, insertions, and copy- and snap-backs—were found in all the samples, with deletions and insertions being the most common types. Hot-spots across the genome for DVG recombination and short direct sequence repeats suggest that sequence complementarity could mediate DVG formation. In conclusion, our study illustrates the formation of diverse DVGs during CTV-T36 infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has analyzed the genetic variability and recombination of a well-defined sequence variant of CTV in an herbaceous host.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Like a Rolling Stone? A Review on Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection 像滚石一样？丙型肝炎病毒感染自发清除综述

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3390/v16091386

Piotr Rzymski, Michał Brzdęk, Krystyna Dobrowolska, Barbara Poniedziałek, Aleksandra Murawska-Ochab, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Robert Flisiak

{"title":"Like a Rolling Stone? A Review on Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection","authors":"Piotr Rzymski, Michał Brzdęk, Krystyna Dobrowolska, Barbara Poniedziałek, Aleksandra Murawska-Ochab, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Robert Flisiak","doi":"10.3390/v16091386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091386","url":null,"abstract":"Elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) without the need for medical intervention, known as spontaneous clearance (SC), occurs at a significantly lower rate than in the case of hepatitis B virus infection and only in selected individuals, such as reportedly in Keith Richards, a guitarist of The Rolling Stones. The present paper provides an updated narrative review of the research devoted to the phenomenon in order to identify and discuss the demographic, lifestyle-related, clinical, viral genotype-related, and host genetic factors underpinning the SC occurrence. The body of evidence indicates that the likelihood of SC is decreased in older individuals, men, Black people, HIV-coinfected subjects, and intravenous drug and alcohol users. In turn, HBV coinfection and specific polymorphism of the genes encoding interferon lambda 3 (particularly at rs8099917) and interferon lambda 4 (particularly at rs12979860) and HLA genes increase the odds of SC. Numerous other host-specific genetic factors could be implicated in SC, but the evidence is limited only to certain ethnic groups and often does not account for confounding variables. SC of HCV infection is a complex process arising from a combination of various factors, though a genetic component may play a leading role in some cases. Understanding factors influencing the likelihood of this phenomenon justifies better surveillance of high-risk groups, decreasing health inequities in particular ethnic groups, and may guide the development of a prophylactic vaccine, which at present is not available, or novel therapeutic strategies. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms underlying SC and to explore potential interventions that could enhance this natural antiviral response.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Acute Chikungunya Virus Infection Triggers a Diverse Range of T Helper Lymphocyte Profiles 急性基孔肯雅病毒感染可诱发多种 T 辅助淋巴细胞特征

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3390/v16091387

Ramayana Morais de Medeiros Brito, Marília Farias de Melo, José Veríssimo Fernandes, Joanna Gardel Valverde, Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes, Josélio Maria Galvão de Araújo, Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento

{"title":"Acute Chikungunya Virus Infection Triggers a Diverse Range of T Helper Lymphocyte Profiles","authors":"Ramayana Morais de Medeiros Brito, Marília Farias de Melo, José Veríssimo Fernandes, Joanna Gardel Valverde, Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes, Josélio Maria Galvão de Araújo, Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento","doi":"10.3390/v16091387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091387","url":null,"abstract":"Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus causing acute febrile illness with severe joint pain, often leading to chronic arthralgia. This study investigated the adaptive immune responses during the early stages of symptomatic acute CHIKV infection, focusing on the transcription factors and cytokines linked to Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells. Thirty-six individuals were enrolled: nine healthy controls and 27 CHIKV-positive patients confirmed by qRT-PCR. Blood samples were analyzed for the mRNA expression of transcription factors (Tbet, GATA3, FoxP3, STAT3, RORγt) and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, IL-22, TGF-β, IL-10). The results showed the significant upregulation of Tbet, GATA3, FoxP3, STAT3, and RORγt in CHIKV-positive patients, with RORγt displaying the highest increase. Correspondingly, cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-22 were upregulated, while TGF-β was downregulated. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the distinct immune profiles between CHIKV-positive and healthy individuals. A correlation analysis indicated that higher Tbet expression correlated with a lower viral load, whereas FoxP3 and TGF-β were associated with higher viral loads. Our study sheds light on the intricate immune responses during acute CHIKV infection, characterized by a mixed Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg response profile. These results emphasize the complex interplay between different adaptive immune responses and how they may contribute to the pathogenesis of Chikungunya fever.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Dual Role of TRIM7 in Viral Infections TRIM7 在病毒感染中的双重作用

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3390/v16081285

Maria Gonzalez-Orozco, Carlos A. Rodriguez-Salazar, Maria I. Giraldo

引用次数: 0

A Comparative Evaluation of Three Diagnostic Assays for the Detection of Human Monkeypox 检测人类猴痘的三种诊断测定的比较评估

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3390/v16081286

Jing Qu, Xiaomin Zhang, Kun Liu, You Li, Ting Wang, Zhonggang Fang, Cheng Chen, Xiao Tan, Ying Lin, Qing Xu, Yan Yang, Wanqing Wang, Manyu Huang, Shiliang Guo, Ziqiu Chen, Wei Rao, Xiaolu Shi, Bo Peng

{"title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Three Diagnostic Assays for the Detection of Human Monkeypox","authors":"Jing Qu, Xiaomin Zhang, Kun Liu, You Li, Ting Wang, Zhonggang Fang, Cheng Chen, Xiao Tan, Ying Lin, Qing Xu, Yan Yang, Wanqing Wang, Manyu Huang, Shiliang Guo, Ziqiu Chen, Wei Rao, Xiaolu Shi, Bo Peng","doi":"10.3390/v16081286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081286","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and early diagnosis of monkeypox virus (MPXV) is crucial for controlling epidemics and treating affected individuals promptly. This study aimed to assess the analytical and clinical performance of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay, Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA) Assay. Additionally, it aimed to compare the clinical application of antigen and nucleic acid assays to offer insights into using commercial monkeypox assay kits. Specimens from 117 clinical patients, serial diluted virus cell culture supernatant, and artificially created positive samples were tested to evaluate the performance of these assay kits for MPXV diagnostics. The Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay had a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.89 CCID50/mL, while the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay had an LoD of 15.55 CCID50/mL. The MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay had an LoD of 0.500 pg/mL. The accuracy of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay was comparable to the Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and the MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay demonstrated high sensitivity. The specificity of all three MPXV diagnostic assays for clinical specimens with potential cross-reacting substances was 100%. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the clinical application of monkeypox assays, supporting efforts to mitigate and control the spread of monkeypox.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database 美国住院脑瘫患者感染 COVID-19 和流感的结果：全国数据库比较研究

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3390/v16081284

Mohammed A. Quazi, Muhammad Hassan Shakir, Zohaa Faiz, Ibrahim Quraishi, Adeel Nasrullah, Hafiz Abdullah Ikram, Amir H Sohail, Sulaiman Sultan, Abu Baker Sheikh

{"title":"Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database","authors":"Mohammed A. Quazi, Muhammad Hassan Shakir, Zohaa Faiz, Ibrahim Quraishi, Adeel Nasrullah, Hafiz Abdullah Ikram, Amir H Sohail, Sulaiman Sultan, Abu Baker Sheikh","doi":"10.3390/v16081284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081284","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with cerebral palsy (CP) are particularly vulnerable to respiratory infections, yet comparative outcomes between COVID-19 and influenza in this population remain underexplored. Using the National Inpatient Sample from 2020–2021, we performed a retrospective analysis of hospital data for adults with CP diagnosed with either COVID-19 or influenza. The study aimed to compare the outcomes of these infections to provide insights into their impact on this vulnerable population. We assessed in-hospital mortality, complications, length of stay (LOS), hospitalization costs, and discharge dispositions. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching were used to adjust for confounders, enhancing the analytical rigor of our study. The study cohort comprised 12,025 patients—10,560 with COVID-19 and 1465 with influenza. COVID-19 patients with CP had a higher in-hospital mortality rate (10.8% vs. 3.1%, p = 0.001), with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.2 (95% CI: 1.6–6.4). They also experienced an extended LOS by an average of 2.7 days. COVID-19 substantially increases the health burden for hospitalized CP patients compared to influenza, as evidenced by higher mortality rates, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. These findings highlight the urgent need for tailored strategies to effectively manage and reduce the impact of COVID-19 on this high-risk group.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Forecasting Disease Burden with a Dynamic Transmission Model of Human Papillomavirus and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in the United States 利用美国人类乳头状瘤病毒和复发性呼吸道乳头状瘤病的动态传播模型预测疾病负担

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-11 DOI: 10.3390/v16081283

Cody Palmer, Edith Morais, Joseph Tota

{"title":"Forecasting Disease Burden with a Dynamic Transmission Model of Human Papillomavirus and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in the United States","authors":"Cody Palmer, Edith Morais, Joseph Tota","doi":"10.3390/v16081283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081283","url":null,"abstract":"Juvenile- and adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP and AORRP) are rare but serious conditions that are caused by oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The proliferation of wart-like growths throughout the respiratory tract can result in medical problems, including death. The current treatment scheme is surgery, though prevention of HPV infection through vaccination is available. A previously developed model for JORRP and AORRP was adapted to the United States using data on disease burden and HPV infection. The model was validated against post-vaccination reductions in disease and used to forecast the future burden of JORRP and AORRP, estimating the impact that HPV vaccination will have on these diseases. Between 2007 (the beginning of HPV vaccination in the US) and 2021, this model estimates that approximately 1393 lives, 22,867 Quality-Adjusted-Life-Years, and over USD 672 million in treatment costs have been saved by HPV vaccination. There is also a substantial reduction in JORRP and AORRP burden, with a 95% reduction in incidence by 2040. Moreover, between 2040 and 2121, the model predicts 3–11 total cases of HPV6/11-related JORRP in the US, and 36–267 total cases of HPV6/11-related AORRP. HPV vaccination in the United States has driven, and will continue to drive, substantial reductions in the public health and economic burden of HPV6/11-related JORRP and AORRP.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Genomic Characterization of Three Canadian Mumps Outbreaks Demonstrates Endemic Transmission in Canada 加拿大三次腮腺炎疫情的基因组特征表明加拿大存在地方性传播

Viruses Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.3390/v16081280

Jasmine Rae Frost, Grace Eunchong Seo, Kerry Dust, Jared Bullard, Peter Daley, Jason J. LeBlanc, Joanne Hiebert, Elizabeth McLachlan, Alberto Severini

{"title":"Genomic Characterization of Three Canadian Mumps Outbreaks Demonstrates Endemic Transmission in Canada","authors":"Jasmine Rae Frost, Grace Eunchong Seo, Kerry Dust, Jared Bullard, Peter Daley, Jason J. LeBlanc, Joanne Hiebert, Elizabeth McLachlan, Alberto Severini","doi":"10.3390/v16081280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081280","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the provision of a mumps vaccination program in Canada for over three decades, mumps has not reached elimination. Instead, a re-emergence has been observed in vaccinated populations, particularly in young adults. These outbreaks have been almost exclusively due to genotype G infections, a trend that has been seen in other countries with high mumps vaccination rates. To characterize mumps outbreaks in Canada, genomes from samples from Manitoba (n = 209), Newfoundland (n = 25), and Nova Scotia (n = 48) were sequenced and analysed by Bayesian inference. Whole genome sequencing was shown to be highly discriminatory for outbreak investigations compared to traditional Sanger sequencing. The results showed that mumps virus genotype G most likely circulated endemically in Canada and between Canada and the US. Overall, this Canadian outbreak data from different provinces and ancestral strains demonstrates the benefits of molecular genomic data to better characterize mumps outbreaks, but also suggests genomics could further our understanding of the reasons for potential immune escape of mumps genotype G and evolution in highly vaccinated populations. With a possible endemic circulation of mumps genotype G and the remaining risk of new imported cases, increased surveillance and alternative vaccination strategies may be required for Canada to reach the current target for mumps or a future elimination status.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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