Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Lunar Surface Processes","authors":"J.B. Plescia, J. Cahill, B. Greenhagen, P. Hayne, P. Mahanti, M.S. Robinson, P.D. Spudis, M. Siegler, A. Stickle, J.P. Williams, M. Zanetti, N. Zellner","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2023.89.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2023.89.15","url":null,"abstract":"The modern surface of the Moon is primarily influenced by impact processes. While volcanism was active until perhaps 3.0 Ga and tectonic activity may still persist, it is the integrated effects of impacts that have produced the primary topography and controlled the physical properties of the surface materials (the regolith). Impact processes per se are discussed elsewhere (Osinski et al. 2023, this volume); here we focus on the regolith that has been produced by those impacts, its physical properties and its evolution.Regolith (Fig. 1) is the fragmental layer of debris that covers the lunar surface...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138548437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Exploration of the Moon: Science from Lunar Missions Since 2006","authors":"Lisa R. Gaddis, Katherine H. Joy, Ben J. Bussey, James D. Carpenter, Ian A. Crawford, Richard C. Elphic, Jasper S. Halekas, Samuel J. Lawrence, Long Xiao","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2023.89.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2023.89.01","url":null,"abstract":"Exploration of the Moon has been a goal of humankind for millennia, and in recent decades enormous advances in lunar knowledge have resulted from orbital, landed, robotic, and human exploration and sample return (Spudis 2001; National Research Council 2007; Jaumann et al. 2012; Crawford and Joy 2014; Lunar Exploration Analysis Group 2016a). The Moon still retains the marks of human footprints, and these and other artifacts can now be seen with amazing clarity in images returned from the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Cameras (LROC; Robinson et al. 2010). The six U.S. Apollo missions...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138547849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pressure and Temperature Data for Diamonds","authors":"Paolo Nimis","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2022.88.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2022.88.10","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key scientific questions about diamonds is “how are they formed?” To answer this question, we need to know the diamond-forming reactions and the physicochemical conditions under which these reactions take place. The pressure (P) and temperature (T) of diamond formation are an essential part of this knowledge and their assessment is pivotal to develop predictive scenarios of diamond distribution in the Earth interior. These scenarios may contribute to our understanding of global Earth processes, such as the long-term carbon cycle, and might also eventually improve our capability to select potential targets for diamond exploration (Shirey et al. 2013; Nimis et al. 2020).The evaluation of the P and T of diamond formation can be carried out at two levels of investigation. The first is concerned with formation conditions for individual diamonds or small populations of diamonds from specific sources. This approach has been so far the most widely practiced. The second level considers the statistical distribution of P–T conditions for diamond formation at either local or global scale. This type of investigation is hampered by the difficulty of obtaining large sets of suitable samples from a specific locality or for a statistically significant number of localities, and is therefore unavoidably affected to some degree by sampling bias. Despite inherent limitations, the latter approach is the most appropriate to reveal systematics in diamond P–T distributions and, ultimately, in diamond depth distribution within the Earth.Early reviews of P–T distributions for lithospheric diamonds were made by Nimis (2002), based on thermobarometry of chromian diopside inclusions, and by Stachel and Harris (2008) and Stachel (2014), using a more comprehensive set of thermobarometers. More recently, Nimis et al. (2020) investigated diamond depth distributions for a set of South African kimberlites and provided evidence for systematic trends of likely global significance. The depth distribution for sublithospheric diamonds worldwide was reviewed by Harte (2010). In this contribution, I first describe the methods that can be used to estimate the P–T conditions of diamond formation, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses. I then review existing diamond P–T data and their implications for diamond distribution with depth from both a local and a global perspective.Thermobarometry of diamonds can be carried out by estimating P–T conditions of chemical or elastic equilibrium of mineral inclusions contained within them. With some assumptions, the aggregation state of nitrogen substituting for carbon in the diamond lattice can also be used as a thermometer. In some cases, it is possible to derive both P and T estimates for a diamond by combining independent thermobarometric methods. In most instances, however, either P or T estimates can be directly retrieved with sufficient confidence. Below is a list of currently available methods for diamond thermobarome","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"63 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138511251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry of Silicate and Oxide Inclusions in Sublithospheric Diamonds","authors":"Michael J. Walter, Andrew R. Thomson, Evan M. Smith","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2022.88.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2022.88.07","url":null,"abstract":"Minerals included in diamonds provide direct information about the petrologic and chemical environment of diamond crystallization. They record information relating to local and regional mantle processes and provide important contextual information for global-scale tectonic interpretations (Stachel et al. 2005; Stachel and Harris 2008; Harte 2010; Shirey et al. 2013, 2019). Most mined inclusion-bearing diamonds originate in sub-continental, cratonic mantle lithosphere but a small percentage host mineral inclusions consistent with an origin beneath the lithosphere (~1%, Stachel and Harris 2008). Key among these inclusions are silicate and oxide minerals that provide either direct (e.g., majoritic garnet, ringwoodite) or circumstantial (e.g., CaSiO3-rich and MgSiO3-rich phases; ferropericlase) evidence for a high-pressure origin deep in the convecting mantle; we refer to these diamonds as “sublithospheric” although they are also commonly called “superdeep”. Studies over the past four decades have provided a wealth of information to draw upon to interrogate the origins of sublithospheric diamonds and their inclusions and to speculate on broader geologic and geodynamic implications.In the 1980s researchers began to recognize that some diamonds carry inclusions indicative of an origin beneath continental lithosphere, extending to depths even into the lower mantle (Scott-Smith et al. 1984; Moore et al. 1986; Wilding et al. 1991; Harte and Harris 1994; Harris et al. 1997; Stachel et al. 1998a; Harte et al. 1999). Paramount among these are inclusions with (Mg,Fe)O and (Mg,Fe)SiO3 stoichiometry, and on the basis of co-occurrence in the same diamond they were interpreted as ferropericlase and retrograde Mg-silicate perovskite (bridgmanite) from the shallow lower mantle. Discoveries of inclusions with CaSiO3 stoichiometry, sometimes also co-occurring with MgSiO3-rich phases and/or ferropericlase and interpreted as retrograde Ca-silicate perovskite, supported the view of a lower mantle genesis related to mantle peridotite (Harte et al. 1999; Joswig et al. 1999; Stachel et al. 2000b; Kaminsky et al. 2001; Hayman et al. 2005). Garnet inclusions with excess octahedrally coordinated silicon per formula unit (Moore and Gurney 1985, 1989; Moore et al. 1991; Stachel and Harris 1997; Stachel et al. 1998a) provided further evidence for a sublithospheric origin on the basis of experiments that revealed the pressure dependence of elemental substitutions (Akaogi and Akimoto 1977).Over several decades numerous studies have uncovered many new examples of sublithospheric diamonds hosting these key indicator phases while also identifying a wide variety of other mineral inclusions interpreted to have an origin in the deep upper mantle to lower mantle, including but not limited to ringwoodite, stishovite, CF-phase, NAL-phase, K-hollandite, CAS phase, and phase Egg (Wirth et al. 2007; Bulanova et al. 2010; Walter et al. 2011; Thomson et al. 2014; Zedgenizov et al. 2015). The re","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"62 51","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138511252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}