Journal of Physiology-Paris最新文献

{"title":"Building the case for a novel teleost model of non-breeding aggression and its neuroendocrine control","authors":"Laura Quintana ,&nbsp;Lucía Zubizarreta ,&nbsp;Cecilia Jalabert ,&nbsp;Gervasio Batista ,&nbsp;Rossana Perrone ,&nbsp;Ana Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In vertebrates, aggression has been traditionally associated with high levels of circulating androgens in breeding males. Nevertheless, the centrality of androgens as primary modulators of aggression is being reconsidered in at least in two particular cases: (1) territorial aggression outside the breeding season, and (2) aggression by females. We are developing the weakly electric fish, <em>Gymnotus omarorum</em>, as a novel, advantageous model system to address these two alternative forms of aggression. This species displays a short, escalated contest, after which a clear hierarchical status emerges. Subordination of individuals involves three sequential decisions: interruptions of their electric discharges, retreats, and chirps. These decisions are influenced by both size asymmetry between contenders and aggression levels of dominants. Both females and males are aggressive, and do not differ in fighting ability nor in the value placed on the resource. Aggression is completely independent of gonadal hormones: dominance status is unrelated to circulating androgen and estrogen levels, and gonadectomy in males does not affect aggression. Nevertheless, estrogenic pathways participate in the modulation of this non-breeding aggression. Our results parallel those put forth in other taxa, heightening the value of <em>G. omarorum</em> as a model to identify commonalities in neuroendrocrine strategies of vertebrate aggression control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 3","pages":"Pages 224-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77235625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sternopygus macrurus electric organ transcriptome and cell size exhibit insensitivity to short-term electrical inactivity","authors":"Robert Güth ,&nbsp;Matthew Pinch ,&nbsp;Manoj P. Samanta ,&nbsp;Alexander Chaidez ,&nbsp;Graciela A. Unguez","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electrical activity is an important regulator of cellular function and gene expression in electrically excitable cell types. In the weakly electric teleost fish <em>Sternopygus macrurus</em><span><span><span><span>, electrocytes, i.e., the current-producing cells of the electric organ, derive from a striated muscle lineage. Mature electrocytes are larger than muscle fibers, do not contain sarcomeres, and are driven continuously at frequencies higher than those exerted on muscle cells. Previous work showed that the removal of electrical activity by spinal cord transection (ST) for two and five weeks led to an upregulation of some sarcomeric proteins and a decrease in electrocyte size. To test whether changes in </span>gene transcription preceded these phenotypic changes, we determined the sensitivity of electrocyte gene expression to electrical inactivity periods of two and five days after ST. Whole tissue gene expression profiles using deep </span>RNA sequencing showed minimal alterations in the levels of myogenic transcription factor and sarcomeric transcripts after either ST period. Moreover, while analysis of differentially expressed genes showed a transient upregulation of genes associated with proteolytic mechanisms at two days and an increase in mRNA levels of cytoskeletal genes at five days after electrical silencing, electrocyte size was not affected. Electrical inactivity also resulted in the downregulation of genes that were classified into enriched clusters associated with functions of </span>axon migration and synapse structure. Overall, these data demonstrate that unlike tissues in the myogenic lineage in other vertebrate species, regulation of gene transcription and cell size in the muscle-like electrocytes of </span><em>S. macrurus</em> is highly insensitive to short-term electrical inactivity. Moreover, together with data obtained from control and long-term ST studies, the present data suggest that neural input might influence post-transcriptional processes to affect the mature electrocyte phenotype.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 3","pages":"Pages 233-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87476577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric organ discharges and near-field spatiotemporal patterns of the electromotive force in a sympatric assemblage of Neotropical electric knifefish","authors":"Joseph C. Waddell ,&nbsp;Alejo Rodríguez-Cattáneo ,&nbsp;Angel A. Caputi ,&nbsp;William G.R. Crampton","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Descriptions of the head-to-tail electric organ discharge (ht-EOD) waveform – typically recorded with electrodes at a distance of approximately 1–2 body lengths from the center of the subject – have traditionally been used to characterize species diversity in gymnotiform electric fish. However, even taxa with relatively simple ht-EODs show spatiotemporally complex fields near the body surface that are determined by site-specific electrogenic properties of the electric organ and electric filtering properties of adjacent tissues and skin. In </span><em>Brachyhypopomus</em>, a pulse-discharging genus in the family Hypopomidae, the regional characteristics of the electric organ and the role that the complex ‘near field’ plays in communication and/or electrolocation are not well known. Here we describe, compare, and discuss the functional significance of diversity in the ht-EOD waveforms and near-field spatiotemporal patterns of the electromotive force (emf-EODs) among a species-rich sympatric community of <em>Brachyhypopomus</em> from the upper Amazon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 3","pages":"Pages 164-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.10.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84709109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma band directional interactions between basal forebrain and visual cortex during wake and sleep states","authors":"Jayakrishnan Nair ,&nbsp;Arndt-Lukas Klaassen ,&nbsp;Jordan Poirot ,&nbsp;Alexei Vyssotski ,&nbsp;Björn Rasch ,&nbsp;Gregor Rainer","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The basal forebrain (BF) is an important regulator of cortical excitability and responsivity to sensory stimuli, and plays a major role in wake-sleep regulation. While the impact of BF on cortical EEG or LFP signals has been extensively documented, surprisingly little is known about LFP activity within BF. Based on bilateral recordings from rats in their home cage, we describe endogenous LFP oscillations in the BF during quiet wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS) states. Using coherence and Granger causality methods, we characterize directional influences between BF and visual cortex (VC) during each of these states. We observed pronounced BF gamma activity particularly during wakefulness, as well as to a lesser extent during SWS and REM. During wakefulness, this BF gamma activity exerted a directional influence on VC that was associated with cortical excitation. During SWS but not REM, there was also a robust directional gamma band influence of BF on VC. In all three states, directional influence in the gamma band was only present in BF to VC direction and tended to be regulated specifically within each brain hemisphere. Locality of gamma band LFPs to the BF was confirmed by demonstration of phase locking of local spiking activity to the gamma cycle. We report novel aspects of endogenous BF LFP oscillations and their relationship to cortical LFP signals during sleep and wakefulness. We link our findings to known aspects of GABAergic BF networks that likely underlie gamma band LFP activations, and show that the Granger causality analyses can faithfully recapitulate many known attributes of these networks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 1","pages":"Pages 19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90610655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotinic regulation of experience-dependent plasticity in visual cortex","authors":"Masato Sadahiro,&nbsp;Mari Sajo,&nbsp;Hirofumi Morishita","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While the cholinergic neuromodulatory system and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) have been appreciated as permissive factors for developmental critical period plasticity in visual cortex, it was unknown why plasticity becomes limited after the critical period even in the presence of massive cholinergic projections to visual cortex. In this review we highlighted the recent progresses that started to shed light on the role of the nicotinic cholinergic neuromodulatory signaling on limiting juvenile form of plasticity in the adult brain. We introduce the Lynx family of proteins and Lynx1 as its representative, as endogenous proteins structurally similar to α-bungarotoxin with the ability to bind and modulate nAChRs to effectively regulate functional and structural plasticity. Remarkably, Lynx family members are expressed in distinct subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons, placing them in unique positions to potentially regulate the convergence of GABAergic and nicotinic neuromodulatory systems to regulate plasticity. Continuing studies of the potentially differential roles of Lynx family of proteins may further our understanding of the fundamentals of molecular and cell type-specific mechanisms of plasticity that we may be able to harness through nicotinic cholinergic signaling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 1","pages":"Pages 29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77855038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cholinergic influences on vision","authors":"Elvire Vaucher (Editorial comment)","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 1","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83161200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulatory compartments in cortex and local regulation of cholinergic tone","authors":"Jennifer J. Coppola ,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Ward ,&nbsp;Monika P. Jadi ,&nbsp;Anita A. Disney","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Neuromodulatory signaling is generally considered broad in its impact across cortex. However, variations in the characteristics of cortical circuits may introduce regionally-specific responses to diffuse modulatory signals. Features such as patterns of axonal innervation, tissue tortuosity and molecular diffusion, effectiveness of degradation pathways, subcellular receptor localization, and patterns of receptor expression can lead to local modification of modulatory inputs. We propose that modulatory compartments exist in cortex and can be defined by variation in structural features of local circuits. Further, we argue that these compartments are responsible for local regulation of neuromodulatory tone. For the cholinergic system, these modulatory compartments are regions of cortical tissue within which signaling conditions for acetylcholine are relatively uniform, but between which signaling can vary profoundly. In the visual system, evidence for the existence of compartments indicates that cholinergic modulation likely differs across the visual pathway. We argue that the existence of these compartments calls for thinking about cholinergic modulation in terms of finer-grained control of local cortical circuits than is implied by the traditional view of this system as a diffuse modulator. Further, an understanding of modulatory compartments provides an opportunity to better understand and perhaps correct signal modifications that lead to pathological states.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 1","pages":"Pages 3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34330200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-dependent effect of donepezil administration on long-term enhancement of visually evoked potentials and cholinergic receptor overexpression in rat visual cortex","authors":"Mira Chamoun ,&nbsp;Marianne Groleau ,&nbsp;Menakshi Bhat,&nbsp;Elvire Vaucher","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stimulation of the cholinergic system tightly coupled with periods of visual stimulation boosts the processing of specific visual stimuli via muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in terms of intensity, priority and long-term effect. However, it is not known whether more diffuse pharmacological stimulation with donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is an efficient tool for enhancing visual processing and perception. The goal of the present study was to potentiate cholinergic transmission with donepezil treatment (0.5 and 1<!--> <!-->mg/kg) during a 2-week visual training to examine the effect on visually evoked potentials and to profile the expression of cholinergic receptor subtypes. The visual training was performed daily, 10<!--> <!-->min a day, for 2<!--> <!-->weeks. One week after the last training session, visual evoked potentials were recorded, or the mRNA expression level of muscarinic (M1-5) and nicotinic (α/β) receptors subunits was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The visual stimulation coupled with any of the two doses of donepezil produced significant amplitude enhancement of cortical evoked potentials compared to pre-training values. The enhancement induced by the 1<!--> <!-->mg/kg dose of donepezil was spread to neighboring spatial frequencies, suggesting a better sensitivity near the visual detection threshold. The M3, M4, M5 and α7 receptors mRNA were upregulated in the visual cortex for the higher dose of donepezil but not the lower one, and the receptors expression was stable in the somatosensory (non-visual control) cortex. Therefore, higher levels of acetylcholine within the cortex sustain the increased intensity of the cortical response and trigger the upregulation of cholinergic receptors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 1","pages":"Pages 65-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90341413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential roles of cholinergic modulation in the neural coding of location and movement speed","authors":"Holger Dannenberg,&nbsp;James R. Hinman,&nbsp;Michael E. Hasselmo","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Behavioral data suggest that cholinergic modulation may play a role in certain aspects of spatial memory, and neurophysiological data demonstrate neurons that fire in response to spatial dimensions, including grid cells and place cells that respond on the basis of location and running speed. These neurons show firing responses that depend upon the visual configuration of the environment, due to coding in visually-responsive regions of the neocortex. This review focuses on the physiological effects of acetylcholine that may influence the sensory coding of spatial dimensions relevant to behavior. In particular, the local circuit effects of acetylcholine within the cortex regulate the influence of sensory input relative to internal memory representations via presynaptic inhibition of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, and the modulation of intrinsic currents in cortical excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In addition, circuit effects of acetylcholine regulate the dynamics of cortical circuits including oscillations at theta and gamma frequencies. These effects of acetylcholine on local circuits and network dynamics could underlie the role of acetylcholine in coding of spatial information for the performance of spatial memory tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 1","pages":"Pages 52-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.09.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77389665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell-specific modulation of plasticity and cortical state by cholinergic inputs to the visual cortex","authors":"Hiroki Sugihara ,&nbsp;Naiyan Chen ,&nbsp;Mriganka Sur","doi":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Acetylcholine (ACh) modulates diverse vital brain functions. Cholinergic neurons from the basal forebrain innervate a wide range of cortical areas, including the primary visual cortex (V1), and multiple cortical cell types have been found to be responsive to ACh. Here we review how different cell types contribute to different cortical functions modulated by ACh. We specifically focus on two major cortical functions: plasticity and cortical state. In layer II/III of V1, ACh acting on astrocytes and somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons plays critical roles in these functions. Cell type specificity of cholinergic modulation points towards the growing understanding that even diffuse neurotransmitter systems can mediate specific functions through specific cell classes and receptors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50087,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiology-Paris","volume":"110 1","pages":"Pages 37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.11.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74501560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}