Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska最新文献

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Evaluation of red cell distribution width-to-platelet ratio and other laboratory markers in staging Fontan-associated liver disease. 评价红细胞分布宽度与血小板比值及其他实验室标志物在方丹相关肝病分期中的作用。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-25 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152440
Paweł Skorek, Beata Róg, Natalia Bajorek, Tadeusz Wilkosz, Lidia Tomkiewicz-Pająk
{"title":"Evaluation of red cell distribution width-to-platelet ratio and other laboratory markers in staging Fontan-associated liver disease.","authors":"Paweł Skorek, Beata Róg, Natalia Bajorek, Tadeusz Wilkosz, Lidia Tomkiewicz-Pająk","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152440","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) is a common complication in patients with Fontan circulation.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We aimed to evaluate the red blood cell distribution width-to-platelet ratio (RPR) index as a non-invasive marker for assessing FALD severity, given its reported usefulness in in conditions such as hepatitis.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This retrospective, cross-sectional study included adult Fontan patients. Laboratory tests, liver elastography, and hemodynamic parameters were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-six patients (24 females, 43%; median age 24 years, interquartile range [22-28]) were enrolled. Patients were grouped by liver stiffness (LS) stage: METAVIR ≤ F2 (22 patients, 39%) and > F2 (34 patients, 61%). The RPR index was significantly higher in the > F2 group (0.08 vs. 0.12, <i>p</i> = 0.02), along with FIB-4 (0.68 vs. 1.06) and APRI (0.36 vs. 0.57). RPR correlated positively with liver stiffness (<i>r</i> = 0.27), total bilirubin (<i>r</i> = 0.43), cystatin C (<i>r</i> = 0.36), and creatinine (<i>r</i> = 0.38) but not with NT-proBNP, pulmonary artery pressure, or maximal oxygen consumption. The ROC curve analysis for predicting LS > F2 showed an AUC of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.61-0.87), comparable to FIB-4. Moreover, in the logistic regression model that accounted for age, gender, height, body weight, and systemic chamber morphology, RPR showed a significant association with LS > F2, with an odds ratio indicating a 1.4-fold (95% CI: 1.1-1.7) increase for every 0.01-unit increase in RPR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The RPR index is a simple, helpful tool for evaluating FALD severity in Fontan patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"88-93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Giant pseudoaneurysm of the inferior wall of the left ventricle presenting as a pulsatile epigastric mass. 左心室下壁巨大的假性动脉瘤表现为脉动性胃上肿块。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-24 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152325
Ermal Likaj, Laureta Dibra, Saimir Kuci, Marsela Goga, Fjorba Mana, Altin Veshti
{"title":"Giant pseudoaneurysm of the inferior wall of the left ventricle presenting as a pulsatile epigastric mass.","authors":"Ermal Likaj, Laureta Dibra, Saimir Kuci, Marsela Goga, Fjorba Mana, Altin Veshti","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152325","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152325","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"139-141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288485/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Removal of a broken venous port from the pulmonary artery: a case series. 从肺动脉移除一个破裂的静脉口:一个病例系列。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-24 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152327
Andrzej Kutarski, Janusz Gozdek, Paweł Stefańczyk, Łukasz Tułecki, Radosław Pietura, Dorota Nowosielecka
{"title":"Removal of a broken venous port from the pulmonary artery: a case series.","authors":"Andrzej Kutarski, Janusz Gozdek, Paweł Stefańczyk, Łukasz Tułecki, Radosław Pietura, Dorota Nowosielecka","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152327","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of venous access ports carries a risk of complications, including catheter fracture with migration of catheter fragments into the pulmonary arteries. Experience in removing broken catheters is limited and there are no special tools. We present 4 cases of catheter removal using the available lassos/lasso catheter and tools designed for transvenous lead extraction and coronary sinus lead implantation via a femoral and subclavian approach. All four procedures were successful and without complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"112-119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pitfalls in hybrid procedures in newborns with left-sided obstructive lesions and duct-dependent systemic flow: single-center experience. 新生儿左侧梗阻性病变和导管依赖性全身血流混合手术的缺陷:单中心经验。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-24 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152331
Michał Buczyński, Jacek Kuźma, Gwan Y Lim, Mohamed S Emam, Marek Rączka, Magdalena Zarlenga, Krzysztof Godlewski, Wojciech Mądry, Piotr Kaźmierczak, Karolina Szymczak, Julita Sacharczuk, Mariusz Kuśmierczyk
{"title":"Pitfalls in hybrid procedures in newborns with left-sided obstructive lesions and duct-dependent systemic flow: single-center experience.","authors":"Michał Buczyński, Jacek Kuźma, Gwan Y Lim, Mohamed S Emam, Marek Rączka, Magdalena Zarlenga, Krzysztof Godlewski, Wojciech Mądry, Piotr Kaźmierczak, Karolina Szymczak, Julita Sacharczuk, Mariusz Kuśmierczyk","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152331","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hybrid procedures encompass surgical and catheter-based interventions aimed at enhancing survival rates and provide alternative treatment options for severely ill patients.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This is a retrospective study aimed at analyzing hybrid procedures in infants with complex heart defects and duct-dependent systemic circulation at a high risk of cross-clamp circulation based on a single center's experience.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We included 12 infants (7 boys, 5 girls) who were admitted to our department between 2019 and 2024 and who underwent hybrid surgery due to left-sided obstructive lesions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All neonates presented progressive heart failure and multiple organ dysfunction preceding hybrid procedures. The interventions were performed at a mean age of 8.6 days, with a mean body weight of 3.3 kg. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was required postoperatively in 2 patients. Early and late mortality were 8.3% and 16.6%, respectively. Interstage catheterization was performed in 7 patients requiring re-dilation of pulmonary artery bands and in 2 infants with arterial duct stent stenosis. Severe tricuspid regurgitation and progressive right ventricular dysfunction due to inadequate coronary perfusion were reported in 2 patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hybrid procedures are alternative options for infants with complex heart defects, especially when cross-clamp circulation poses high surgical risk. Multiple reinterventions are necessary to maintain stable hemodynamic status and relieve hypoxia or cardiac compromise. Future studies should aim to refine the timing and techniques of these interventions to improve survival and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Late left main sub-total occlusion after surgical aortic valve replacement. 主动脉瓣置换术后晚期左主干次全闭塞。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-24 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152366
Bill D Gogas, Sotirios Kotoulas, Stefanos Foussas, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Christophoros Kotoulas
{"title":"Late left main sub-total occlusion after surgical aortic valve replacement.","authors":"Bill D Gogas, Sotirios Kotoulas, Stefanos Foussas, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Christophoros Kotoulas","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152366","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152366","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"137-148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12291058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mitral valve aneurysm and perforation in indolent endocarditis. 惰性心内膜炎的二尖瓣动脉瘤和穿孔。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-23 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152301
Edward Dababneh, Eric Jacombs, Matthew S Yong, John Gerrard, Maria G Matta
{"title":"Mitral valve aneurysm and perforation in indolent endocarditis.","authors":"Edward Dababneh, Eric Jacombs, Matthew S Yong, John Gerrard, Maria G Matta","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152301","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"134-136"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unveiling the rare: an uncommon tale of synovial chondromatosis in an elderly patient's sternoclavicular joint. 揭示罕见:一个不寻常的故事滑膜软骨瘤病在老年患者的胸锁骨关节。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-18 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152220
Vasileios Leivaditis, Francesk Mulita, Athanasios Papatriantafyllou, Konstantinos Grapatsas, Efstratios Koletsis, Elias Liolis, Konstantinos Tasios, Vasiliki Garantzioti, Levan Tchabashvili, Andreas Antzoulas, Dimitrios Litsas, Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos, Panagiotis Leventis, Nikolaos Kornaros, Spyros Papadoulas, Manfred Dahm
{"title":"Unveiling the rare: an uncommon tale of synovial chondromatosis in an elderly patient's sternoclavicular joint.","authors":"Vasileios Leivaditis, Francesk Mulita, Athanasios Papatriantafyllou, Konstantinos Grapatsas, Efstratios Koletsis, Elias Liolis, Konstantinos Tasios, Vasiliki Garantzioti, Levan Tchabashvili, Andreas Antzoulas, Dimitrios Litsas, Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos, Panagiotis Leventis, Nikolaos Kornaros, Spyros Papadoulas, Manfred Dahm","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152220","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"122-125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Patency and effectiveness of vascular access for hemodialysis patients: a descriptive study. 血液透析患者血管通路的通畅性和有效性:一项描述性研究。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-18 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152244
Ferit Cetinkaya, Ayse Tas
{"title":"Patency and effectiveness of vascular access for hemodialysis patients: a descriptive study.","authors":"Ferit Cetinkaya, Ayse Tas","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152244","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vascular access is one of the most important issues affecting the quality of life of patients who are dialysis-dependent.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of our study was to determine the infection rates of permanent catheters. We also evaluated the thrombosis, maturation time, and patency rates of arteriovenous fistulas based on their location in the arm in dialysis patients.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study included a total of 109 arteriovenous fistulas and 9 permanent catheters of 75 dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients from 3 different dialysis centers; 66 of the fistulas were patent and 43 were thrombosed. Arteriovenous fistulas were examined in three groups according to their location in the forearm: distal radiocephalic, proximal radiocephalic, and brachial region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>66.7% of the participants had used at least one permanent tunneled catheter in their lifetime. Of those who had used at least one permanent catheter (<i>n</i> = 50), 6% experienced a permanent catheter infection. Among the patients, 41.3% had a thrombosed distal radiocephalic fistula, 2.7% had a thrombosed proximal radiocephalic fistula, and 8.0% had a thrombosed brachial fistula. Those under the age of 65 had shorter maturation times compared to those over the age of 65 (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The most frequently used dialysis access was brachial region arteriovenous fistulas at 38.7%. There was no significant difference in maturation times between distal, proximal, and brachial region arteriovenous fistulas. Age above 65 negatively affects both fistula maturation and primary patency. The rate of permanent catheter infection among patients who had used at least one permanent catheter in their lifetime was found to be 4%.</p>","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"94-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lung parenchymal trauma biomechanics, mechanisms, and classification: a narrative review of the current knowledge. 肺实质损伤的生物力学、机制和分类:当前知识的叙述性回顾。
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-18 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152221
Chrysa Koutsouroumpa, Vasileios Leivaditis, Francesk Mulita, Athanasios Papatriantafyllou, Konstantinos Grapatsas, Marianthi Baltagianni, Eleftherios Beltsios, Elias Liolis, Konstantinos Tasios, Andreas Antzoulas, Dimitrios Litsas, Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos, Manfred Dahm, Nikolaos Baltayiannis, Ioannis Maroulis, Efstratios Koletsis
{"title":"Lung parenchymal trauma biomechanics, mechanisms, and classification: a narrative review of the current knowledge.","authors":"Chrysa Koutsouroumpa, Vasileios Leivaditis, Francesk Mulita, Athanasios Papatriantafyllou, Konstantinos Grapatsas, Marianthi Baltagianni, Eleftherios Beltsios, Elias Liolis, Konstantinos Tasios, Andreas Antzoulas, Dimitrios Litsas, Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos, Manfred Dahm, Nikolaos Baltayiannis, Ioannis Maroulis, Efstratios Koletsis","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152221","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung parenchymal injuries frequently result from thoracic trauma and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The lung's unique biomechanical properties - including its architecture, histology, extracellular matrix (ECM), and respiratory physiology - play a critical role in determining how it responds to mechanical forces during trauma. Based on the mechanism of injury, lung trauma is typically categorized into three primary types: blunt, penetrating, and blast injuries. Each mechanism leads to distinct parenchymal injuries, including contusions, lacerations, herniation, and vascular injuries, which present with unique clinical features and management requirements. A comprehensive understanding of the biomechanics and tissue response to these injuries is essential for optimizing therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes in both the acute and long-term phases of lung trauma management. This review aims to provide a detailed exploration of lung parenchymal trauma, focusing on injury mechanisms, classifications, and the importance of accurate diagnosis and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"100-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12288501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144734920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Incidentally detected tumor of the posterior mediastinum: benign lesion or thoracic oncological concern? 偶发后纵隔肿瘤:良性病变还是胸部肿瘤?
IF 1.3
Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska Pub Date : 2025-06-17 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2025.152206
Michał Miciak, Oliwia Klimek, Anna Strutyńska, Piotr Błasiak
{"title":"Incidentally detected tumor of the posterior mediastinum: benign lesion or thoracic oncological concern?","authors":"Michał Miciak, Oliwia Klimek, Anna Strutyńska, Piotr Błasiak","doi":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152206","DOIUrl":"10.5114/kitp.2025.152206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49945,"journal":{"name":"Kardiochirurgia I Torakochirurgia Polska","volume":"22 2","pages":"131-133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12315343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144776765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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