Mountain Research and Development最新文献

{"title":"Publisher Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1659/0276-4741-41.4.p2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741-41.4.p2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":" ","pages":"p2 - p2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48207330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in MRD's Team of Editors-in-Chief","authors":"S. von Dach, Sarah-lan Mathez-Stiefel, A. Zimmermann, Marlène Thibault, Thomas Breu","doi":"10.1659/mrd.4103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.4103","url":null,"abstract":"Mountain peoples and regions have evolved dynamically, responding to new opportunities and adapting to local and global changes. In so doing, mountain communities have worked to achieve sustainable livelihoods, prospects for younger generations, and conservation of the ecosystems in which they live. In a similar way, MRD’s editorial team and our strategies are constantly evolving to make the most of new developments. This attitude was inspired by Prof Jack Ives, who, together with a small group of colleagues, launched MRD in 1981. Their aim was to ‘‘provide a means of focusing worldwide attention on mountain environmental problems and an international forum for communication and collaboration’’ (Ives 1981:3). Jack served close to 20 years as editor-in-chief and laid the strong foundations on which we build today. We thank him for his visionary endeavors and his unceasing and passionate commitment—but even more importantly, we warmly congratulate him on his 90th birthday, celebrated on 15 October. We wish Jack good health and much happiness.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42834643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation Strategies to Address Challenges of Traditional Agricultural Water Management in the Upper Indus Basin","authors":"N. Wagle, M. Dhakal, A. Shrestha","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00059.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00059.1","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture in the Upper Indus Basin largely depends on the cryosphere, and cultivation is possible only through irrigation. The agriculture system, however, faces challenges in terms of climate, extreme events, water scarcity, and other socioeconomic conditions. Hence, a scoping review was conducted to identify the irrigation systems and coping mechanism in the 4 valleys of the basin. Centuries-old irrigation canals, water distribution, management systems, and coping mechanisms are in place. Adaptation strategies are managed by communities, and some are established and supported by government and development organizations. Successes, in terms of increased income, crop yields, and cost, are widely reported; however, evidence of their efficiency and sustainability is scarce.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"R24 - R31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45021519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lakes and Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California: Responses to Environmental Change. By John M. Melack, Steven Sadro, James O. Sickman, and Jeff Dozier","authors":"M. Leppäranta","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm268.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm268.1","url":null,"abstract":"Lakes and Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada of California: Responses to Environmental Change is a science textbook available as a hard copy and an e-book. The book synthesizes investigations of high-elevation lakes over more than 30 years throughout the Sierra Nevada of California. It contains 7 chapters, references, and an index, including an introduction to the Sierra Nevada and its water resources, snow cover, hydrology and biogeochemistry of watersheds, and limnology. At the end, it sums up the understanding for trends and future scenarios. The book is enjoyable and easy to read, and the clarity of presentation is unusually good. The authors have followed the philosopher Wittgenstein’s advice: ‘‘what you can say, you can say clearly.’’ The first chapter introduces the Sierra Nevada from physical, biological, and cultural aspects, starting with the geological history. The mountains extend 700 km north– south, with a width of around 100 km and the highest peak reaching 4421 m (Mount Whitney). The life and culture of the Native Americans in the Sierra Nevada is not well known, so anthropogenic impact and water resources are described from the arrival of the Europeans in the 1800s. Mining, use of water resources, and nature protection have progressed in parallel since then. The second chapter continues the introduction, with a focus on water resources. There are thousands of small lakes and ponds in the region, but only a few of them have lateral scales in kilometers. Hydrological and limnological monitoring data concern about 10 lakes, with the most extensive information for Emerald Lake, which has a size of 2.7 ha, a maximum depth of 10 m, and an outlet at 2.8 km elevation. The main source of water in the Sierra Nevada is snow, which is treated in chapter 3. Mapping is challenging, since snow accumulation is heavy, with a snow water equivalent of more than 1000 mm, and measurement sites are not easily accessible. Therefore, snow remote sensing is an excellent tool. Although not yet well solved for snow water equivalent, remote sensing strongly supports snow monitoring through snow surveys and modeling. The chapter makes a very nice presentation about snow distribution in the mountains, snow cover energy balance, and snow melting. The radiation balance was treated properly, but I would have preferred more information about the turbulent fluxes, especially since the radiation balance is sensitive to topographic effects here. Also, runoff during the snow melting period could have received more attention. Watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry are treated in chapters 4 and 5. The water balance is simplified due to very small groundwater discharge, and the question was covered by measurements of precipitation, snow accumulation, and stream flow. The water balance is governed by snow input and stream discharge output (peaking at snowmelt), but in some years rain or evaporation could be comparable to the main terms. The biogeochemistry study is based o","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"M8 - M9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45962746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes on the Climatic Edge: Adaptation of and Challenges to Pastoralism in Montesinho (Northern Portugal)","authors":"José Castro, M. Castro, A. Gómez-Sal","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00010.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00010.1","url":null,"abstract":"Mountain areas are sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature, which significantly impact traditional pastoralist communities, their economy, and their lifestyle. Alarming climate change scenarios justify the investigation of the ecological and socioeconomic vulnerabilities that characterize Portugal's mountain regions. This work explores how the traditional production systems of small ruminants—sheep and goats—could adapt in the Montesinho mountain range as it changes over the next 2 decades. Land use–land cover maps from 1995 and 2018 show how the pastoral landscape has changed and indicate trends for a future scenario. Documented landscape grazing patterns are used to determine sheep and goat landscape preferences under different climatic conditions. Finally, we identify the near-future constraints on traditional sheep and goat systems, contrasting landscape changes with sheep and goat preferences. Over coming decades, the balance between rangelands and cultivated lands will persist in the Montesinho mountain landscape, despite some trade-offs between both. Woodlands could emerge from scrublands colonizing rangelands, and permanent crops could significantly replace arable lands in agricultural areas. Therefore, it is likely that the agricultural areas preferred for sheep, and rangelands preferred for goats, may not be affected by the forecast landscape changes, but rather be favored by the expansion of permanent crops. However, pasture areas must expand, as they are key to pastoral landscape function in a warming climate scenario. Landscape decision makers and managers should implement a landscape-monitoring system to inform policies and strategies aimed at protecting and safeguarding mountain pastoralism and its vital ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":" ","pages":"R29 - R37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49040367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mountain Pastoralism in the Eastern Hindu Kush: The Case of Lotkuh Valley, Pakistan","authors":"Zahir Ahmad, J. Postigo, F. Rahman, A. Dittmann","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00007.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00007.1","url":null,"abstract":"Pastoral social-ecological systems worldwide are threatened by environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic changes. The magnitude of these threats and their impacts is higher in mountain social-ecological systems. This study analyzes how mountain pastoralists in Lotkuh Valley (Chitral, Pakistan) use their rangelands in changing social, environmental, and climatic contexts. Data were collected from a survey, focus groups, and observations through multistage stratified sampling and extensive fieldwork (2016–2019). The findings reveal that the strategy adopted by mountain pastoralists combines 7 different grazing mechanisms and stall feeding to use spatially segregated and seasonally productive rangeland resources in a sustainable manner. These seasonal mechanisms involve different types of livestock mobility, diverse fodder consumption, and grazing patterns. In winter, livestock are kept in stalls near the village. During spring, sheep and goats are taken to nearby low-lying pastures and meadows on a rotation basis. In summer, livestock and people move away from the village to settlements along a 3000 m elevational range to graze on the available pastures. Finally, in autumn, as the livestock descend, they browse intensively on stubble fields before the winter crops are planted. Furthermore, this strategy is based on the coordination of households' available labor force and pasture readiness. This study provides nuanced information on mountain pastoralists and rangeland management systems. The findings are useful for policymakers and practitioners in designing effective programs and policies to decrease the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of mountain social-ecological systems.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"R16 - R28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47778350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wayne Thiebaud Mountains: 1965–2019. Text by Margaretta M. Lovell and Michael M. Thomas","authors":"G. Vance","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm267.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm267.1","url":null,"abstract":"Wayne Thiebaud Mountains: 1965–2019 catalogues a 2019 exhibition at Acquavella Galleries in New York City. It includes a biography of the artist; a foreword by Eleanor Acquavella, the owner of the galleries; and essays by Michael M. Thomas, a former curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Margaretta M. Lovell, a professor of American Art at the University of California, Berkeley. The 33 plates of the works exhibited boast vivid colors and high resolution, showing Thiebaud’s much-lauded brushwork to great advantage. While it can be difficult to gauge the relative sizes of the different paintings, Thomas and Lovell occasionally provide a helpful sense of scale by comparing them to each other. Wayne Thiebaud was born in Arizona and grew up in California. He started out in cartooning and commercial art, then gained recognition for his ‘‘cheerful, impossible to resist’’ paintings of ‘‘desserts, shoes, countertops, and other quotidian objects’’ (p 11; Figure 1). He began his series of mountain paintings ‘‘entirely from memory’’ (p 7) in the 1960s, intensifying his focus on mountain subjects in the 2000s. In ‘‘Wayne Thiebaud’s Mountains: An Appreciation,’’ Thomas takes a conversational tone, avoiding excessive jargon and employing broad strokes, for example, ‘‘America is about independence and so is Thiebaud’’ (p 24). He notes the paintings’ ‘‘monumentality’’ (p 13), ‘‘precipitous verticality’’ (p 14), and ‘‘general lack of human presence’’ (p 18), in contrast to works of other mountain painters. Through such comparisons, Thomas portrays Thiebaud as an unconventional landscape painter and primes readers for the works to come. Thomas’s judicious use of quotes also conveys Thiebaud’s personal charm: ‘‘‘I’m obviously a very influenced painter and I delight in being so’’’ (p 18). As a geologist, I read Thomas’s discussion of Big Rock Mountain (Figure 2) with interest. In my view, it illustrates vertical exaggeration, cross section, and layer-cake geology effectively. The fact that Thiebaud ‘‘painted and repainted [it] over the past 15 years’’ (p 19) lends the work an appropriate sense of change over time, albeit on a human, rather than geologic, scale. Though Thomas’s essay helped me appreciate Thiebaud’s enigmatic mountains in a more nuanced way, I did not feel the ‘‘special joy in verticality’’ (p 19) he describes. While the series may reflect the artist’s joy and virtuosity, many of the works inspire disorientation and dread in this viewer. FIGURE 1 Wayne Thiebaud, Around the Cake, 1962. Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, gift of Ralph T. Coe in memory of Helen F. Spencer, 1982.0144. ( 2021 Wayne Thiebaud / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society [ARS], NY) FIGURE 2 Wayne Thiebaud, Big Rock Mountain, 2004–2021/2019. ( 2021 Wayne Thiebaud / Licensed by VAGA at Artists Rights Society [ARS], NY) Mountain Research and Development (MRD) An international, peer-reviewed open access journal published by the International Mountain Society (IMS","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"M5 - M7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48295311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FAO's Work in Mountains: Building the Road to Recovery for Mountain Peoples","authors":"R. Romeo, S. Manuelli, Samantha Abear","doi":"10.1659/mrd-journal-d-21-00057.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-21-00057.1","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 crisis has added urgency to an already difficult situation in mountains. Mountain communities are highly dependent on agriculture, tourism, and remittances for their survival, and their vulnerabilities to a range of challenges—including climate change, poverty, and food insecurity—have been exacerbated by the pandemic. This has increased their vulnerability to poverty and hunger. The aftershocks of COVID-19 deepen concern as to whether the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can be achieved. The Mountain Partnership is the only United Nations alliance of partners dedicated to improving the lives of mountain peoples and protecting mountain environments. Its secretariat is hosted at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It is working to improve opportunities for mountain peoples in the 2030 Agenda spirit of leaving no one behind.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":" ","pages":"P1 - P3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46814077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yūgen: siete viajes por Alaska. By Mario Dávalos","authors":"M. J. Polo","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm266.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm266.1","url":null,"abstract":"Mario D avalos is a multifaceted artist from the Dominican Republic. As a professional photographer, he pours his personal experiences and thoughts during his work travels to Alaska into photographs and others’ reflections within the book Yūgen: siete viajes por Alaska (Yūgen: Seven Trips Around Alaska). It is neither a textbook nor a photograph catalog, but a mixture of sensations and emotions transmitted by both words and images in a nonlinear but natural piece of art. D avalos has actively spotted wild nature and remote societies in Alaska, South America, and Africa, among other places (D avalos n.d.), but he has had a crush on Alaska since his first visit on a family trip. This is the ultimate soul of this book: his passion for the silence, wildness, and natural purity of the remote places and life in this northern region of the world. As the author states at the beginning of his work, we learn to read the world from geography; however, the reader should not expect a standard geography nor detailed description of the Alaskan places that make up this book. The integrated text-photograph sequence has no specific spatial routing or chronology. Not even a single map is included, nor have the breathtaking black and white photographs any illustrating captions or identifying numbers. One cannot guess if this is a deliberate or spontaneous attempt by the author, but the result is impressive as a means to focus on and transmit the somehow ancestral feelings of authenticity and solitude of the traveler that mixes himor herself within and faces the natural risks of the isolated places in Alaska pictured in the book. By contrast, those interested in learning about the scientific discovery of Alaska’s geography and nature would do well to read Alaska and Its Resources by William Dall (1870), the first such detailed publication, followed by many others. As its title promises, the book is divided into 7 chapters, each devoted to a location along or near the coastal areas of Alaska: Kaktovik, Katmai, Krusenstern, Delong, Kelly, Teshekpuk, and finally somewhere in the southeast. None of them are easily found at first glance on a general map, as they are not among the populated towns in this state of the northernmost region of the United States. The stories are based on the author’s diaries written during several trips to photograph different places with specific objectives related to wild nature. However, they are not meant to be a literal account of his experiences, but rather something halfway between reality and memories. An initial chapter titled ‘‘La mirada al norte’’ (The Look to the North) introduces the author’s dual character to the reader. The narration begins with a sensitive description of D avalos’s homeland, full of colors, rich vegetation, smells, and contrasts, which is not what one would expect from a book on trips to Alaska. This shared passion for the northern region of Alaska and warm yearning for his home roots is indirectly present throu","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":" ","pages":"M3 - M4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1659/0276-4741-41.3.p2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741-41.3.p2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"p2 - p2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45038547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}